NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF

ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF GEOLOGICAL, MINERA AND METALLURGICAL
ENGINEERING-FIGMM.

CORROSION AND DEGRADATION

OF MATERIALS ME-521R

REPORT: CORROSION RATE OF A GRAY,

WHITE AND FERRO-SILICON FOUNDRY
NAME: Alex Jamphier Mejía Quiroz

CODE: 20154152J

TEACHER: M.Sc. Ing. Manuel Cruz Torres

LIMA – PERU

2019

1
INDICE

Págs.

OBJECTIVES...................................................................................................2

THEORICAL FOUNDATION........................................................................3

EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS..................................................................6

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE...................................................................7

RESULTS.........................................................................................................8

CONCLUSIONS..............................................................................................25

RECOMMENDATIONS..................................................................................25

BIBLIOGRAPHY.............................................................................................25

QUESTIONNAIRE..........................................................................................26

2
I. OBJETIVES

1. Determine the corrosion rates of the white, gray and ferrosilicon foundries.

2. Determine the polarization resistance of the gray, bank and ferrosilicon foundries

3. Determine which of the foundries corrodes faster and which is more resistant.

4. Find if any polarization of the foundries generates alterations in the measurement of

the curves.

3
II. THEORICAL FOUNDATION

CORROSION STUDY TECHNIQUES

1. NO ELECTROCHEMICALS

1.1. GRAVIMETRIC: Is one that measures the loss or gain of weight. It takes too much
time to evaluate it.
1.2. ANALYTICS: Measures the concentration of metal components in solution
1.3. VOLUMETRIC: Measures H2 came off or O2 consumed in the electrodes. It has
low reproducibility and safety.

2. ELECTROCHEMICALS
These methods measure the electric current to find the corrosion rate, because the
corrosion happens thanks to the movement and formation of electrically charged
particles.
2.1. STATIONARY
2.1.1. Intersection method: Extrapolation of Tafel
The curves of E vs Log (Iap), occurs when the polarizations E are imposed,
with respect to the Ecorr breaking the equilibrium, generating anodic and
cathodic overpotentials (and different ones) In this curve there is a linear or
Tafel section, extrapolating the straight sections of the anodic and cathodic
curves within a potential range.We worked with a range of 150 mV around
Ecorr.At the intersection of the two lines the icorr and the Ecorr are
obtained.The result is obtained in hours digits, generally 3 hrs .
CURVA DE POLARIZACION DE TAFEL

50
10
Voltaje , mV

-30
-70
-110
-150
-190
-230
-8.3 -8.0 -7.7 -7.4 -7.1 -6.8 -6.5 -6.2 -5.9 -5.6

Densidad de corriente ,i (A/cm²)

FIGURA 1. Linear section or Tafel by extrapolation

The use of a Luggin capillary helps to place the reference electrode to the work electrode,
minimizing the error that is caused by the resistance of the solution.
The extrapolation can also be affected by concentration polarization, due to the reaction
rate is too high, this is reflected in the Tafel line by a larger slope.
Considering that the reactions are controlled by activation, the current densities are adjusted
to the following expressions:

4
 i a =i corr . exp
[ 2. 303 η
βa ] ( 2 .1 ) i b =i corr . exp
[ −2. 303 η
βc ] ( 2 . 2)

Where a
β y β c are the anodic and cathodic slopes of Tafel, icorr the current density y η
the polarization. During the polarization of the electrode, an applied current is observed
iap :

i ap =i a + i c ( 2. 3)

[
i ap =i corr exp
2. 303( E−Ecorr )
βa
−exp
−2 .303 ( E−E corr )
βc ] (2 . 4 )

En which in high polarizations (anodic or cathodic) you get:

i
i ap =i anódica ⇒ ηa =β a log ap
i corr [ ] ( 2. 5 )

i ap=i catódica ⇒ ηc =β c log

[ ]
i ap
i corr
( 2 . 6)

Equations 2.5 and 2.6 are related to equations 2.1 and 2.2.
2.1.2. Polarization resistance method:
Also known as method Stern-Geary. In the corrosion potential
E=E corr , I ap=0 y I corr =I ox , M =I red , X . The applied current is represented by
equation 2.7. When graphing the equation 2.7 we obtain the following graphic:

CURVA DE POLARIZACION LINEAL

-262
-265
-268
Voltaje , mV

-271
-274
-277
-280
-283

-2E-07. -1E-07. -8E-08. -3E-08. 2E-08. 7E-08. 1E-07.

Densidad de corriente ,i (A/cm²)

FIGURA 2. Polarization resistance method

The applied current is governed by the following equation:

5
 [
i ap =i corr exp
2. 303( E−Ecorr )
β ox , M
−exp
−2 .303 (E−E corr )
β red, X ] ( 2 .7 )

Deriving the equation 2.7 and evaluating the derivative in the point E = Ecorr, we obtain:

[ ]
dE
di corr E corr
=R p =
βa . β c
2 .303 . i corr .( β a + β c )
=
1

(
2. 303 .i corr .
1 1
+
)
(2 . 8)

β a βc

The (dE/dicorr) it is known as polarization resistance.

βa . βc B
i corr = = ( 2. 9 )
2. 303 . R p .( β a + β c ) Rp

βa . βc
B= ( 2 .10 )
2. 303 ( β a + βc )

2.1.3. Polarization curves, critical potentials, potential curves, etc.

2.2. NON STATIONARY

2.2.1. Impendance techniques
The electroneutrality of the matter that, in front of a disposition of electric charges
on a surface, causes that the double layer around electrodes, the passivating films,
behave like condensers or more complex electrical circuits. The Randles circuit
presents an equivalent circuit that not only differs in magnitude from its components
but also in the way in which they are combined.

FIGURA 3.Circuito equivalente que explica el comportamiento de los metales pasivos.

Where R1, R of the electrolyte; R2, R faradaica; C1, C of the double layer; C2, C of
the passivation layers; R, R of the passivation layers. A safety margin is obtained in
the measurement of potentials and current densities.
2.2.2. Pulse methods
2.2.3. Electrochemical noise:

6
 2.2.4. Dynamic potency method:

III. EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

FIGURA 4. Potentiostat calibration card

FIGURA 5. Electrolitic polarization cell with a 0.035 M
NaCl solution of the Gamry reference 3000 Potentiostat.

FIGURA 6. Potentiostat curves reader. FIGURA 7. Uncoated gray cast test tube.

7
IV. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE.

IV.1. Three test pieces of white, gray and Fe-Si cast iron were prepared in cylinder form
with dimensions: height of 11.9 mm and diameter of 8.6 mm, all of them were cut
and then polished.

IV.2. The tests are carried out for each specimen in which the working specimen is held
in a device, called the work electrode (specimen and device).

IV.3. It is immersed in a NaCl solution at a concentration of 0.035 M inside the

electrolytic cell.

IV.4. The Luggi capillary is placed which helps to decrease the resistance of the
solution, at the same time it fulfills the function of a reference electrode holder.
For this experiment, a calomel reference electrode and an auxiliary graphite
electrode were used.

2.3. The potentiostat is calibrated. Then the sensors were connected to each electrode
according to the indications of the equipment used (Gamry reference 3000).

2.4. It took a time of 1hr, 24hrs and 72 hrs to be able to find the corrosion rate through
the polarization resistance curves and the Tafel curves.

2.5. Each test is performed for each test tube, all performed under the same conditions.

2.6. The results of the analysis are thrown by a program installed on the computer.

8
V. RESULTS

V.1. GRAY CAST IRON

V.1.1. Polarization curve at 1hr

CURVA DE POLARIZACION LINEAL - 1hr

-669

-671 f(x) = − 939874397.810689 x² + 501027.884237789 x − 681.187758434998

R² = 0.999435657282871
-673

-675

-677
Voltaje , mV

-679

-681

-683

-685

-687

-689

-691
-1.8E-05 -1.4E-05 -1.0E-05 -6.0E-06 -2.0E-06 2.0E-06 6.0E-06 1.0E-05 1.4E-05 1.8E-05 2.2E-05 2.6E-05

Densidad de corriente ,i (A/cm²)

Rp (Derivada) Rp ( pendiente)
451671.401 481362.6265 Ω.cm²

i corrosion μA/cm²
26/Rp B/Rp
Tafel
Rp (Derivada) Rp ( pendiente) Rp (Derivada) Rp ( pendiente)
27.42033303 57.56397232 54.01333333 107.0921548 107.0921548

9
 V.1.2. Polarization curve at 24 hrs

-726 CURVA DE POLARIZACION LINEAL - 24hr

-728
-730
-732
-734
-736
Voltaje , mV

-738 f(x) = 743393.813409796 x − 752.479142056332

-740 R² = 0.975370084193191
-742
-744
-746
-748
-750
-752
-754
-756
-758
-760
-5.0E-06 -2.0E-06 1.0E-06 4.0E-06 7.0E-06 1.0E-05 1.3E-05 1.6E-05 1.9E-05 2.2E-05
Densidad de corriente ,i (A/cm²)

Rp ( pendiente) 673882.8286 Ω.cm²

i corrosion 38.582375 μA/cm²

10
 V.1.3. Polarization curve at 72 hrs.

CURVA DE POLARIZACION LINEAL - 72hr

-711
-714
Rp ( pendiente) 480278.5616 Ω.cm²
-717
i corrosion 54.13525 μA/cm²
-720
-723 f(x) = 517192.333085786 x − 736.05658661696
R² = 0.983974130969206
Voltaje , mV

-726
-729
-732
-735
-738
-741
-744
-747
-1.2E-05 -8.0E-06 -4.0E-06 0.0E+00 4.0E-06 8.0E-06 1.2E-05 1.6E-05 2.0E-05 2.4E-05 2.8E-05

Densidad de corriente ,i (A/cm²)

V.1.4. Tafel polarization curve at 1 hr

CURVA DE POLARIZACION TAFEL - 1hr

160 f(x) = 90.7090909090909 x + 430.749509090909
145
130
115
100
85
70
55
Voltaje , mV

40
25
10
-5
-20
-35
-50
-65
-80
-95
-110
-125 f(x) = − 488.428571428569 x − 2211.21142857142
-140
-7.3 -7.0 -6.7 -6.4 -6.1 -5.8 -5.5 -5.2 -4.9 -4.6 -4.3 -4.0 -3.7 -3.4 -3.1 -2.8 -2.5 -2.2
11
Densidad de corriente , Log(i (A/cm²))
 K
-488.430 mV
CATODICO
K ANODICO 90.709 mV

io catodico 29.7002 μA/cm²

io anódico 17.8360 μA/cm²

B 48.37046357

icorr 27.4203 μA/cm²

E corr 16.9421 mV

Vcorr 284.886 μm/año

V.2. FERRO-SILICON CAST IRON

V.2.1. Polarization curve at 1hr

-644 CURVA DE POLARIZACION LINEAL - 1hr

-646
-648 f(x) = 3289463359.47083 x² + 909522.765007189 x − 658.3498226046
R² = 0.999028858130936
-650
-652
Voltaje , mV

-654
-656
-658
-660
-662
-664
-666
-668
-1.0E-05 -8.0E-06 -6.0E-06 -4.0E-06 -2.0E-06 -1.7E-21 2.0E-06 4.0E-06 6.0E-06 8.0E-06 1.0E-05 1.2E-05

Densidad de corriente ,i (A/cm²)

12
 Rp (Derivada) Rp ( pendiente)
1013704.215 928554.5304 Ω.cm²

i corrosion μA/cm²
26/Rp B/Rp
Tafel
Rp (Derivada) Rp ( pendiente) Rp (Derivada) Rp ( pendiente)
17.3635358 25.64850735 28.00050955 45.94013361 50.15290491

V.2.2. Polarization curve at 24 hrs

-690 CURVA DE POLARIZACION LINEAL - 24hr

-692
-694 f(x) = 7251181930.34737 x² + 1000874.51304505 x − 704.355005480462
-696 R² = 0.998922136235582
-698
Voltaje , mV

-700
-702
-704
-706
-708
-710
-712
-714
-1.0E-05 -8.0E-06 -6.0E-06 -4.0E-06 -2.0E-06 -1.7E-21 2.0E-06 4.0E-06 6.0E-06 8.0E-06 1.0E-05 1.2E-05

Densidad de corriente ,i (A/cm²)

Rp (Derivada) Rp ( pendiente)
1122409.558 1037911.746 Ω.cm²

i corrosion μA/cm²
Tafel 26/Rp B/Rp

13
 Rp (Derivada) Rp ( pendiente) Rp (Derivada) Rp ( pendiente)
8.743539832 23.16444993 25.0502994 53.3660792 57.71068451

V.2.3. Linear polarization curve at 72 hrs

CURVA DE POLARIZACION LINEAL - 72hr

-688
-690
f(x) = 2521596996.67833 x² + 761911.118753929 x − 701.752286716047
-692 R² = 0.999127316390136
-694
-696
Voltaje , mV

-698
-700
-702
-704
-706
-708
-710
-712

-0
5
-0
5
-0
6
-0
6
-0
6
-0
6 00 -0
6
-0
6
-0
6
-0
6
-0
5
-0
5
-0
5
-0
5
.2E .0E .0E .0E .0E .0E 0E+ .0E .0E .0E .0E .0E .2E .4E .6E
-1 -1 -8 -6 -4Densidad-2 . 2
0 de corriente 4 6,i (A/cm²)
8 1 1 1 1

Rp (Derivada) Rp ( pendiente)
817718.132 775737.3888 Ω.cm²

i corrosion μA/cm²
26/Rp B/Rp
Tafel
Rp (Derivada) Rp ( pendiente) Rp (Derivada) Rp ( pendiente)

14
 9.301188642 31.79579734 33.51649718 100.4919318 105.9302748

V.2.4. Tafel polarization curve at 1hr

K
-520.310 mV
CATODICO
K
88.921 mV
ANODICO

io catodico 18.3482 μA/cm²

io anódico 12.5739 μA/cm²

B 46.5697071

icorr 17.3635 μA/cm²

E corr 12.4639 mV

Vcorr 180.293 μm/año

15
 CURVA DE POLARIZACION DE TAFEL - 1hr
160
145
130
115
100 f(x) = 88.9212482450032 x + 435.760517454827
85
70
55
40
Voltaje , mV

25
10
-5
-20
-35
-50
-65
-80
f(x) = − 520.307087826272 x − 2464.4290528452
-95
-110
-125
-140
-6.5 -6.3 -6.2 -6.0 -5.9 -5.7 -5.6 -5.4 -5.3 -5.1 -5.0 -4.8 -4.7 -4.5 -4.4 -4.2 -4.1 -3.9 -3.8 -3.6 -3.5 -3.3 -3.2 -3.0

Densidad de corriente ,Log(i (A/cm²))

V.2.5. Tafel polarization curve at 24 hrs

16
 140 CURVA DE POLARIZACION DE TAFEL - 24hr
110
f(x) = 88.3083083083083 x + 438.852102102102
80
50
-245.410 mV
Voltaje , mV

K CATODICO
20
K ANODICO 88.308 mV
-10
-40
io catodico 8.1235 μA/cm²
-70 10.7266 μA/cm²
io anódico
-100
f(x) = − 245.408450704225 x − 1249.24270422535
-130 B 59.8985973
-160
-6.5 -6.3 -6.2 -6.0
icorr-5.9 -5.7 -5.6 -5.48.7435
-5.3 -5.1 -5.0 -4.8 -4.7 -4.5 -4.4 -4.2 -4.1 -3.9 -3.8 -3.6 -3.5 -3.3
μA/cm²
E corr Densidad
-7.8395 mV (A/cm²))
de corriente ,Log(i

Vcorr 180.293 μm/año

K
-196.880 mV
CATODICO
K ANODICO 96.494 mV

V.2.6. io catodico 7.2159 μA/cm² Tafel polarization

io anódico 15.6129 μA/cm² curve at 72 hrs

B 82.1740748

130 CURVA
icorr DE POLARIZACION
9.3012 DE TAFEL - 72hr
μA/cm²
E corr f(x) = 96.4944471269918
-21.7059 mV x + 463.800492515693
100
70
Vcorr 180.293 μm/año
40
Voltaje , mV

10
-20
-50
-80
-110 f(x) = − 196.876574307305 x − 1012.30675062972
-140
-170
-7.2 -6.9 -6.6 -6.3 -6.0 -5.7 -5.4 -5.1 -4.8 -4.5 -4.2 -3.9 -3.6 -3.3 -3.0

Densidad de corriente ,Log(i (A/cm²))

17
V.3. WHITE CAST IRON

V.3.1. Linear polarization curve at 1hr

CURVA DE POLARIZACION LINEAL - 1hr

-197
-199
f(x) = 181447557411102 x² + 77835664.0322465 x − 212.427612599068
f(x) = 102428148.702186 x − 212.961468870526
-201 R² = 0.999646012514049 R² = 0.998047703675827
-203
-205
Voltaje , mV

-207
-209
-211
-213
-215
-217
-219

7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7
-0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0
.3E .1E .0E .0E .0E .0E .0E .0E .0E .0E .0E .0E .1E .3E .5E
-1 -1 -9 -7 5
-Densidad -3 1
-1de corriente 3 ,i 5(A/cm²) 7 9 1 1 1

Rp (Derivada) Rp ( pendiente)
159957886.550 102058576.9 Ω.cm²

i corrosion μA/cm²
26/Rp B/Rp
Tafel
Rp (Derivada) Rp ( pendiente) Rp (Derivada) Rp ( pendiente)
0.199894716 0.162542783 0.254755659 0.496578915 0.778295329

18
 V.3.2. Linear polarization curve at 24 hrs

CURVA DE POLARIZACION LINEAL - 24hr

-260
-262
-264 f(x) = 140203036535829 x² + 67949167.5066914 x − 275.04447068448
R² = 0.999862963303013
-266
-268
Voltaje , mV

-270
-272
-274
-276
-278
-280
-282
-284

-2E-07. -2E-07. -1E-07. -9E-08. -6E-08. -3E-08. -3E-23. 3E-08. 6E-08. 9E-08. 1E-07. 2E-07.

Densidad de corriente ,i (A/cm²)

Rp (Derivada) Rp ( pendiente)
102880445.104 87316584.01 Ω.cm²

i corrosion μA/cm²
26/Rp
Tafel
Rp (Derivada) Rp ( pendiente)
0.164402226 0.252720524 0.297767031

19
 V.3.3. Linear polarization curve at 72 hrs.

-285 CURVA DE POLARIZACION LINEAL - 72hr

-287
-289 f(x) = 97086259071099.7 x² + 45185282.2649376 x − 301.456075690622
-291 R² = 0.99954539873281
-293
Voltaje , mV

-295
-297
-299
-301
-303
-305
-307
-309

-2.5E-07-2.1E-07-1.7E-07-1.3E-07-8.8E-08-4.8E-08-8.0E-09 3.2E-08 7.2E-08 1.1E-07 1.5E-07 1.9E-07

Densidad de corriente ,i (A/cm²)

Rp (Derivada) Rp ( pendiente)
108707195.663 76952674.11 Ω.cm²

i corrosion μA/cm²
26/Rp
Tafel
Rp (Derivada) Rp ( pendiente)
0.293535978 0.2391746 0.33787

20
 V.3.4. Tafel polarization curve at 72 hrs

CURVA DE POLARIZACION DE TAFEL - 1hr

100
85 f(x) = 184.347826086957 x + 1189.88956521739
70
55
40
25
10
-5
Voltaje , mV

-20
-35
-50
-65
-80
-95
-110
-125 f(x) = − 205.011933174225 x − 1418.5262529833
-140
-155
-170
-185
-200
-9.0 -8.8 -8.6 -8.4 -8.2 -8.0 -7.8 -7.6 -7.4 -7.2 -7.0 -6.8 -6.6 -6.4 -6.2 -6.0 -5.8 -5.6 -5.4 -5.2 -5.0

Densidad de corriente ,Log(i (A/cm²))

K
-205.010 mV
CATODICO
K
184.35 mV
ANODICO

io catodico 0.1205 μA/cm²

io anódico 0.3511 μA/cm²

B 794.317137

icorr 0.1999 μA/cm²

21
 E corr -45.0973 mV

Vcorr 1.858 μm/año

V.3.5. Tafel curve polarization curve at 24 hrs

CURVA DE POLARIZACION DE TAFEL - 24hr

70
55
40
f(x) = 196.36716583472 x + 1252.0150249584
25
10
-5
-20
-35
Voltaje , mV

-50
-65
-80
-95
-110
-125
-140
-155 f(x) = − 128.630136986301 x − 952.828767123287
-170
-185
-200
-215
-230
-8.3 -8.0 -7.7 -7.4 -7.1 -6.8 -6.5 -6.2 -5.9 -5.6
Densidad de corriente ,Log(i (A/cm²))

K CATODICO -128.630 mV
K ANODICO 196.37 mV

io catodico 0.0391 μA/cm²

io anódico 0.4210 μA/cm²

B 33.7473838

icorr 0.1644 μA/cm²

E corr -80.1922 mV

22
 Vcorr 1.528 μm/año

V.3.6. Tafel polarization curve at 72 rs.

CURVA DE POLARIZACION DE TAFEL - 72hr

40
25
10
-5 f(x) = 303.924731182796 x + 1877.40430107527
-20
-35
-50
-65
-80
Voltaje , mV

-95
-110
-125
-140
-155 f(x) = − 120.341614906833 x − 894.010869565219
-170
-185
-200
-215
-230
-245
-260
-7.9 -7.8 -7.7 -7.6 -7.5 -7.4 -7.3 -7.2 -7.1 -7.0 -6.9 -6.8 -6.7 -6.6 -6.5 -6.4 -6.3 -6.2 -6.1 -6.0

Densidad de corriente ,Log(i (A/cm²))

K
-120.340 mV
CATODICO
K
303.92 mV
ANODICO

io catodico 0.0372 μA/cm²

io anódico 0.6648 μA/cm²

B -86.5067476

icorr 0.2935 μA/cm²

E corr -107.9084 mV

Vcorr 2.729 μm/año

VI. CONCLUSIONS

23
1. The corrosion rates for a white, gray and ferrosilicon foundry were determined.

2. The white cast iron has a very low corrosion rate compared to the other specimens
analyzed, this is due to alloying elements such as nickel and chromium.

3. The gray cast-iron specimen has a very fast corrosion rate, which means that it has
not been analyzed at 24 hrs and 72 hrs.

4. Las aproximaciones para el cálculo de la velocidad de corrosión utilizando la

fórmula 26/Rp no es muy exacta, generando demasiado errores en las fundiciones
como fundición ferrosilio y fundición gris. The approximations for calculating the
corrosion rate using the formula 26 / Rp is not very accurate, generating too many
errors in foundries such as ferrosilium cast iron and gray cast iron.

VII. RECOMMENDATIONS

1. It is recommended first to evaluate the cathodic curve to clean the surface and then
oxidize, so first we start with the cathodic arm and then with the anode.

2. It is not recommended to use equation 26 / Rp to find the corrosion rate.

VIII. BBIBLIOGRPHY

1. González Fernández, J. A. (1989). Control de la corrosion: estudio y medida por

tecnicas electroquimicas.

2. Pérez, T. (2002). Aplicación de la técnica Espectroscopía de Impedancia

Electroquímica (EIS) en el estudio de la corrosión del acero de refuerzo embebido
en concreto. Programa De Corrosión Del Golfo De México, 1-29.

IX. CUESTIONARIO

24
 1. Plot the following polarization curves (Polarization Resistance, Tafel) performed for
1 hour, 24 hours and 72 hours, from the samples of Gray Foundry, White Foundry
and IronSilicon Foundry, and graphically determine the parameters of the corrosion
rate measurements.
THE GRAPHS ARE SHOWN IN RESULTS (Pg 23 onwards)
2. Define open circuit potential measured in the potentiostat, and corrosion potential,
determine the morality of the electrolyte if it had 2.04 grams of NaCl. Area of the
white cast test specimen is 1cm2.

OPEN CIRCUIT POTENTIAL:

It is the indicates the variation in time of the potential of an electrode in relation to a
reference, both is a certain electrolyte, sim to apply to the system no potential or current.
From the electrochemical point of view, the OCP, Open circuit potential, determines
potential changes between the working electrode and the reference electrode.
In this technique, variations in the OCP must be due exclusively to variations in the
electrolyte-metal interface, so the reference electrode must be highly stable. When the OCP
is increased, it indicates that a passivation layer is being formed on the metal in contact
with the medium.

CORROSION POTENTIAL:
It is a new potential that defines conditions of thermodynamic equilibrium for the system, it
is fulfilled that iododic = Icathodic. Potential at which the current density goes from being
cathodic to anodic.

MOLARITY OF THE ELECTROLYTE

Molecular concentration of the electrolyte:
Mass :2.04 gr
Volume of distilled water : 1 L
Molecular Weight NaCl : 58.5
M =(2.04 /58.5)/1=0.034871 mol /L

3. Determinar

25
 4. Quantitatively the corrosion rate by polarization curves of polarization resistance
(LPR) and Tafel.
USING TAFEL POLARIZATION CURVE
WHITE CAST IRON

%weight/(Pa/
n
Elements Pa %weight n))
C 12 2 0.0265 0.004417
Ni 58.69 2 0.025 0.000852
Si 28 4 0.015 0.002143
Cr 51.9 3 0.16 0.009249
Mn 54.93 2 0.02 0.000728
Mo 95.4 2 0.03 0.000629
Fe 56 2 0.7535 0.026911
SUMA 0.044928
[Pa/n] 22.2579

DENNSIT
Elements %weight
Y
C 2.25 0.0265 0.059625
Ni 8.9 0.025 0.2225
Si 2.33 0.015 0.03495
Cr 7.14 0.16 1.1424
Mn 7.4 0.02 0.148
Mo 10.2 0.03 0.306
Fe 7.85 0.7535 5.914975
DENSIDA
7.82845
D

1 hr 24 rs 72 hrs
0.1644022 0.2935359
icorr 0.1999 μA/cm²
3 8
- -
E corr -45.0973 80.192206 107.90836 mV
5 6
   
1.5284947
Vcorr 1.858 7 2.7290884 μm/año

26
GRAY CAST IRON
%weight/(Pa/
n
Elements Pa %weight n))
C 12 2 0.032 0.005333
Mn 54.93 2 0.005 0.000182
Si 28 4 0.015 0.002143
P 30.97 1 0.0006 0.000019
S 32.065 2 0.0005 0.000031
Fe 56 2 0.9469 0.033818
SUMA 0.041527
[Pa/n] 24.0809

Elements DENSITY %weight

C 2.25 0.032 0.072
Mn 7.4 0.005 0.037
Si 2.33 0.015 0.03495
P 1.8 0.0006 0.00108
S 1.96 0.0005 0.00098
Fe 7.85 0.9469 7.433165
DENSIDA
7.579175
D gr/cm³

icorr 27.4203 μA/cm²

E corr 16.9421 mV

Vcorr 284.886 μm/año

27
FERRO-SILICON CAST IRON

%weight/(Pa/
n
Elements Pa %weight n))
C 12 2 0.039 0.006500
Mn 54.93 2 0.0057 0.000208
Si 28 4 0.0171 0.002443
Fe 56 2 0.9382 0.033507
SUMA 0.042658
[Pa/n] 23.4425

Elements DENSITY %weight

C 2.25 0.032 0.072
Mn 7.4 0.005 0.037
Si 2.33 0.015 0.03495
Fe 7.85 0.948 7.4418
DENSIDA
7.58575
D

icorr 17.3635 8.74353983 9.30118864 μA/cm²

- -
E corr 12.4639 mV
7.83947854 21.7058506

Vcorr 180.293 180.292783 180.292783 μm/año

28
USING LINEAR POLARIZATION CURVE
WHITE CAST IRON
1hr
Rp (Derivada) Rp ( pendiente)
159957886.550 102058576.9 Ω.cm²

i corrosion μA/cm²
26/Rp B/Rp
Tafel
Rp (Derivada) Rp ( pendiente) Rp (Derivada) Rp ( pendiente)
0.199894716 0.162542783 0.254755659 0.496578915 0.778295329
Rp (Derivada) Rp ( pendiente)
102880445.104 87316584.01 Ω.cm²
24 hrs
i corrosion μA/cm²
26/Rp
Tafel
Rp (Derivada) Rp ( pendiente)
0.164402226 0.252720524 0.297767031

Rp (Derivada) Rp ( pendiente)
108707195.663 76952674.11 Ω.cm²
72 hrs
i corrosion μA/cm²
26/Rp
Tafel
Rp (Derivada) Rp ( pendiente)
0.293535978 0.2391746 0.33787

29
GRAY CAST IRON
1hr
Rp (Derivada) Rp ( pendiente)
451671.401 481362.6265 Ω.cm²

i corrosion μA/cm²
26/Rp B/Rp
Tafel
Rp (Derivada) Rp ( pendiente) Rp (Derivada) Rp ( pendiente)

27.42033303 57.56397232 54.01333333 107.0921548 107.0921548

24hrs

Rp ( pendiente) 673882.8286 Ω.cm²

i corrosion 38.582375 μA/cm²

72 hrs

Rp ( pendiente) 480278.5616 Ω.cm²

i corrosion 54.13525 μA/cm²

30
FERRO-SILICON CAST IRON
1hr
Rp (Derivada) Rp ( pendiente)
1013704.215 928554.5304 Ω.cm²

i corrosion μA/cm²
26/Rp B/Rp
Tafel
Rp (Derivada) Rp ( pendiente) Rp (Derivada) Rp ( pendiente)
17.3635358 25.64850735 28.00050955 45.94013361 50.15290491

24 hrs
Rp (Derivada) Rp ( pendiente)
1122409.558 1037911.746 Ω.cm²

i corrosion μA/cm²
26/Rp B/Rp
Tafel
Rp (Derivada) Rp ( pendiente) Rp (Derivada) Rp ( pendiente)
8.743539832 23.16444993 25.0502994 53.3660792 57.71068451

72 hrs
Rp (Derivada) Rp ( pendiente)
817718.132 775737.3888 Ω.cm²

i corrosion μA/cm²
26/Rp B/Rp
Tafel
Rp (Derivada) Rp ( pendiente) Rp (Derivada) Rp ( pendiente)
9.301188642 31.79579734 33.51649718 100.4919318 105.9302748

31
5. Define and substantiate quantitative parameters obtained from the polarization
curve electrochemical impedance spectroscopy EIS), and the difference of the
Nyquist and Bode diagram.
The corrosion rate by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is an
electrochemical method used in corrosion studies, which is based on the use of an
alternating current (AC) signal that is applied to an electrode (metal in corrosion) and
determining the corresponding response.
In alternating current, well-defined semicircles are obtained that simultaneously
determine Re (electrolyte resistance and surface layers) and Rt (load transfer
resistance), where Rc + Rt is totally equivalent to the bias resistance of the DC method.
From a Nyquist diagram it is possible to estimate the value of the solution resistance
(Rsol), as the high frequency limit of Z '. The sum of the "resistance to polarization"
(Rp) and Rsol, is equal to the limit of Z 'at low frequencies. The capacitance of the
system (associated with the double layer) Cdl, can be calculated from the frequency at
the top of the semicircle of the Nyquist diagram and the Rp value
NIQUIST DIAGRAM
The complex plane of the impedance, that is, its imaginary part Z "(capacitive
reactance) as a function of the real part Z '(Resistive component). In this figure, both the
region controlled by charge transfer (semicircle) and the region controlled by diffusion
(linear, unit slope) appear. In this case, Rt can be calculated, extrapolating the
experimental points on the semicircle, until the intersection with the axis. When
working with high frequencies (10Khz) the capacitor contocircuits Rt, working only
with the Re

32
 BODE DIAGRAM

The Bode graphs are representations of different parameters of the impedance against
frequency and there are different variants. The most common Bode graphics are:
a) Logarithm base 10 of the impedance module (| Z |) against base logarithm 10 of the
frequency (f).
b) Phase angle (f) against base 10 logarithm of the frequency (f).
Unlike the Nyquist graphs, Bode representations contain all the information of an EIS test,
since the frequencies are clearly identified.
6. DETERMINE THE Fe-Si COMPOSITION

33