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Note:-
1. Chemical equations of Experiment 3 to 14 are to be written on blank pages.
2. Observation table of experiment 13 to 16 are to be drawn on blank pages.
3. Project work (4 marks) is also included in the practical syllabus. For project work, contact the teacher for the topic.
4. Project report should be hand written.
5. Start each experiment form a new page.
EXPERIMENT – 1
Classification of Anions
Group Group Observation Inference
Reagent
A Dilute H2SO4 a) Colourless, odourless gas with brisk effervescence (CO2) which CO 2 (Carbonate)
3
turn lime water milky.
2
b) Colourless gas with rotten egg like smell (H2S) which turns lead S (sulphide)
acetate paper black.
c) Colourless gas with smell of burning sulphur (SO2) which turns
SO32 (Sulphite)
acidified dichromate paper green.
d) Brown coloured gas (NO2) which turns ferrous sulphate solution NO2 (Nitrite)
black or brown.
e) Colourless gas with vinegar like smell. CH3COO-(Acetate)
B Conc. H2SO4 a) Colourless pungent smelling gas (HCl) which gives white dense Cl (Chloride)
fumes with glass rod dipped in NH4OH.
b) Violet coloured vapours (I2) which turns starch paper blue. I– (Iodide)
c) Reddish brown gas (NO2) having pungent smell (On adding
NO3 (Nitrate)
copper turning, fumes becomes intense)
d) Brown colour gas with pungent smell (Br2) which turns starch
paper yellow. Br (Bromide)
e) Colourless, odourless gas with brisk effervescence
(CO + CO2) which turns lime water milky and burns on the mouth
of test tube with blue flame. C2O42- (Oxalate)
C BaCl2 White ppt. of BaSO4 is formed. SO42 (sulphate)
D Ammonium Cannary yellow ppt. of phospho ammonium molybdate (NH4)3 PO43 (phosphate)
molybdate PO4.12 MoO3 . 6H2O
3 (NH3)4MoO4
EXPERIMENT – 3
Aim :- To analyse the given inorganic salt for acidic and basic radicals.
Preliminary Investigation
Confirmative test :
1. BaCl2 Test : Salt solution + White ppt of BaCO3 CO32- Confirmed
BaCl2
2. MgSO4 Test : Salt solution + White ppt of MgCO3 CO32- Confirmed
MgSO4
a- Preliminary test:
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Salt solution + dil H2SO4 solution No gas is evolved Group A anion
(CO 2-
3 , CH 3COO- , NO - 2 , SO32- , S 2- , absent )
2 Salt + Conc H2SO4 + Heat Colourless gas with Group B anion (Cl- may be)
Bring a glass rod dipped in NH4OH pungent smell which
gives dense white fumes
of NH4Cl
Preliminary Test :
→(NH 4 )2 SO4 + 2HCl
Heat
2 NH 4Cl + H 2 SO4
NH 4OH + HCl → NH 4Cl + H 2O
(White dense fumes)
3 Above solution + H2S gas Black Ppt is formed Group II, (Cu2+ / Pb2+ may be
present )
4 Dissolve above ppt in HNO3 Solution turms bluish
green
5 Divide the above solution in 2 parts .
Acidic Radical
1- BaCl2 Test:
CuSO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + CuCl2
(White Ppt)
2- (CH3COO)2 Pb Test :
CuSO4 + (CH3COO)2 Pb PbSO4 +2(CH3COO)2 Cu
(White Ppt)
CLASS- XII CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL 7
PbSO4 +2CH3COONH4 (CH3COO)2 Pb + (NH4)2SO4
(b) Basic radical
3CuS 8HNO3
Cu(OH ) 2 2 NO 4H 2O 3S
1. NH4OH test
Cu ( NO3 ) 2 4 NH 4OH
[Cu ( NH 3 ) 4 ]( NO3 ) 4 4 H 2O
Deep blue ppt
2. K4[Fe(CN)6 test
2Cu( NO3 ) 2 + K 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ] → Cu 2 [Fe(CN) 6 ] + 4KNO3
Result : The given inorganic salt contains. Acidic Radical – SO42
Basic Radical Cu 2
EXPERIMENT – 7
Aim : To analyze the given inorganic salt for acidic and basic radical.
Preliminary Investigation
Physical state : Solid
Colour : White (Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,Ni2+, Mn2+ , Co2+absent)
Qdour : No characteristic odour ( absence of NH 4 , S2- , CH3COO- )
Solubility : Soluble in water.
Flame Test : No characteristics flame (Pb+2, Sr+2, Cu2+, Ca+2, Ba+2,Ni+2, Zn2+absent)
a- Preliminary test:
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Salt solution + dil H2SO4 No gas is evolved Group A
CO 2
3 , S 2 , SO32 NO2 CH 3COO-
Absent
n
2 Salt + Conc H2SO4 + Heat No gas evolved Group B anions
Cl -
, Br - , I - , NO3 - , C2O42 absent
3. Salt + BaCl2 White ppt is formed Group C anion ( SO42 may be)
Acidic Radical
1. BaCl2 test :
Al 2 SO4 3 BaCl 2
BaSO4 2AlCl 3
White ppt
2. (CH3COO)2 Pb test :
Al 2 SO4 3 (CH 3COO) 2 Pb
PbSO4 Al CH 3COO3
White ppt
PbSO4 2CH 3COONH4
(CH 3COO) 2 Pb ( NH 4 ) 2 SO4
Basic Radical
Al 2 SO4 3 NH 4OH
Al (OH )3 ( NH 4 ) 2 SO4
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl → AlCl3 + 3H 2 O
Al OH 3 3NH 4Cl
AlCl 3 3NH 4OH
White ppt
Result : The given inorganic salt contains. Acidic Radical – SO42
Basic Radical Al 3
Aim : To analyze the given inorganic salt for acidic and basic radical.
Preliminary Investigation
Physical state : Solid
Colour : White (Cu2+, Fe+2, Fe+3,Ni+2, Mn+2 , Co+2 are
absent)
Qdour : No characteristic above
(S 2 , NH 4 , CH 3COO )absent
Solubility : Soluble in water.
Flame Test : Green flashes ( Zn2+ may be )
AgCl 2 NH 4OH
[ Ag ( NH 3 ) 2 ]Cl 2H 2O
[Diammine silver (I) chloride ) {Soluble complex]
Chemical reaction for Basic Radical
(a) Preliminary Test :
ZnCl2 + H 2 S → ZnS ↓+2 HCl
ZnS + 2 HCl → ZnCl2 + H 2 S ↑
(b) Confirmative Test :
1 K 4 [ Fe(CN ) 6 ]Test : ZnCl2 + K 4 [ Fe(CN ) 6 ] → Zn2 [ Fe(CN ) 6 ] ↓+4KCl
2. NaOH test :
ZnCl2 NaOH
Zn(OH ) 2 2 NaCl
Zn(OH ) 2 + 2 NaOH → Na2 ZnO2 + 2H 2O
Result : The given inorganic salt contains. Acidic Radical Cl Basic Radical Zn+2
Preliminary Investigation
Physical state : Solid
Colour : White (Cu2+, Fe+2, Fe+3,Ni+2, Mn+2 , CO+2 are absent)
Odour : No characteristic odour ( NH 4+ , CH 3COO- , S 2- )absent
Solubility : Soluble in water.
3 To the above solution pass H2S gas No ppt. Group II (Cu2+ , As+3, Cd+2 , Pb+2
absent )
4 Boil above solution to remove H2S and add No ppt. Group III [Fe2+, Fe3+,Al3+ absent
NH4Cl (s) + NH4OH in exess. ]
5 To above test tube pass H2S gas No ppt Group IV [Zn2+ , Co+2, Ni+2,
Mn+2 absent]
6 Remove H2S gas by boiling. White ppt V group (Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+may be)
Add [NH4]2 CO3 to it.
Dissolved the ppt in CH3COOH and divide in three part
(b) Confirmative test:
EXPERIMENT – 10
Aim : To analyze the given inorganic salt for acidic and basic radical.
Preliminary Investigation
Physical state : Solid
Colour : White (Cu2+, Fe+2, Fe+3,Ni+2, Mn+2 , Co+2 are absent)
Odour : No characteristic odour
( NH 4+ , S 2- ,CH 3COO- absent )
Solubility : Soluble in water.
Flame Test : No characteristic flame ( Ca +2 , Sr +2 , Ba +2 , Pb +2 ,Cu +2 , Zn+2 absent )
a- Preliminary test :
2 KMnO4 Test :
Above ppt + dil H2SO4+ Heat
Pink colour of KMnO4 is
discharged with evolution
C O Confirmed
2
2
4
Basic Radical
a) Preliminary test
( NH 4 ) 2 C2O4 2 NaOH
Na2C2O4 2 NH 3 3H 2O
NH 3 Re d litmus
Blue litmus
Confirmative Test :
Nessler’s Test : K2HgI4 2KI+ HgI2
HgI2 + NH3 NH2 HgI + Hl
2NH2HgI + H2O NH2 +NH4I
/
Hg
\
O
/
Hg
\
I
(Iodide of millon base)
CLASS- XII CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL 14
NaOH Test :
NH4Cl + NaOH NaCl + H2O + NH3 (g)
NH3 + HCl NH4Cl (Dense white fumes)
Result : The given inorganic salt contains.
2
Acidic Radical – C2O4
Basic Radical NH 4
EXPERIMENT – 11
Aim : To analyze the given inorganic salt for acidic and basic radical.
Preliminary Investigation
Physical state : Solid
Colour : Green (Ni2+- may be)
Qdour : No characteristic odour
(absence of CH3COO- , NH 4 S 2 )
Solubility : Soluble in water.
Flame Test : No Characteristic flame
[absence of Cu2+, Pb+2, Zn2+,Cu2+,Br+2 )
(a) Identification of Acidic Radical
a- Preliminary test :
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Salt solution + No gas is Group A
dil HCl evolved CO32 , S 2 , SO32 NO2 CH 3COO absent
2 Salt + Concn Colourless Group B anions
H2SO4 + Heat pungent Cl– may be present
smelling gas
(HCl) is
evolved
which gives
white dense
fumes of
NH4Cl.
(b) Confirmative test :
Experiment Observation Inference
1 AgNO3 Test : Curdy white ppt Cl- confirmed
Salt Solution + AgNO3
Dissolve ppt. in NH4OH ppt become soluble
CH 3 C N OH
| NiCl 2 2 NH 4OH
2 NH 4Cl H 2O DMG NiComplex
CH 3 C N OH
Apparatus Required : Chemical balance, weight box, beaker (250 ml), watch glass, volumetric flask (250
ml) glass rod, funnel, test tube.
Observation :
1- Weight of empty watch galss (W1) = 21.7200 g
2- Weight of empty watch glass + mohrs salt (W2) = 21.7200 + 1.9600 = 23.6800 g
3- Weight of Mohr’s Salt [W2 – W1] = 23.6800 – 21.7200 = 1.9600 g
4- Volume of solution = 250 ml.
6. Morality of solution = M/50
Result : 250 ml of M/50 solution of Mohr’s salt is prepared.
Precautions :
1- Add 2-3 ml of conc. H2SO4 to prevent hydrolysis of FeSO4 before making solution of 250 ml.
2- Weighing should be done accurately.
3. Apparatus should be clean.
EXPERIMENT – 13
Aim : To prepare a standard solution of M/50 Mohr’s salt solution. With its help, determine molarity and strength of
KMnO4 Solution.
Apparatus Required : Burette, comical flask, pipette, burette stand, test tube, white tile, watch glass, volumetric
flask (250ml) beaker, funnel glass rod, weight box, wash bottle.
Chemical Required :
Mohr’s Salt, KMnO4 solution, dil H2SO4, conc. H2SO4 and water.
Theory :
(a) Preparation of standard or known solution of M/50 Mohr’s salt solution - Mohr’s salt is a primary standard
solution. Hence its solution can be prepared by direct weighting.
Molecular weight of mohr’s salt : 392 g/mol
Thus to prepare 1000 ml of 1M Mohr’s salt solution,
392 g of Mohr’s salt is needed.
392 392
To prepare 250ml of 1 M Mohr’s salt 250 ie g of mohr’s salt is need.
100 4
392
To prepare 250 ml of 0.02 of Mohr’s salt solution 0.02 g of salt is needed. Mohr’s salt required = 1.9600 g
4
of mohr’s salt.
(b) Titration of Mohr’s salt Sol (standard solution ) with KMnO4 (unknown solution ) - KMnO4 is strong and
versatile oxidizing agent. When its treated with Mohr’s salt solution in sufficiently acidic medium Fe2+ ion are
oxidised to Fe3+ in cold according to reaction :
Ionic equation :
MnO4 5Fe 2 8H
Mn 2 5Fe 3 4H 2O
Molecular equation
2KMnO4 3H 2 SO4
K 2 SO4 2 MnSO4 3H 2O 5 [O]
5[2FeSO 4 .( NH 4 ) 2 SO4 .6H 2 0 H 2 SO4 [O]
Fe2 ( SO4 ) 3 2( NH 4 ) 2 SO4 13H 2O)]
CLASS- XII CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL 17
Adding both equation
2KMnO4 8H 2 SO4 10FeSO4 .( NH 4 ) 2 SO4
2K 2 SO4 2MnSO4 5Fe2 (SO4 ) 3 10( NH 4 ) 2 SO4 68H 2O
Indicator KMnO4 is a self indicator
End point colourless to pink
Observations:-
1. Preparation of standard solution :-
Weight of empty water glass (W1) 21.7200 g
Weight of watch glass + Mohr’s salt (W2) = 23.6800 g
Weight of Mohr’s salt = W2 – W1 = (23.6800 – 21.7200) g = 1.9600 g
Volume of mohr’s salt = 250 ml
Volume of mohr’s salt taken for each titration (V2) = 20 ml
2. Titration of standard solution with KMnO4 Solution :-
S.no. Volume of Burette initial Reading final Volume of Concordant
Mohr’s salt used KMnO4 used Reading
(V1) ml
1 20ml 0.0 14.8 14.8
2 20 ml 0.0 14.6 14.6 14.6
3 20 ml 0.0 14.6 14.6
Calculation :
1
M 1V1 M 2V2
5 M1 = Molarity of KMnO4 Soln = ?
1 M V1 = Volume of KMnO4 Soln = 14.6 ml
M 1 14.6 20 M2 = Molarity of Mohr’s Salt Soln = M/50
5 50
M1=0.0068 M V2 = Volume of Mohr’s Salt Soln = 20 ml
Strength = 158 × M = 158 × 0.0068 M = 1.0744 g/l
Result
1. Molarity of the given solution = 0.0068 M 2. Strength of the given solution = 1.0744 g/l
Precaution :
1. Weighting should be accurate. 2.Add 2 – 3 ml of conc H2SO4 to prevent hydrolysis of Mohr’s Salt solution.
3. While titrating, the funnel should not be placed at the top of the burette.
EXPERIMENT – 14
Aim : To prepare solution of M/30 (250 ml) Mohr’s salt solution. With its help, determine molarity and strength of
KMnO4 solution.
Apparatus Required : Burette, conical flask, pipette, burette stand, test tube, white tile, watch glass, volumetric flask
(250ml) beaker, funnel glass rod, weight box, wash bottle.
Chemical Required :
Mohr’s Salt, [FeSO4. (NH4)2 SO4.6H2O] ,KMnO4 , dil H2SO4, conc. H2SO4
Indicator : KMnO4 is a self indicator
End point : Colourless to pink
Theory :
(a) Preparation of standard solution of M/30 mohr’s salt
Molecular formula of mohr’s salt : FeSO4.(NH4)2 SO4.6H2O. mohr’s salt is a primary standard . Hence its solution can
be prepared by direct weighing.
392 392
To prepare 250ml of 1 M Mohr’s salt 250 ie g of mohr’s salt is need.
1000 4
Thus to prepare 250 ml of M/30 mohr’s salt solution, 392/4 × 1/30 i.e, 3.2670 g of mohr’s salt is needed.
Observation Table:-
1. Preparation of standard solution:-
Weight of empty watch glass (W1) 21.7200 g
Weight of watch glass + Mohr’s salt (W2) = 21.7200+3.2670 = 24.9870g
Weight of Mohr’s salt = W2 – W1= 24.9870-217200 = 3.2670 g
Volume of mohr’s salt = 250 ml
Molarity of mohr’s salt = M/30
M1 = Molarity of KMnO4 = ?
V1 = Volume of KMnO4 = 14.2 ml
M2 = Molarity of Mohr’s salt solution = M/30
V2 = Volume of Mohr’s salt solution = 20 ml
1 M
M 1 14.2 20
5 30
1 M 20
M1 0.00938 M
5 30 14.2
Strength of KMnO4 = molarity × mol.wt. of KMnO4.
= 0.00938 ×158
= 1.48209 g/L
Result
1. Morality of the given KMnO4 solution = 0.00938 M
2. Strength of the given KMnO4 solution = 1.48204 g/L
Precaution :
1. Weighting should be accurate.
2. Add 2 – 3 ml of conc. H2SO4 to prevent hydrolysis of Mohr’s Salt solution during preparation of standard
solution.
3. In case of coloured solution (KMnO4 ) upper meniscus is read
Apparatus Required : Test tube, test tube stand, test tube holder, dropper, litmus (blue), NaHCO3, conc. H2SO4 ,
NH4OH, FeCl3.
Physical Properties:
State: Solid
Colour: White
Odour: Vinegar Like
Flammability: Burn with non sooty flame (Aliphatic)
Preliminary test :
confirmed
Apparatus Required : Test tube, test tube stand, test tube holder, dropper litmus (blue) solution, dil HCl, NaOH, Na
metal, dil H2SO4, CH3COOH.
Physical Properties:
State: Liquid
Colour: Colourless
Odour: Spirit Like
Water Solubility: Soluble in Water
Flammability: Burn with non-sooty flame (Aliphatic)
Preliminary test :
S.no. Experiment Observation Inference
1 Organic compound + blue litmus solution. No change -COOH or – OH(Phenol)
group absent
2 Organic compound + dil HCl + NaOH No ppt. or oily layer - NH2 grp. Absent
Confirmatory test :
S.no. Experiment Observation Inference
1 Cerric ammonium nitrate Red colour - OH group.
Test : confirmed
Organic compound + cerric
ammonium nitrate
2 Ester Test : Fruity smell of - OH grp.
Organic compound + ester. confirmed
CH3COOH + Conc. H2SO4
(1 – 2 drops) + Heat.
Chemical reaction :
1- Na Metal test : -
2ROH 2 Na OH
2RONa H 2
2- CERRIC AMMONIUM NITRATE TEST :
2ROH ( NH 4 ) 2 Ce( NO3 ) 6
( ROH ) 2 Ce( NO3 ) 4 2 NH 4 NO3
(Red Colour)
3- Easter Test :
ROH R ' COOH R ' COOR H 2 O
conc.
H 2 SO4
Alcohol acid ester
Result : The functional group present in organic compound is alcohol group (-OH).
Apparatus Required : Test tube, test tube stand, test tube holder, dropper litmus (blue) NaHCO3, FeCl3 Solution,
Phthalic anhydride, Con. H2SO4, NaOH.
Physical Properties:
State: Solid
Colour: White
Odour: Phenolic Smell
Water Solubility: Water insoluble
Flammability: Burn with non-sooty flame (Aromatic)
Preliminary test :
S.no. Experiment Observation Inference
1 Organic compound + blue Blue litmus turn -COOH or
litmus solution. Red phenolic – (OH)
may be
2 NaHCO3 test : No effervescence - COOH absent
Organic compound + Phenolic group
NaHCO3 solution. may be
Confirmatory test :
S.no. Experiment Observation Inference
1 FeCl3 Test : Green blue or Phenolic (- OH)
Organic compound + FeCl3 violet group. confirmed
colouration
2 Phthalic test : Intense green Phenol (- OH) grp.
Organic compound + blue or red Confirmed
pthalic acid + 2-3 drops colouration
H2SO4 + .then cool and
dil. NaOH
Chemical Reaction :
Confirmative test :
FeCl3 test
3C6 H 5 OH FeCl 3
Fe(OC6 H 5 ) 3 3HCl
(Ferric phenoxide) (Violet)
Preliminary test :
S.no. Experiment Observation Inference
1 Organic compound + blue No change -COOH or
litmus solution. phenolic group
absent
2 Organic compound + No ppt or oily - NH2 gup.
NaOH+ dil HCl layer Absent
Chemical reaction :
1- Preliminary test :
(i) 2, 4 DNP test :
R – CHO + -------
R CHO 2CuO
Cu 2 O R COOH
(Red ppt)
2
R CHO 2Cu 5OH ( )
RCOO( ) Cu2O 3H 2O
1- Preliminary test :
R
\
C = O + ------- H2O +
/
R
b- Confirmatory test :
(i) Sodium Nitroprousside Test :
O
||
CH 3 C CH 3 OH ( )
CH 3COCH 2( ) H 2O
3
O O
|| ||
Fe(CN ) NO CH 3
5
2
C C H2 -- Fe CN 5 NO CH 3 C CH 2
Result : Given organic compound contains Ketonic group (>C = 0)
EXPERIMENT – 23
Apparatus required : Test tube stand, test tube holder, burner etc.
Theory : Fats and oil are esters of long chain fatty acids and glycerol and thus also called glycerides. Fats contains
saturated fatty acids while oil contain unsaturated fatty acids.
Test :
S.no. Experiment Observation Inference
1 Spot Test : Put a small amount of Translucent spot Fat is present.
sample on a filter paper and press appears on the filter
with another filter paper . paper
2 Acrolein test : Irritating smell Fat is present
Take a few drops of sample in a appears due to the
test tube. Add few drops of form of acrolein
potassium bisulphite to it and vapours.
Heat.
3 Solubility test : Sample does not
Take a small amount of sample in dissolve in H2O but is
3 test tubes. Add water, alcohol soluble in alcohol on
and chloroform in 1, 2, 3 test heating and soluble Fat is present
tube respectively. in chloroform.
Result : Fat is present.
Theory : Proteins are high molecular mass, long chain polymers composed of amino acid. Amino acids are
molecule that have both -NH2 and –COOH group.
Test :
S.no. Experiment Observation Inference
1. Biuret test : Sample + NaOH + Bluish violet colour Protein is present
Dil CuSO4 solution appears
2. Xanthoprotein test : Yellow ppt. Protein is present
Sample + few drops of
conc.HNO3 +
3. Million’s test : White ppt Protein is present
Sample + 2 drops of millions which changes to
reagent + brick red on boiling
4. Ninhydrin test : Blue colour appear Protein is present
Protein sample + Few drops of
ninhydrin solution + Boil the
contents for 1 minute