FalonAcadamey

Chemistry Assignment
Grade 9E
Groupe member
1:- MiskerEyouel
2 LewiAbrham
:-

3 AfomiyaAbebe
:-

4 Bitaniya Michael
:-

5 Nahil Bahir
:-

6 Ermiyas Million
:-

7 Mikele Tatek
:-

Submitted Date:-
Submitted to

EXPERIMENT 1
Title:
Rutherford's Scattering Experiment

Objective:
To demonstrate the scattering of alpha particles by gold foil.
Theory
Model for the structure of an atom had been first proposed by
J.J. Thomson. Later, followed many theories however,
Rutherford's model was finally accepted as the correct nuclear
model. Rutherford had shown his model with help of an
experiment.
Rutherford's scattering experiment:

Rutherford's model of an atom :

Ernest Rutherford was interested in knowing how the electrons

are arranged within an atom. Rutherford designed an experiment
for this. In this experiment, fast moving alpha (α)-particles were
made to fall on a thin gold foil.
 He selected a gold foil because he wanted as thin a layer as
possible. This gold foil was about 1000 atoms thick.
 α-particles are doubly-charged helium ions. Since they have
a mass of 4µ, the fast-moving α-particles have a
considerable amount of energy.
 It was expected that α-particles would be deflected by the sub-
atomic particles in the gold atoms. Since the α-particles were
much heavier than the protons, he did not expect to see large
deflections. But, the α-particle scattering experiment gave totally
unexpected results .
Apparatus:
Radioactive source emitting alpha particles, a thin sheet of
gold foil, a fluorescent detection screen.
Procedure

 Click on "Show Labels" to understand different apparatus

used in this lab.
 Click on "Start Emission" to start emission of alpha (a)
particles.
 Observe the behaviour of the alpha particle when they fall
on the thin sheet of gold foil.

Observation:

Experimental Apparatus
A diagram of experimental apparatus being used in this investigation is shown in figure 1.
The container is connected to a vacuum pump so that it is possible for α-particles to penetrate further than in
air, where it can only go through a few centimetres.
The magnet is used to externally control the carriage to maintain its pressure. The carriage has the source, gold
leaf, and collimator slit on it, which can be rotated through various angles.

2.2 Preliminary Experiment.

This experiment is carried out to find the optimum discriminator bias for the machine. The apparatus is first set
up as shown in Figure 1a and 1b. When the vacuum pump is turned on, the valve on the pump is closed to
lower the pressure. When the pressure is low, readings should show on the signal processing unit connected to
the detector. Readings of counts are recorded for different values of the discriminator bias. The point of
optimum bias is found to be the point at which the values seem to plateau.
There may still be a residual low count due to background radiation after choosing the bias. To accommodate
for this additional error, a background measurement of radiation over 1000s is determined with the vacuum
pump switched off at angles ±90o.

Main Experiment: Dependence of Count Rate upon

Angle of Scatter.
This part of the experiment measures the count rate at various scattering angles, both positive and negative. For
each measurement the time period of count should be chosen so that the precision on the total count is large
enough to be representative of the true count rate.

We assume that the decay of Americium 241 will be a Poisson distribution, the percentage error can be given
using equation (3). To decide how long to count for, a 10% precision was used, giving N = 100. Hence for a
10% precision on values, over 100 counts must be taken for each angle.

Result and discusion:

Conclusion:

.
Reference:
 .

Questions

Multiple choice

1)What is one question that Rutherford's theory and

Bohr's theory answer differently

A. Atoms have mostly empty space.

B. Electrons in atoms move around the nucleus.

C. Atoms contain protons,neutrons and electrons.

D. Electrons in atoms exist only with certain amount

of energy

2) Rutherford assumed that helium atoms contained two

protons and two electrons. What evidence led him to
propose that they also contained neutrons?
 A. Helium atoms have more mass than two protons.

B. Experiments showed that helium atoms did not contain

two protons.

C. Experiments showed that helium atoms did not contain

two electrons
D. Helium atoms are less massive than two protons and
two electrons.

3) The first model of an atom was given by :

A. Niels Bohr

B. Ernest Rutherford

C.J.J Thomson

D.Eugen Goldstein

4) Rutherford's alpha particle scattering experiment led

to the discovery of:

A. Nucleus

B. Electrons

C. Protons
 D.Neutrons

5) Which of the following scientists developed the nuclear

model of the atom?

A. Ernest Rutherford

B. J. J. Thomson

C. John Dalton

D. Henry Moseley

EXPERIMENT 1
Title:
Rutherford's Scattering Experiment

Objective:
To demonstrate the scattering of alpha particles by gold foil.
Theory
Model for the structure of an atom had been first proposed by
J.J. Thomson. Later, followed many theories however,
Rutherford's model was finally accepted as the correct nuclear
model. Rutherford had shown his model with help of an
experiment.
Rutherford's scattering experiment:

Rutherford's model of an atom :

Ernest Rutherford was interested in knowing how the electrons

are arranged within an atom. Rutherford designed an experiment
for this. In this experiment, fast moving alpha (α)-particles were
made to fall on a thin gold foil.
 He selected a gold foil because he wanted as thin a layer as
possible. This gold foil was about 1000 atoms thick.
 α-particles are doubly-charged helium ions. Since they have
a mass of 4µ, the fast-moving α-particles have a
considerable amount of energy.
It was expected that α-particles would be deflected by the sub-
atomic particles in the gold atoms. Since the α-particles were
much heavier than the protons, he did not expect to see large
deflections. But, the α-particle scattering experiment gave totally
unexpected results .

Apparatus:
Radioactive source emitting alpha particles, a thin sheet of
gold foil, a fluorescent detection screen.

Procedure
 Click on "Show Labels" to understand different apparatus
used in this lab.
 Click on "Start Emission" to start emission of alpha (a)
particles.
 Observe the behaviour of the alpha particle when they fall
on the thin sheet of gold foil.

Observation: The observations of Rutherford’s Alpha Scattering

Experiment are:
1. First, he observe that most of the α-particles that are
bombarded towards the gold sheet pass away the foil
without any deflection, and hence it shows most of the
space is empty.
2. Out of all, some of the α-particles were deflected through
the gold sheet by very small angles, and hence it shows the
positive charge in an atom is non-uniformly distributed. The
positive charge is concentrated in a very small volume in an
atom.
3. Very few of the alpha-particles(1-2%) were deflected back,
i.e. only a very less amount of α-particles had nearly 180°
angle of deflection. this shows that the volume occupied by
the positively charged particles is very small as compared to
the total volume of an atom.
Result and
discusion: Rutherford proposed the atomic structure
of elements, on the basis of his experiment.
According to Rutherford’s atomic model:
 The positively charged particle was concentrated
in an extremely small volume and most of the
mass of an atom was also in that volume. He
called this a nucleus of an atom.
 Rutherford proposed that there is negatively
charged electrons around the nucleus of an atom.
the electron surrounding the nucleus revolves
around it in a circular path with very high speed.
He named orbits to these circular paths.
 Nucleus being a densely concentrated mass of
positively charged particles and electrons being
negatively charged are held together by a strong
force of attraction called electrostatic forces of
attraction.
Conclusion: The Rutherford atomic model is failed to explain
certain things.

1. According to Maxwell, an electron revolving around the nucleus

should emit electromagnetic radiation due to accelerated charged
particles emit electromagnetic radiation. but Rutherford model
says that the electrons revolve around the nucleus in fixed paths
called orbits. The radiation would carry energy from the motion
which led to the shrinking of orbit. Ultimately electrons would
collapse inside the nucleus.

2. As per the Rutherford model, calculations have shown that an

electron would collapse in the nucleus in less than 10-8 seconds. So
Rutherford model has created a high contradiction with Maxwell’s
theory and Rutherford later could not explain the stability of an
atom.

3. Rutherford also did not describe the arrangement of electrons in

the orbit as one of the other drawbacks of his model.

Regardless of seeing the early atomic models were inaccurate and

failed to explain certain experimental results, they were the base for
future developments in the world of quantum mechanics.

Reference:

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/rutherfords-alpha-
scattering-experiment/
 .

Questions

Multiple choice

1)What is one question that Rutherford's theory and

Bohr's theory answer differently

A. Atoms have mostly empty space.

B. Electrons in atoms move around the nucleus.

C. Atoms contain protons,neutrons and electrons.

D. Electrons in atoms exist only with certain amount

of energy

2) Rutherford assumed that helium atoms contained two

protons and two electrons. What evidence led him to
propose that they also contained neutrons?
 A. Helium atoms have more mass than two protons.

B. Experiments showed that helium atoms did not

contain two protons.

C. Experiments showed that helium atoms did not

contain two electrons
D. Helium atoms are less massive than two protons and
two electrons.

3) The first model of an atom was given by :

A. Niels Bohr

B. Ernest Rutherford

C. J.J Thomson

D.Eugen Goldstein

4) Rutherford's alpha particle scattering experiment led

to the discovery of:

A.Nucleus

B.Electrons

C.Protons
 D.Neutrons

5) Which of the following scientists developed the nuclear

model of the atom?

A. Ernest Rutherford

B. J. J. Thomson

C. John Dalton

D. Henry Moseley