CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION

2.1 Introduction

The following literatures and research were gathered and examined by the
designer to understand the topic and guide the designer throughout this
research. This is an important stage as it provides a broad understanding about
the topic were the designer are passionate to do.

2.2 Definition of durian fruit

The durian, local to Brunei, Indonesia and Malaysia, has been acknowledged to
the western world for about 600 years. Durian have been famously defined its
flesh as "a wealthy custard notably flavored with almonds" inside the 19th
century. The flesh can be fed on at numerous levels of ripeness, and is used to
flavor a wide sort of savory and sweet edibles in Southeast Asian cuisines. The
seeds can also be eaten whilst cooked. (Wallace a. r. 1900). The name durian
comes from the Malay word duri (thorn) with suffix -an.

Figure 2.2.1: Picture of Durio Kutejensis fruits, also known as Durian Merah

(Source: Djatmiko W.A., (2007))

The durian tree, achieving 27-forty meter in height in tropical forests, is usually
erect with quick, instantly, hard, peeling trunk to at least one.2 meter in
diameter, and irregular dense or open crown of tough branches, and thin
branches coated with coppery or grey scales whilst younger. the evergreen,
exchange leaves are rectangular-lance-olate, or elliptic-obovate, rounded at the
base, unexpectedly pointed at the apex; leathery, dark green and sleek above,
silvery or light-yellow, and densely blanketed with gray or reddish-brown, bushy
scales on the underside; 6.25-25 cm lengthy, 2.five-nine cm extensive.
Malodorous, whitish to golden-brown, 3-petalled vegetation, five-7.five cm wide,
with 5- lobed, bell-shaped calyx, are borne in pendant clusters of three to 30 at
once from the vintage, thick branches or trunk. (Morton, j. 1987)

Figure 2.2.2: Durian tree, compared to human height (Source: Yun, H. Y.,
(2008))

Figure 2.2.3: Durian flowers (Source: Bryan Loh, (2007)

2.2.1 Different species of durian fruit

There are 30 identified durian species, at the least nine of which produce
suitable for eating fruit. There are hundreds of durian cultivars; most of them
have a commonplace call and a code number starting with "d". The various thirty
known species of durian, 9 of them have been diagnosed as producing safe to
eat fruits: d. zibethinus, d. dulcis, d. grandiflorus, d. graveolens, d. kutejensis, d.
lowianus, d. macrantha, d. oxleyanus and d. testudinarum. (o'gara et al. 2004).
But, there are many species for which the fruit has never been collected or well
examined, so different species with fit for human consumption fruit may exist.
(Brown, Michael j.1997).

There is over 300 named kinds of durian in Thailand. Only a few of these are in
commercial cultivation. In Malaysia, a hundred kinds are graded for length and
first-class. In peninsular Malaya, there are 44 clones with small differences in
time and volume of flowering, floral and fruit morphology, productivity and safe
to eat high-quality (Morton, j. 1987). All Thailand durians and maximum
Malaysian durians are types and clones of only one species, durio zibethinus,
and the commonplace home durian, which has been bred and decided on for
centuries in Southeast Asia for various suited features (shunyam nirav). some
famous clones are kop (d99 ), chanee (d123), berserah or inexperienced durian
or tuan mek hijau (d145 ), kan yao (d158), mon thong (d159), kradum thong and
with no not unusual call, d24, d101 and d169. (o'gara et al. 2004).

Figure 2.2.4: Durio Oblongus Figure 2.2.5: Three rare Durio species
In line with Morton, 1987 , the culmination are ovoid or ovoid-oblong to nearly
round, 6 to 12 in (15-30 cm) long, five to 6 in (12.five-15 cm) huge, and as much
as 18 lbs. (eight kg) in weight. The yellow or yellowish-green rind is thick, tough,
semi-woody, and densely set with stout, sharply pointed spines, three- to 7-
sided at the bottom. Handling without gloves can be painful. interior there are
five cubicles containing the creamy-white, yellowish, pinkish or orange-colored
flesh and 1 to 7 chestnut-like seeds, three/4 to two 1/4 in (2-6 cm) long with
glossy, purple-brown seed coat. Some culmination cut up into 5 segments,
others do not split, but all fall to the floor when mature.

Figure 2.2.1.3: Durian fruit is armed with sharp thorns, fully capable of drawing
blood. (Source: Takato Marui, (2006))
2.3 Ways to open durian fruit

We’ve all visible the greater uninteresting approaches to open a durian, stick a
knife in at the pinnacle and twist, or if that doesn’t work hack or saw it open.
Here are creative and apparent ways human beings have discovered a way to
not use a knife.

Used the bare arms. Manifestly, the maximum manly, badass component to do
is sincerely dig in along with your fingers and yank the durian aside. It’s the fruit-
fans equivalent of the “crush the can” pass. However, maximum durians outdoor
of Thailand have exceptionally difficult, thick rinds and terribly sharp thorns, so
until you experience like being stupidly macho, your arms are likely not your
first-rate option. Ling say, (2012)

Except that, by means of the usage of wood durian opener, essentially a knife
however unlike a knife you could take it for your deliver-on baggage. i was given
this handheld durian opener by means of Eddie, a fellow durian enthusiast who
runs the weblog the durian apocalypse. He offered it at a marketplace in
Penang, Malaysia, however ceded it to me as the extra obsessed. It fits
tremendous in a handbag or pocket and is pretty toddler-evidence.

The pry, in keeping with invention through Eddie yong, 2012 proprietor of raub
durian orchard in Malaysia. It contains of a metal stand with several specific
sizes of rings, to match any sized durian, and a set of basically pliers with long
handles. First off, one has to set the durian in the best ring and pierce the lowest
center of the durian with the sharp end of the pliers. Then open the handles,
prising the durian apart.
The clicking method, in accordance Mr. Lim kok leon, a Penang durian grower
and author of durian fragrance, is the mastermind in the back of this stainless-
steel contraption. He claims to have invented it in the early 1990's, whilst he
turned into the "durian king" of Malaysia. In 2000, his invention changed into
used at the opening of the 2003 Malaysian film, the massive durian, at which
numerous thousand durians had been served. For safety motives, knives have
been no longer allowed. It is one of the easiest methods to get a durian open,
and smartly divides even the maximum stubbornly sealed fruit.

According to Lingsay, 2012, the rock basically, if a durian is ripe it maximum

probable may have weakened seams that meet at the lowest factor. With
sufficient pressure, the seams will pop open, you have got a durian dinner party.
That is as a minimum the theory – not all durians are so clean. Rob and i have
additionally effectively used chair legs and even coconuts to crack open a
durian. At instances, rob and I’ve wandered across durian orchards whilst we
didn’t have a knife. In preference to sit and mope, i tried jumping at the durians.
It regarded to paintings quite well. The trick is to honestly stand on the durian,
the use of a tree or your pal’s shoulders for balance, bend your knees, and
bounce lightly up and down. While all else fails, throw a small mood tantrum
about it and slam that durian on the ground. If gravity can open a durian, so can
you.
2.4 Mechanism

According to Marry Bellis, 2015, corkscrews is the steel gadgets formed like a
screw or helix with a sharp factor and connected to a horizontal timber manage to
have been as a clean manner of eliminating the cork from a bottle. Whilst the basic
design that pointed helix that could twist its manner downward, allowing the cork to
be pulled from the bottle has remained by and large unchanged, inventors have
provide you with new and novel methods to power the elimination technique and
make a occasionally exhausting undertaking more simple. Besides that, other
methods to seal wine packing containers, and plastic screw-top caps and enclosed
aluminum cans have made won market percentage the cork remains the maximum
popular sealant, ensuring the corkscrew’s usefulness will live on.

Figure 2.2. : Part of corkscrew

2.4.1 Method to used corkscrew

According to Emma Christensen, 2014, first step to used corkscrew is get rid
of the foil, spread the little knife embedded inside the handle of the corkscrew.
Reduce all the way around the foil covering the corkscrew, placing the knife
just slightly beneath the lip. If your corkscrew doesn't have a knife, you may
use the pointy tip of the corkscrew. Tear the foil away.
Second, spread the corkscrew also called "Trojan horse" from the deal with
the corkscrew ought to form a "t" with the take care of on one facet and the
shorter, notched element on the alternative.
Third, insert the corkscrew into the cork, set the top of the corkscrew in the
middle of the cork and lightly screw downward, the usage of the cope with and
the hinged element to curve. Forestall while the corkscrew feels cozy.
Fourth, fold the quick and notched arm of the corkscrew dow, with the "worm"
of the corkscrew nonetheless firmly imbedded inside the cork, fold the fast,
notched arm downward. You will see one or two notched ledges in this
section, rest the only closest to the hinge at the lip of the wine bottle.
Fifth, raise the corkscrew up to handle, lightly easing the cork out of the
corkscrew as a ways as you could. The notched ledge resting on the bottle
will act as a fulcrum, letting you draw the cork out without difficulty and cleanly
Sixth, reposition the notched component, in case your corkscrew has a
second notched ledge, reposition to the second one ledge once you have
pulled the cork as out as a long way as you could. Lift up on the manage
again to tug the cork further out and lastly, remove the cork from the bottle.
This should get you ninety% of the way to disposing of the cork; just a bit of
the cork will still be lodged inside the bottle. Spread the hinged arm to shape a
"t" again, and draw the cork the relaxation of the way out. You can need to
twist the cork a bit to wiggle it all the way out.
2.5 Material

Moderate metal is a sort of carbon metallic with a low quantity of carbon – it's far
certainly also referred to as “low carbon metal.” although tiers vary depending on
the source, the amount of carbon usually determined in mild metallic is
zero.05% to zero.25% through weight, while better carbon steels are typically
described as having a carbon content from 0.30% to two. Zero%. If any more
carbon than that is introduced, the metal could be categorized as solid iron.
Moderate metal isn't always an alloy steel and consequently does not comprise
huge amounts of other elements besides iron; you will now not locate giant
amounts of chromium, molybdenum, or different alloying elements in mild metal.
Because its carbon and alloying element content are enormously low, there are
numerous homes it has that differentiate it from better carbon and alloy steels.

Less carbon approach that slight metal is generally greater ductile, Machin able,
and wieldable than high carbon and other steels, but, it also method it is nearly
impossible to harden and beef up via heating and quenching. The low carbon
content material additionally method it has very little carbon and other alloying
elements to dam dislocations in its crystal shape, normally resulting in much less
tensile electricity than high carbon and alloy steels. Mild metal additionally has
an excessive amount iron and ferrite, making it magnetic.

The lack of alloying factors which includes those found in stainless steels means
that the iron in slight steel is difficulty to oxidation (rust) if no longer properly
covered. However the negligible amount of alloying elements also helps mild
metallic to be notably less expensive when as compared with other steels. It’s
far the affordability, weldability, and machinability that make it any such famous
preference of steel for purchasers.
2.6 Safety in design

Safe design refers to the integration of hazard identification and risk assessment
methods early in the design process to eliminate or minimize the risks of injury
throughout the life of a product being designed. It encompasses all design
including facilities, hardware, systems, equipment, products, layout and
configuration (Hurd, 2016).

Designer’s earliest decisions fundamentally affect the health and safety of people
who come into contact with their design over the life cycle of the asset. These
decisions may influence later design choices, and considerable rework may be
required if it is necessary to unravel earlier decisions. As shown on Figure, it is
important to address health and safety from the very start of a project in order to
provide the greatest influence in safety. Changing the design philosophy is a lot
more than design field changes or costs associated with accident management and
clean up. Figure also demonstrates that while the greatest ability to influence safety
on a project occurs at the early stages of a project, safety improvements continue
through to start up followed by operation and maintenance. The designer needs to
consider how safety can best be achieved in each of the life cycle phases (Barker
& Casey, 2012).
 Figure 2.7: Ability to influence in project
Barker & Casey {Ability to influence safety on a project Szymberski 1997].
(2012).

2.7.1 Principles of Safety in design

The key elements that impact on implementing Safety in design are shown on
Figure 2.7.1 and discussed on Table 2.7.1.

Figure 2.7.1: Principles of safety in design

Barker & Casey [Principles of Safety in Design] (2012).
Table 2.7.1 Table of principle
No. Principle Description
Persons who make
decisions affecting the
design of products,
Principle 1 Persons with control facilities or processes
are able to promote
health and safety at the
source.
Safe design applies to
every stage in the
lifecycle from conception
through to demolition. It
Principle 2 Product lifecycle
involves eliminating
hazards or minimizing
risks as early in the
lifecycle as possible.
The application of
hazard identification, risk
Systematic risk
Principle 3 assessment and risk
management
control processes to
achieve safe design.
Should be either
demonstrated or
acquired by persons
with control over design
Safe design knowledge
Principle 4 and should reflect the
and capability
knowledge that a
competent designer
would be expected to
have.
Effective communication
and documentation of
design and risk control
information between all
Principle 5 Information transfer
persons involved in the
phases of the lifecycle is
essential for the safe
design approach.
2.7.2 Stages in safety in design

There are essentially 3 key stages in the design process that may be affected by
the principles of safety in design as follows:

 Concept Design This may include feasibility or option studies.

 Functional Design This may include preliminary design.
 Detailed Design This includes full documentation to allow
construction to commence and should include
consideration of the procurement, construction,
start up and ongoing operation and
maintenance of the project.
At each stage of the design process risk identification should take place to
eliminate risk or where this is not possible reduce risk as low as reasonably
practicable through the implementation of control measures (Barker & Casey,
2012). Typical safety in design requirements and examples of safe design
considerations for these stages are shown on Table 2.7.2.

Table 2.7.2: Safety in design requirement

Safety in design Examples of Safe Design

Design Stage
requirements
Identification of critical
health and safety related
Concept
risks that may affect the
viability of the project.
Considerations
- Site geology e.g. soft soils
- Contaminated land
- Emissions from development
- Proposed use zoning
 - Specification of materials
with high durability and low
maintenance requirements.
- Hazardous area
Identification of reasonably classification.
foreseeable safety risks with a - Redundancy -
design project associated with Introduction of duplicates
Functional the construction/manufacture, to allow safe continued
installation, commission/use, operation in the event of
maintenance/repair, demolition failure.
and disposal. - Providing permanent safe
access to roofs, plant
rooms and windows for
maintenance and repair
purposes such as stairs or
walkways with guardrails.
- Eliminating the need for
installing temporary
Focusing on ways in which a barriers, by integrated
design can be modified to guardrail system along roof
eliminate or reduce issues that edges.
may affect the ongoing safety
Detailed - Inclusion of construction
of persons involved in
access into building fabric
constructing, using,
e.g. removable panels.
maintaining or demolishing the
design product. - Lifting lugs installed to
facilitate the movement of
heavy items.

Barker & Casey [Safety in Design Requirements]. (2012)