% oe “ : 2.25 Whe ts He physicel mechanisrr gf heat conduction in ar sotich, a Liquid and gas ? —+ | oasta saee te wares Uibralion and Plow 9 Pee elections | in Lignetil gees —s due te molecular ebilision ound oli PPasion )Wheet is the physical ’s igni Picance oe thermel Conducher hy ? Ais a phy siced property » tts value inclicedes te cebility gp Be mecteried te transfer heat By conduction SSE ort iP BSc te nt py SM Ls apis POSS OG oe Lye ab sy St Foarier’s law 4=-Kage «Ka dex & ara Wm. 1« ak kK Is rota PE cana See Silvar >& Bae ae sp? Stee} °K PEB/ PS Vrethane Sy tap jus Saree a kK = How does the thermal conductivity, Liquids ond gases vary with fomperecbure ? re Zs Fer Liquids : Ie olecroases with increase in bomporatuie (TPs KY) For gases i IS increases with increase. in temporitare CTtoKf) Sve) bated ae Ls LSBs er2l Ue Butinuous ranckm oASl se \ motionOX = heal conducted K 2s heak stored PCp what are “he anvection heat trains Por procasses ? L5 FSF Single phase ( Free. etnel Porencl convection) > Fer phase change ( Belling anel condensation) |. - How dees free cnvection diPber from ferad anvectien ? ] Ly Free (nedural cones) _ Fatad anvection A - EQ SM | b= L Se Ts | ag id notion 16 Caused Fura metion 15 ceased bi Flue met ea Be i by externed means such “AR bucyemcy Porcas arising ‘f rom Voriction hs density with AS Pump or Comprasior “We bemperabare > heed > Neve Hew cloes boiling cliffar Rom conclensetion 2 =— “fr. | 2, Boilmy = Cendlensection B ee —> Liquid convert te vapor at sedurated vapor Pressure on ot Te y Tet P= hy CTE=Tat) Eat —> Vaper cenvert le liquiel cat saburated liquiel pressure oR dt Ts < Ke = he ( Teak -Te) Nees hee> Nise 7 hice aeons ~ iHow oloes The heat conduction aliffer From Convection ? 4 concluction + heat is tromserreoh Phroegh storkioneary meclicam Bees Fy a A Pao RE ax Tr >Te convection ; heot és trinsPoreel between. a surfyce. anel moving Plaiel (Lig - gas) OF? es 4 lou =hA ST ane ~Te iP WT Ta-Ts iP >G Thérmed Reelicchon > > 4.15 the energy emiftec! by the motlr in he Brn op eleche- magnetic. weves or photons throagh a medium or 5 Pace oe the ch:PPerence betuaen bleck = and gray bedly? black becly Cicled): —» is icleal Cperbect) reclicdor idleel emer CE = loo) >E=1 icleod absorber Cog = loo) > xel gray boely. (real): — emit ancl ethsorh a pert of relia tien’ reed emiter (0<€«<1) nee Peal abrerber (0 <<) Emissivity :— (€): is he rectio & the raclicction emitted by cx surpace. te the raclicdtion emitted bya black body od the Sime Teng, Albserphivity - Col): 1s tha Praction of the, radiant energy inelclent ee ose! othe @ ref Eb owe! 2k ox a Oe CKD TANKirchhoPP’s Law fh radiation :~ = Ste emissivity ancl He, cbeorphivity of a surface cere equced et the scime Tempercture and wovelesgt “EsX «Por asurh ot some T Lprecliation Cinciclentrecliction): G= S Tran wl? . Surface emissive power: E = SE Tout Wm? - for blacks becly Ey = 6 Tew Stefan. Bolt2man lew ed = SEA CTs © Tou) W Energy Chet) balance. Tio.—Tut 2% = Gt het generation? > isfle heat fransber rate per unit volume & - ORD As ci phenomena arnel_Conversian.Prova ) ver dF Pt eee ory ee Some olier energy (chemical, elechricel , Pw! : elechomagnebicor nuclear) te thermel enceyy LC Pt Li electric current 4 = az Exe lyon = R Za: chechie pecistarn a Wim? electrical energy te thermal enery4) Wekes - 5 Trad in space (vacuum) Spach im mackie > Vel > Tony ot 6 temperedares Cee: microwave) —s Racliation end Convecticn are Paralle? he —s Radlidion or Gnu. is series with end. rad —> humen beoly boss headby Conduction » Convection, recliation amd evaperction heat Plies suthe heat treusler rate per unit aree V2 mii”hed is the ‘thermal Contact resistance > How is reledteol te Hormel Contact Cconclictance 2 alo Ke brevdect 4 Rae: rs a resistance ferme! when two surkaces oue pressecl against each others , | wth Rt = Bo Re Big Sh surt > Rig up aoe ka A oh penn ss I= sR Lhat is fhe, critical Reckius of inseloction? @ eras sin ees aids oo hy eV Vee rior ew cs pees oe) CAO WNT c)\iteSl BS ae mak Aad Jo) poe phi Jett Is K re Fer Cylinder be = E sli f n> ler For sphere ep = ew tN eee oat Exchenclecl surPwoces 3 Fins (RA Tieng, Pin, annular) 4 Fos > A fot (42 hav) 4. p= gt Zlo Bn 0 PPicieny ath) | Z, €p-= gt se as PinePPecHiveness — Adlea | nek 2 Fins applications > Gar radhedor C Pinned banks gf tbs) p Conclenser ( RePrigereder amel AL) | > motorcycle engine > domestic heater 2.2 [LKR or { ha > Compresser precessorMaximam length of Pins - ~ Bin» Sob ol dis — VO 262 51 Jabs a b> Ree LI Pin eye Ze-> es} us bd} EU) ee ee pe oats Seb baer BEL pa Fa Br reax- Length mel oS ‘ex sles 2 me MDP LR AG Fin efPictency py LP spd Fin efbectiveney Spat: htas Bp le ei h ab asan gut cpu Pins Dyes v4 ae UU APL ns Da alee pl Sas > hae Shucctor waht Tp air EDwea nome 4 reg? ee lwhed 's He cli fParonce, bethucen frednsiontoinel epicedy be. ond > | S for sleacly heet anchetion ~s. Teng constert ail kins “at 28 oy = 3) Fer unsbedicly heat cnetuction ¢ sd md + fimperedure varias with time 2T ga ’ CAst #0) , + oly, po Ne Lge L~., Lo oe steady Ereunsient ( heding) Aransient Geelng) —> Exomples of. transient heat onoluctten ~ LP Coeling or heating of Pool = -. > 7 heating oP engines ., JA pals 2 materiel treatment Comnealing) > Farnece sdarkip omel shutclown Skeloh “The donperdhre alistribution with time (L) for het enol Cele) baly immersecl in cx Iigquicl naan 08) Gad Vale Be MSI om} x” - shvasyeRop 0) chet booly Coveting ) Zs T= P(X V)> Bi > oulES Tre Biot number» Bl Me - ‘exudation x Br = eronen Gintsenal) vesisteince Rec Tow hhe serch Convection Céxterad resutan am Roy. Fed = R oBrat Pee Gnvec bie. pin A j K wher hi: Cenvecticr @eppicient Kev= TZ K : termed Concluchivrty Red= be” CK Por Setiel) K Le: ohaiadgristic c lag le=¥/Aaup € Volume ) Sah area iP Br Soul staaiis ( Te Per) only) ip Br Sor > TS PCLT) Small ST with X 4 Z Pt) only, > bumped! system~ > = PCx4) charts Leauge aT with X PKR & Redd Bry kb Rod OB FP - 3 h Lom = Sonne : a it pf Wade yh =Tot has Yh Ad yh = - Bee ae

Plaid velecsty outs: Fatped 2 ve xley elecity outside ~ ain hz PCR GAB » Vis» L)|Vn-> Pluiel velocity insicle | Erber h = PCR GABlpprapir -D).|b, ocheraeterishs login (Ld) VFohyolreaalic clameler=ifle im bh: Porm of limensicn lass Me My Re, fe ba StK waz PCR_R) | lens inles < * |S Rynolele number = inertia Perea, Pible Mabe sacs : us@us Porte v. Se or 2 wn) > Reel minbor P= elelarditaseily of rometons” Like : molecular oliPPusivily of hecet x kK | 5 Mussell minber Nu = hed amvection ou, Red . bbe head cnduchidn Gy Rey IS slid BME AS lay pW Lo K 2 Nil. —> PF Pr Fer Free or natural Convection tt h- PC2cr 4k -9Pat Ube) > olimension pe he PC Gr, PF). dimensiones = CyresheP mumbur= Bucranty Powe . 98S. IBATY - ~ Uisceus PorteDrew te axial temporeture Veiriecion of a ssurPace anel bulls Plaid avlong o hecho! Chrculer Tube. Por Cons tank SurPaco, he Blux cinol constant surkce “tempercdeire Pally oleveloped region bi Consh. hood Plax B= cast. ceath su fame. B= ash = Prove.that He feted onergy (Q) Per abecly as a Punchion op time is guenby Oz, C\~ EPR") | © | Lua. ry _ has 4+@ =f9dv 2O=hhe | e Pv .dt ° e ; =? Tid kt — BY = J naar. a =@ = hae (422 rei a) s Sin @® gpises CRet) Sve = Sth Cair)different materials is shown in Fig: It cap be concluded thet )Material B is the worst conductor Sot ofthe thee materials material it c) Material B is beter conductor of | hear as compared to material (@) Heat is generated within the wall atthe interface of walls 4 and S| aati ee Ze i) ‘Which has the lowest Prandtl number (lobe oil) water Yiquid metal (@) aqueous soltion 3: Tiee fins cach Sem ong, av Beste) to 160°C atone end and disipate heat | to sorsounding at at 29°C. Ifthe fins tye mae of ges, aluminie.and iron, Shi tires cues for temperature profiles ace 4, Band C as shows in ip. then thts corves represent respectively lass, Biron C amimirn 2 sominum, Biron Caos ©) Acton, Begins, C-ahuminun {@ s-alominam B lass, Ciron [dake nan on 1 e5 : igeneration of heat | | Sitinsne conduc Resse heat derkance Ey gered in the fel rbot eat at tetinon of ery due 10 some! st ection in eleewical by Layers 4 and C consis of the same |} ithe nai. of wont missive power of the body to total cmissive power of a black body. at the sanie temperature Emissivity) Absorptvity % Transmissvity. 4) Reflectivity TA inreae infin effectiveness eavsed by highvatue of = Seiekces wali HQ 228 and) etion ara Th Heat generatice ia metal machining due to burishing fraction occurs a) shear” fiction «) work-tool contact, .4) none of these bj Thermal dffusivityto mass” arosviry 5 2. ‘Meatenum diffsivity to thérizal iusivty —> 28/15 > Ee 4) Mas ivy to Motientnt sifusvity Tat what volue oF Prandit ‘number, the hydmdynamic and thermal bounosry layers cfa fivid flowing oves a heated plate svil be ideniicel? Or @ >t (b) <1 (a) none of these '5-Water alvtays boils when its {a} temperature reaches 100°C (vapor pressure equals 76 em of Hz Saturated vapor pressure equals the external pressure on its surface —y oS Psat (Gy saturated vapor pressue is Jess than the trmospheric pressvre. & the nature of flow of @ fluid inside a tube ie whether it ig. turbulent or laminar, is ascertained by I (A) Flow velocity (B) Tube size © Ai what valve of Prandtl mabe, te ‘hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers ofa hid Nowingoyera ested poe wteeg? @a ' (©) > 1 (none of these. “Which of the fllowing bas the Highest thermal conductivity? cd fa) copper grSxb)2i¢ Reynolds number. D) Viscosity of fuid convection, 2 In case of nat js function the Nusselt umber lor : (Re @ Grand Pr (1) Reasd Pr } Webe number and mach umber All convection heat transfer gppedvater 24 o@silver 14) Am ingabtor should have i ‘hermal eondvetviey istance 19 heat Now thermal conductivity ee ia depen lorie [Pape Vor bed Pee 7 Pere | Te pawal_conccon Be BA eran pe eee PAG Ry IPT: Le) 1 | iN 17) Reynolds Number is defined as | piperdia Faz Pie [PGiscous Rca 2° processes (voi anaes of energy I oinvovetemperamre [fitexence betwen the Bore jhe bodes | ote stow [geet hey Nese’ I Cy haat t [ee erfect block of | | Fediation. i | (2 absorber | | Ghemices | Yooth 2 &b + Beets nor \Metals ae ad Corluchrs of heat @ They contains free electrou b) Tele atoms re teclively are Far cipart ce) Thny have reflecting SurPaces A) Nene of the above. ‘A pipe x edvide diameter 2omm ste be insuledted with at bestes which has o-! Whedleg, Te Lecnd Goatbiciont of Convection is oF Whi dey, fie critical rockius of inseletion Por eptinnum heat “Ttrnsbar from pipe 5 h ei a)io mm 20mm C}10 mei Af 62 min Heack is shown te be closed! re Paredl te aa Plaid G) energy C) momentum Temperdture e) wewe. Form hare, Boely Ais kept in conduct with body By hed will Plow- Pom At Bi at) Te heat cndont of Ais greccler than That op B. OR Lenperdure gf A isqreater then tit ¢ B C) Ri spuciPi heal of A 1 Grecter Man thd fF B J) TR SpeeiPic hed of A's loner than tt B ©) None of th. above Which one of the Fotoviing mecdoriods will hee Dighest veloe of ermal Condluchivty ? ax) see! b) Aluminum ¢) Brast @ copper e) bead Unsteady rate yf heat Blew occurs i @) Flow gf heat thorgh Purnace walls b) low’ of heat through insulaled pipes with constant surface temperahere annealing 3p Casting Flow gf beak throwgh re Prigerator walls ©) Aone gp the above Prandile number Br gases 1 @ rear rly C) belween Joo ane) oo b) between 10 andl loo 2) rere fan }o00 “Re lomparchire grodient theeygh ctvoall Con of steel and brass shbs is shown in Fig. Prom the figure *Baun be conchedled thet a) steal is better mduchr of heat than brass b) thaugh brast Skib heat is tess by cowection in adelition te Ooncluction e) Fee surPace of brass and steel are Subject ‘te racliahion heabing QO head is generated! oil the interface befwcen brass and steel ples ace Three rods ome macle Ff glass» one gf Pure alumiaen and one F wrought iron are heabed t.. 150°. AN thereols are 15mm in diameter and 28amm Leng the lowe sh fonporecture ot the. Prewend J th rocks will oacuts in dase of i) aluminum red b)wresyhhiron red gins ral pecan Bre G) Tenparcdhure wilt be Besame Br alt rods oun will obpend on te surreundiggs air tanporecture ve Incase of farced convection, ig forition Grand Pr jébe nurnber and mach pupber | 13- The hest tra in condensation is forced convection greater than | By lower I () is same ad (@) half ‘Reand Pr‘ga perfect black body isa 1 Pee enon OFF | @) absorber 1) emitter [@ptoms 2» {Dneithera nord i ; [10 Whieh one ofthe feliowing | | witrhave least valve efthennal | {Gondvetvity ? n> poems gas | [poate Wark-wo26 ie Thewahe of and, umber fo sr is ofthe order of @ 1000 (927 07 (6) 0.965, 12 Maximum beat wansfer rate is obiained in {@) laminar Now @)ferbslent ow (c) creeping flow region (@) wanstion eon. I | { | of thermal conductivity ? o | ‘@coppers,» Walass~" jedwater @uiryo.cr® “TE The value of Prandtl {number for air isof the order | of | 1000, (6) 9.7 | 07 | ()0.065 12 Maximum heat trensfer....} rate is obfsined in | (2) laminar flow) turbutent Dow | 4 @hcreeping flow region | (6) teansiton region. | - ! A dimensionless number represents he ratio gh inertice Porces te viscous Percas is @ Reypotel> number bY prandile number ©) Nussett number dl) Mach member 2) Stanton membet Heat 15 transPareel fro an insulided pipe te the. orarounciyy, SEM air mainly by Q) Concluction b) Free convection C) rasliaction ) Percecl onvection e) all absre tagethor Te ratio oP het Plow @A Prey so walls OP ame Teich poss haley thormed Concachisy K's 2Kq for Ihe Same Tampercure difference wilt be : aa a)1 b)os G2 d)azs ela Ped are intaladed so that a) rey may nct broas under pressure, b) Tare is minimum Cerresion ) They caun sith teand higher Pluicl pressures heat toss ftom He surbate 33 minimized @) vibration reclucing {aN howd trans flr procestes 2s) involve treinsPar oP energ @ invewe Femporture Pte. betes beds ) Obey First la af Hemeclyennses Dobey secerel Lace of thermacl yrmmis €) obey rewdens law V1 eons cat teaser, fom ape pnscle of oid to antes Tou (ubich fs caused bs some michaniea MeO) Fe Foun 3s Toreed cemeceion (Bi face conscetion Be VGeaat convection (2) nome af the abore eansfot fo ne patie of 2 Bein another by so is cae bythe diference in desity ie) yasen as . ee convection1 + Fsaicrs lwo eonueton heat stieg who the syste tin hora fii in thermodynamic ein ] vw in al espe est forthe aye prvtiont | Atiness at tess 2 seg luc, tained inh flow is 9 in elect thaw . elect sysent Uh valege WO tesisune 1 sf these | {Re Raul iat How te Gunugh hall cyt of ange and user ) ay ag and hove nee tuee Fy sal UL > Tse *suraces ue ten | ete ten bv LOM wy Be ae cB ie tty w he cr {4h Wi ines in npr, he con a mae 20 | Beers > {eiemams sone | (0) tis incteases vo yan tempera a Yen beewny S$ Win incscase in wy she heal colt of a Ey cers 0 tesa sane . (may imvense or ve 1 depo the ype wf 8 9 ler \ tu ul ene minsonrteagee’ || e Slut, thermal conduc . ent, tharnal conducdviy i eapresseg ia atvinewo"k © Waturest () Wawtat x ~ (nove of tes [hoowln2cley G+ Voie following sine sano heat cenducan ; elt? . 1 (a) Conchart @ Heisler's chart | (@ Moties eben (@)Dirhings char |. | qe tiaisottuiaisdmesncioei nineteen te T teamed asthe... mune die oi Be Te | | hott Prana ! i lo. Sw whi mode of heat cunsCer, the Biot number is impertant 7 Quinte ian" Huet neon . & feed convection Weptiaion Pe etht tt Grdigrt wintec 5 . BB Ges apepeipns BY Opole @EO-Beip is \ 122 PRN madera I Pr Cer erik (qT. Mure 13 Natural eonyeston ie charger by Crs umber Bett ner © Reyraisumter (a anit emer | Ij Whig of Ue following is yaar in forced eivecdon? kr © si Reyilts number ) Pan number ©esrasliote names. (@ one of ese 150° The oof tg vats co-cticeni’St uit te nk ‘Bwvinre sink ination ef he Bld is gaused “ofthe Hub lent tale fates gh the element (OWinsK,7 _ Sksetch Tempérabure ‘clshibubion Zz > plone wal > plane wall with 7 wxthad hgen insulabed SurPaca ay Oy cele Ge with We Weyer : oe : ' TESTER Bi wee Maney st ke = ST pape (aed 4A? o > Plane wall are > plone weull vith er insulates surPete, aspire) with hy gen he STS 2 oe _ 4 y because deat RM ns Toe ote See ee xeods ot Se > Plane wetll usthe legen Gren sqmmebvic) Scie 2 Tm pal WER od 2920 SUL) Sol pd she Cal pie Male Kol» dete rer Spis Te chs x 5 Saltd Qylindor => hollows cylinder wath he gens af PRs Toe EY | \s To. he Wek ot ye 0 i Tes Ge “S wolyel Sphere wrth he gen Yeo Ae Tee ale 7