CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
Euclidean space refers to the collection of points
that are used to examine border lines in data
statistics for various purposes. It can also be used in
a variety of ways like distance space. Geometry's
discussion of Euclidean space is crucial since its goal
was to depict physical space. Euclid's element
occupies a significant location in the three-
dimensional space of Euclidean geometry in general,
but advanced mathematics also includes the three-
dimensional space in a positive dimension.
Additionally, it is used for many domains and their
applications.
Applications like advising, modeling,
design, and image recall were provided. It has a
wide range of applications in statistics and is
frequently used for process classifications and
clustering. Dubey et al. explored several forms of
distance space and demonstrated the link between
improved accuracy and a sound awareness
structure. Additionally, it is employed for
communication and its auto-correcting capabilities.

THE EUCLIDEAN SPACE IN METRIC SPACE

Let Rn
where n Є zn be the set of all ordered n – tuples
x=(x1, x2,………. , xn) where x1,x2,……….,xn Є Rn called
coordinates of x. Here is called a point or vector in
Rn (n>=2)
If y= (y1, y2,………, yn)
Then
X + y=(x1+y1, x2+y2,…………, xn+ yn)
α.x= α(x1, x2,………. , xn)= α.x1,α.x2,………., α.xn Є Rn
where α ЄR .
Rn is vector space we define inner product of two
elements x, y Є Rn as
𝒏
X. y= (x1.y1,x2.y2,…………, xn .yn) = 𝒊=𝟏 xi.yi
Also define
x= (x. x) 1/2 =(x12+x22+…………….+xn2)1/2
So Rn together with the inner product and norm is
called the Euclidean space.

EUCLIDEAN SPACE IN LINEAR ALGEBRA

In n is a positive integer then an order n-tuples is a
sequence of real numbers (a1,a2,…………,an) the set of
all ordered n-tuples is called n space and it denoted
by Rn .
Where {a1, a2,…………,an}

R1
Real line U = {u1}

R2

Plane u= {u1,u2}
3
R
volume u= {u1,u2u3}
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
One of the key topics in geometry is Euclidean
space, which serves to illustrate physical space. In
general, Euclid's element occupies a significant
position in Euclidean geometry's three-dimensional
space. The Euclidean space is used to find the
discriminate in Euclidean space, the Euclidean is
used.

fig.2.1
Three dimension Euclidean space can be based
by three coordinates.
This space was initially developed by the ancient Greeks
as a division from physical space. Euclid's elements
underwent substantial changes, which proved that all
geometry started with a few basic elements.

These characteristics
are known as axioms in contemporary language.
This definition of Euclidean space is known as
synthetic geometry.
René Descarte described the
Cartesian system in 1637, and it demonstrates how
to use numbers and algebra to solve a geometry
problem. The transition from geometry to algebra
represented a significant shift in perspective
because real numbers were now defined in terms of
length and distance.
In the 19th century,
no one dared to employ Euclidean geometry in more
than three dimensions. Ludwig Schlafli identified all
regular plytoes that exit Euclidean space in whatever
degree by generalizing Euclidean geometry to n-
dimensional space using synthetic and algebraic
approaches.

fig.2.2
Cartesian coordinates plane of points (2,3) , (-3,1)
and (1.5,-2.5)
 It is okay to use only algebraic definitions of
Euclidean space when introducing abstract vector
space. The algebraic definition is mostly used to
introduce the Euclidean Space. A Euclidean vector
space is the inner product space of real numbers with
limited dimensions. In Euclidean space, also referred
to as the affine space over real numbers, the real
numbers are categorises.
E denotes the vector space
if E is a linked Euclidean space. One of the elements of
E is the Euclidean vector, also called a free vector.
Capital letters are used to identify the "point"
components of the letter E.

A vector point from A to B.

The action of the point and the given point translate

to V is denoted by P+ v. This satisfied
P+ (v +w) = (P+ v) +w
Then the action is free transitive means that every
pair of the points (P, Q) these are completely one
vector v such that P+ v =Q and the vector v is
denoted by Q-P.
The collection of points that satisfy
a particular connection make up Euclidean space,
and these points are described in terms of distance
and angle. There are two basic functions in the
plane. Translation and rotation are two examples.
One fundamental principle of Euclidean geometry is
that if two plane figures are congruent, we modify
one another through a series of rotational and
opposing transformations.
A Euclidean space of dimension n is provided by the
set Rn n- tuples of real numbers obtained with the
dot product. It is analogous to defining an
isomorphism between the Euclidean space with n
dimensions and Rn Euclidean space if, on the other
hand, the point is chosen and is referred to as the
origin and the point of the orthonormal basis. As a
result, many authors, particularly those writing at
the elementary level, refer to the Rn standard
Euclidean space of n dimensions.
Another argument is
that there is no origin or any foundation in physical
space, therefore starting with the notion of
Euclidean space and using Rn as an alternative is
preferable to working with coordinates and an
origin.
The Euclidean plane can be appareled with different
metrics and also the distance formula define by
d1 ((x1, y1), (x2,y2)) = l x2 - x1 l +l y2 -y1l
And find the distance with our requirement along
the vertical and horizontal lies, find the distance one
point to another point. The maximum distance L
infinite distance defined by
D infinite ((x1, y1), (x2, y2)) = max {l x2 - x1 l +l y2 -y1 l }
This distance in a plane is difficult to express in
terms of a track, but it satisfies all metric space's
requirements.Essentially distinct distance as defined
by
d(p, q)= 0 if p=q
1 otherwise

This is known as the discrete metric space, where

points with equal values are assigned values of zero,
whereas points with unequal values are assigned
values of one. These various measurements allowed
for both Rn and R2 to be seen.
CHAPTER 3
APPLICATION OF MERTIC SPACE
A metric space is a set of order pair elements and
define distance between the elements is called the
metric space. In the mathematics we are study the
many concepts of metric space like as analysis and
geometry. The easy example of metric space is three
dimensions with concept with distance.
The metric space
system is the best in work of analyze and explicate a
class of reservoir models a reservoir models used for
the delectable methods for uncertainty learning or
sensitivity analysis. In the metric space reservoir
modeling is define by the similar distance which are
calculate the dissimilarity into the pair of the
reservoir models, this show that grapy 3.1. The
distance calculates over all module pair form
distance metric. In the distance metric space are
using the multiple dimensional scaling have the
distance metric and changed the points of the
Euclidean space that can be imagined. In the
Euclidean space location of the points are used near
to the distance in the distance metric space. The
multi dimensional scaling plot in the scene and
clinical tool.

Fig 3.1
Key step in the construction and visualization
of a metric space
In the above Models that are close to one another in
MDS space have comparable distance measures,
which can be seen in the distribution of the models
in Euclidean space. Those models that are distant
from one another have different distance
measurements. Clustering of the reservoir models is
a crucial step in the sensitivity analysis and
screening of the models. Model clustering enables
the division of models into distinct groups. This is
helpful for screening, sensitivity analysis. The figure
below provides an illustration. The MDS plot's
models are coloured according to cluster. As can be
seen in the figures above the MDS plot, the
clustering has grouped together models with
comparable cumulative oil production. With this
knowledge, it is possible to look at the model
properties in each cluster and determine which ones
significantly affect the cumulative oil.
The technology page on sensitivity analysis and screening provides
additional information on the application of metric spaces to reservoir
engineering.

ABOUT DISTANCE
The specification of a dissimilarity distance, which
gauges how dissimilarly two models differ from one
another, is necessary for the formation of a metric
space. There are two primary needs for the distance
unit. First, for large ensembles of models, it should
be quick to calculate the distance between each
model pair. Second, the distance measurement
needs to be created with the study's objectives in
mind. There is no one distance measurement that
works in every circumstance. In order to
comprehend the study's findings, the distance
measurement must also be simple. What unit of
measurement should be applied for a certain study?
Frequently, the answer is obvious. Most frequently,
a distance employing flow simulation is used for
sensitivity analysis and screening for history
matching purposes. Here are some distance
examples.
STATIC BASED DISTANCE MEASURES
Total pore volume, or OOIP of the reservoir model,
is one measurement of distance that has been
widely utilised in the past but has not been
acknowledged as a distance. Total pore volume is
frequently utilised in model ranking and selection
for uncertainty quantification or history matching
when comparing reservoir models. Such static
property-based distances are appealing because
they are quick to compute because no flow
simulation is needed. Static-based distance
measurements, however, can go beyond universal
characteristics like total pore volume or OOIP.

We can see an illustration of a grid-based distance measurement. Here, nb stands

for the number of grid blocks, nt for the number of time steps, and Y is the grid
attribute.

If there are numerous models, flow simulation is

expensive per model, and the modeller wants to
decrease the big collection of models by choosing
various models based on some static metric, a grid-
based distance may be appealing (like pore volume
or oil volume per block). However, it is debatable
whether a static-based distance is appropriate if the
objective of the sensitivity research or screening is
to distinguish models based on flow response. The
study in question, the details of the reservoir model,
and the displacement all affect the answer.
FLOW BASED DISTANCE MEASURE
An appropriate choice will most likely be a flow-
based distance measure because the majority of our
investigations include flow simulation. In addition to
modelling heterogeneity and flow barriers, flow-
based distances can take into account dynamic
variables including relative permeability curves,
phase properties (viscosity, Bo), and phase contacts.
However, depending on the reservoir model, the
ensemble may contain a large number of models,
and flow simulation on each model may be CPU-
intensive. Since streamline simulation is known to
be less CPU-intensive than regular flow simulation
and serves as a good substitute for flow simulation
using conventional simulation techniques, it has
been employed as an efficient flow-based distance
measure.
Below is a flow-based distance measurement. The
root mean squared value of the differences of a
well-defined variable Y across nt time steps is
represented by this equation, which is time-step-
weighted. This would be a suitable distance
measurement for flow response sensitivity analysis
or history matching.

Flow-Based Distances and History Matching