Square number - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Square_number

Square number
In mathematics, a square number or perfect square is an
integer that is the square of an integer;[1] in other words, it is
the product of some integer with itself. For example, 9 is a
square number, since it equals 32 and can be written as 3 × 3.

The usual notation for the square of a number n is not the

product n × n, but the equivalent exponentiation n2, usually
pronounced as "n squared". The name square number comes
from the name of the shape. The unit of area is defined as the
area of a unit square (1 × 1). Hence, a square with side length n
has area n2. In other words, if a square number is represented
by n points, the points can be arranged in rows as a square each
Square number 16 as sum of
side of which has the same number of points as the square root
gnomons.
of n; thus, square numbers are a type of figurate numbers
(other examples being cube numbers and triangular numbers).

Square numbers are non-negative. Another way of saying that a (non-negative) integer is a square
number is that its square root is again an integer. For example, so 9 is a square number.

A positive integer that has no perfect square divisors except 1 is called square-free.

For a non-negative integer n, the nth square number is n2, with 02 = 0 being the zeroth one. The
concept of square can be extended to some other number systems. If rational numbers are
included, then a square is the ratio of two square integers, and, conversely, the ratio of two square
integers is a square, for example, .

Starting with 1, there are square numbers up to and including m, where the expression
represents the floor of the number x.

Contents
Examples
Properties
Odd and even square numbers
Special cases
See also
Notes
Further reading

1 of 7 1/24/2022, 11:58 PM
Square number - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_number

Examples
The squares (sequence A000290 in the OEIS) smaller than 602 = 3600 are:

02 = 0 102 = 100 202 = 400 302 = 900

12 = 1 112 = 121 212 = 441 312 = 961
22 = 4 122 = 144 222 = 484 322 = 1024
32 = 9 132 = 169 232 = 529 332 = 1089
42 = 16 142 = 196 242 = 576 342 = 1156
52 = 25 152 = 225 252 = 625 352 = 1225
62 = 36 162 = 256 262 = 676 362 = 1296
72 = 49 172 = 289 272 = 729 372 = 1369
82 = 64 182 = 324 282 = 784 382 = 1444
92 = 81 192 = 361 292 = 841 392 = 1521

402 = 1600 502 = 2500

412 = 1681 512 = 2601
422 = 1764 522 = 2704
432 = 1849 532 = 2809
442 = 1936 542 = 2916
452 = 2025 552 = 3025
462 = 2116 562 = 3136
472 = 2209 572 = 3249
482 = 2304 582 = 3364
492 = 2401 592 = 3481

The difference between any perfect square and its predecessor is given by the identity
n2 − (n − 1)2 = 2n − 1. Equivalently, it is possible to count square numbers by adding together the
last square, the last square's root, and the current root, that is, n2 = (n − 1)2 + (n − 1) + n.

Properties
The number m is a square number if and only if one can arrange m points in a square:

m = 12 = 1
m = 22 = 4

2 of 7 1/24/2022, 11:58 PM