Republic of the Philippines

University of Southeastern Philippines

College of Agriculture and Related Science

BES 107 – METHODS OF RESEARCH

Production of Particle Board from Oyster Shell (Ostrea edulis) and Rice Hull
(Oryza sativa) as Alternative Materials

Submitted by:
Aseo, Mary Joy E.
Casono, Jayuard R.
Doctora, Christine Anne
Mondigo, Meraflor L.
Pelenio, John Rey L.
Tayabas, Angel Keith G.
Group No. 8

Submitted to:
Engr. Honeybee S. Limbaro
Instructor

NOVEMBER 2022
 Review of Related Literature

Presented in this portion of the study are some literatures and findings of
studies which bear relevance to the present research. Reviewed are articles taken
from some references, thesis, dissertations, websites, books, published and
unpublished journals that could support the conduct and results of this research. It
starts with the definition and determinants of particle board production.

Particleboard

Particle board is a type of engineered wood product made from wood particles
(such as wood chips, sawmill shavings, and saw dust) and a binder which holds the
wood particles together (Sivasubramanian, 2009). Particleboard is characterized as a
wood-based panel composite made up of lignocellulosic components of diverse sizes
and shapes that are glued together with an adhesive at high temperatures and
pressures (Sari et al.,2013). Moreover, the utilization of wood wastes in the production
of particleboards has a favorable environmental impact (Garay et al., 2009).
Furthermore, Nemli and Demirel (2007) state that the particleboard is a wood-based
panel composite that is utilized in the production of floor underlayment, shelving,
tables, counters, wall and ceiling, stair treads, bulletin boards, home constructions,
kitchen worktops, interior decoration, cabinets, and furniture.

Production of Particle Board

According to Puettmann, M., Oneil, E., and Wilson, J. (2013), particleboard

production began around 1950 when production companies began using industrial
wood residues to produce lumber and plywood. Wood-based board products like
fiberboards, produced under temperature and pressure with wood or other
lignocellulosic materials and binders, are being used to meet the rising demand for
wood. Particleboards (PB), medium-density fiberboard (MDF), hardboard (HB), and
oriented strand boards (OSB) are additional classifications of fiberboards based on
density (Hemmilä, V., Adamopoulos, S., Karlsson, O., Kumar, A., 2017).
 Production of Particle Board using Traditional Method

Producing particleboard panels requires combining wood particles, such as

wood chips, sawdust, and rice husks, with suitable binders while applying pressure in
the presence or absence of heat (Poblete, H., 2001). Rice husk is naturally fibrous, so
preparing it for board production requires little energy. Rice husk density is less than
500 kg/m3. Low-density boards possess better thermal insulation properties
compared to medium-density boards. These boards are resistant to attack by termites,
wood-boring insects’ and decaying organisms. A major drawback in the production of
RH particleboard is the requirement for higher quantities of adhesive to yield board
with acceptable properties. Water causes the boards to discolor and distort. When
particleboard becomes wet, it loses much of its tensile strength. The advantage of
these boards is that discarded agricultural wastes can be repurposed into a usable
product. RH particleboards can be a low-cost alternative to high-end cabinets,
shelving, and furniture. Particleboard can be surprisingly durable depending on the
manufacturer and the quality of the resin.

Production of Particle Board using Classical Method

Many types of ceiling and roofing materials exist on the market, such as hard
boards, paper boards, asbestos cement flat sheets, and cellotex boards (Kollmann F,
Kuenzi E, Stamm, 1975). The use of RH allows for the fabrication of significantly less
expensive ceiling boards. It is produced by combining RH and sawdust. According to
Ajiwe, V.I., Okeke, C.A., & Akigwe, F.C. (2000), the classical method of producing
particle board involves combining the rice husk sawdust with the resulting slurry
produced by the heating of rice husk with caustic soda. The slurry is then washed with
water and beaten into pulp, to which sawdust (filler) glue is added and sheets are
formed in the press before being sun dried. The boards with the admixture of rice husk
sawdust have a higher tensile strength (32 N/m2) compared to only rice husk boards
(22 N/m2) and) are comparable to commercial ceiling boards (23.5 N/m2 ).

Physical properties of Particleboard

According to Melo and Del Menezzi (2010), a low moisture content has a
significant impact on the physical properties, resulting in particleboards that are more
reliable. Due to differences in their composition, the boards’ masses varied
significantly from one another.

Density and Moisture Content (MC)

Maloney (1993) and Kelly (1977) state that the qualities of particleboard are
influenced by the material’s density, particle size, particle moisture content, pressing
condition, and type and level of adhesive. Moreover, according to Bufalino et al.
(2012), particle weight loss during the blending process may also affect the low density
of the board, according to previous research.

Water Absorption (WA)

Density and adhesive also had an effect on water absorption. The WA will be
low if there is a lot of board. The board's WA, which was categorized as high WA, was
affected by the use of UF adhesive. UF was only used in the interior to increase the
board's WA (Iswanto et al., 2013).

Mechanical Properties of Particleboard

Modulus of elasticity (MOE)

According to Subiyanto et al. (2008), MOE was influenced by board density, with
the highest board density resulting in the highest MOE. According to Arabiet al. (2011)
and Lin et al. (2004), larger particle sizes increased board strength when compared to
smaller particles. A higher slenderness ratio value increased the adhesive's surface
area cover area while decreasing the IB of the board. Maloney (1993) found that
particle geometry, adhesive type, and content had an impact on MOE.

Internal Bond (IB)

The rice husk and sawdust must increase their interfacial bond strength and the
adhesives used to meet the minimum requirement. In order to meet the minimum
requirements, this will assist in improving the particleboards' mechanical properties
(Ndazi et al., 2006).

It has been demonstrated that increasing the particle size of rice husk will
decrease the mechanical properties of particleboards produced by Osarenmwinda
and Nwachukwu (2007), so it is essential that the particles in the rice husk be altered.
Furthermore, the particleboards' strength is unaffected by the metallic chip that is
included in the mixture.

Uses and Applications of Particleboard

Particleboard is used in a lot of different ways. According to Haygreen and

Bowyer (1996), kitchen and stereo/TV cabinets consume approximately one third of
the particleboard. Stair treads, home structures, table and counter tops, shelving,
vanities, speakers, sliding doors, lock blocks, interior signs, displays, table tennis
tables, pool tables, and electronic game consoles are additional common uses for
particleboard (Nemli et al., 2005). Particleboard panels typically lack sufficient water
resistance for outdoor applications, so all of these broad products are mostly used
indoors.

Types and Classification of Particle Board

According to Ariba AE (1970), there are different types of particle board based
on the technique used by the manufacturer—platen, pressed, or extruded. According
to Zubairu, particle boards are broadly classified by international usage into three basic
classes or types based on density (Zubairu, Khalilullahi I, 1989). Generally, particle
board is used in two main areas: the building and furniture industries.

Rice hull

Rice hulls are the outer layer of rice grains. They were extracted from uncooked
grains during the rice-making process. Rice hulls are relatively light, weighing 20–21
pounds per cubic foot (Johnson & Yunus, 2009). Rice husk has diverse applications
in different industries and household domains, such as an industrial fuel, the synthesis
of activated carbon, rice husk as a fertilizer substrate, as pet food fiber, and as a
substrate for silica silicon compounds (Ndazi et al., 2007).

Composition

Rice husk is used in the construction industry due to its abundant availability,
low bulk density (90–150 kg/m3), hardness, abrasive character, resistance to
weathering, and distinctive composition (Johnson et al., 2009). Moreover, rice husk is
composed of cellulose (25–35%), hemicelluloses (18–21%), lignin (26–31%), silica
(15–17%), solubles (2–5%), and moisture of about 7.5% (Stefani et al. 2005).
According to Omoniyi (2009), rice husk includes a high quantity of silica in amorphous
crystalline (quartz) forms. The pozzolanic action of rice husks is determined by the
presence of amorphous silica. The pozzolanic effect has cementitious qualities that
accelerate the rate at which the material obtains strength. The extent of strength
development is determined by the chemical composition of the alumina silica in the
material.

Characteristics

Rice husk is a type of organic waste that is abundant. It is a significant

byproduct of rice milling and the agro-based biomass industry. Rice hull is a cellulose-
based fiber that includes about 20% amorphous silica. Furthermore, it contains 60-
65% volatile matter, 10-15% fixed carbon, and 17-23% ash (Hu et al.,2008). It is made
up of roughly 40% cellulose, 30% lignin, and 20% silica (Phonphuak, N., &
Chindaprasirt, P., 2015). Rice husk may absorb water in the range of 5% to 16% of its
unit weight (Mansaray & Ghaly, 1998).

Oyster Shell

Oyster shell is a hard, protective layer, a calcareous exoskeleton which

encloses, supports and protects the soft parts of an animal (mollusc). The hard shells
are regarded as waste which are accumulated in many parts of the country (L. Reena
et al., 2021). Calcium is the main component of the oyster shells and is mainly consist
of 95 percent of the total composition of such shells (Your Landscaping Help, 2020).

Composition

Chemical and microstructure analyses showed that oyster shells are

predominantly composed of calcium carbonate with rare impurities. The experimental
results demonstrate that oyster shells can be resources of pure calcareous materials
and are effective in replacing sand, indicating promising reusable construction
materials (Yoon et al., 2003). Moreover, since natural seashells are composed of more
than 95% calcium carbonate (calcite and aragonite) and organic components, most
can be densified by a cold sintering process (Yamaguchi & Hashimoto, 2022).
 Characteristics

The results revealed that the concrete with the ternary SCMs showed
equivalent compressive strength compared to reference specimens. The water
absorption and chloride ion charge of the RCPT in the concrete containing the ternary
SCMs decreased by up to 30% and 81.4%, respectively. It was observed that the
specimens incorporating the OSP with a mesh size of 3000 exhibited the highest
compressive strength and the most refined microstructure (Liu et al., 2022). Moreover,
in (Jung & Kim, 2022) study, oyster shells were processed and classified into sizes
equal to or smaller than the acceptable aggregate threshold, and their engineering
properties and fire-resistant performance were examined. The TGA results combined
with the heating test results suggested that CO2 would be generated at different
temperatures in boards containing OSAs with different particle sizes because of the
differences in the endothermic reaction temperature.

Properties

According to the test results, the bricks incorporating oyster shell and lime
achieved 28-day strength and durability within grade M15 according to GB/T2542-
2012 (Chinese Standard). Moreover, the wet-dry cycles within the investigated limits
in this study showed a positive effect on mechanical properties, indicating that the
bricks are usable in both wet and dry environmental conditions (Li et al., 2015). The
results showed that the setting time and slump flow decreased with a decrease in the
particle size of waste oyster shell. It was also found that the mortar with fine crushed
waste oyster shell had high compressive strength, flexural strength, and static elastic
modulus at both early and long-term curing ages (Liao et al., 2021).

Pressure and Temperature

Pressure and temperature are two important factors to consider while creating
particle board. Pressure is a force that results when a physical force presses inward
on an object, compacting it. Temperature, on the other hand, is the degree or intensity
of heat contained in a substance or object. The operating temperature for particle
board manufacture is typically between 149° and 182° C (300° and 360° F).
Furthermore, in the wood particleboard business, a pressure range of 3–3.5 N/mm2
has been defined for conventional manufacturing processes, achieving high
mechanical qualities while using the least amount of energy (Flores et al., 2011).

Mixture Ratio of Raw Materials

In the study conducted by (Huang et al., 2020), titled 'Preparation and

evaluation of particleboard from insect rearing residue and rice husks using
starch/citric acid mixture as a natural binder' results showed that among all prepared
particleboards, only particleboard B, which was composed of 20 wt% insect rearing
residue, 50 wt% rice husk, and 30 wt% binders met all the JIS A 5908 requirements
for basic particleboard type 8. Moreover, (César et al., 2017) work aimed to evaluate
the quality of particleboards made with different formulations, varying adhesive
content, and rice husk (Oryza sativa L.) proportions added to Cunninghamia
lanceolata wood. Among the formulations tested, the inclusion of 25% of rice husk and
9% urea-formaldehyde presented the best results.

On the other hand, (Liu et al., 2020) study was mainly about achieving the best
mixing ratio of ground oyster shells and sorghum to replace fine aggregate. Fine
aggregates replaced by up to 10–15% waste products—that is, made from 10%
ground oyster shells or mixing 10% ground oyster shells and sorghum (5%) without
other admixtures, meet the Chinese National Standards (CNS) and a lower thermal
conductivity.

Adhesives/binding Material

Adhesives, also known as binders, may be found naturally or produced

synthetically (Tousi et al., 2014).

Commercial synthetic binders

According to Pizzi (2016), commonly used synthetic binders in the wood

industry are urea-formaldehyde (UF), phenol-formaldehyde (PF), and phenol
resorcinol formaldehyde (PRF). This is due to their properties, which include excellent
water resistance and provide better performance than a natural binder (Frihart, 2018).

Natural Binders
 According to Ferdosian et al. (2017), soy protein is one of the natural resources
used to produce natural wood adhesive. Soy products are preferred as binders due to
several factors, which include availability, being economical, and the fact that the
carbohydrates in soy products serve as an inert dilute, making them an excellent
addition to adhesive materials. They are also safe and effective as a dominating
bonding component. Other than that, soy protein can withstand hot or cold conditions
during the fabrication process, and more efforts have been made to study soy protein
as a binder to improve the wood bond strength (Frihart, 2013).

Another natural binder is lignin. According to Zuber et al. (2021), lignin is one
of the components that hold the plant fibers together. This property roused interest in
its being utilized as a suitable wood binder because it is low-cost, non-toxic, easily
available, renewable, and environmentally friendly. Lignin comprises approximately
40% of wood’s mass and is among the most abundant natural polymers, accounting
for 12% to 33% of lignocellulosic biomass.

Mechanical Parameter of a Material

Particleboards have a variety of desirable features, including high density, high

surface hardness, abrasion resistance, and long durability. Board density and particle
size have an impact on physical and mechanical properties. The physical and
mechanical properties of the boards varied significantly. Increasing the press time
increases the board's physical and mechanical properties.

Bending Strength (Modulus of Rupture)

The modulus of rupture is a critical property that determines the product's use for
structural components, according to International. J. ChemTech Res. (2016). The
results of this attribute will be determined by the board density. A focused bending
force with a span of 15 times the thickness of the specimen was applied at the center.
The formula can be used to determine MOR from load deflection curves.

MOR= 3PbL/2bh2
Where Pb is the Maximum Load
L-span length, (mm)
b – Width of the specimen, (mm)
h – Thickness of the specimen, (mm)

Bending Stiffness (MOE)

According to Int. J. ChemTech Res. (2016), modulus of elasticity is an important

attribute since it measures stiffness or resistance to bending when stress is applied.

MOE = PbpL3 /4bh3Yp

Where Pbp is loaded to the limit of proportionality
L-span length, (mm)
b – Width of the specimen, (mm)
h – Thickness of the specimen, (mm)
Yp – deflection corresponding to Pbp, (mm)

Tensile Strength or Internal Bond Strength

According to Harshavardhan (2016), tensile strength testing is a mechanical test

performed on packaging materials to determine the maximum load that can be given
to a material before it ruptures or tears. Tensile strength is calculated using a tensile
testing machine. The sample was placed on the machine, and both ends were
anchored. As the machine was manually pushed, both tensioned ends were stretched
until they failed. Splitting caused failure. The tensile strength was determined using
the formulas t = Wt b t, where t = tensile stress (N/mm2), Wt = failure tensile load (N),
b = specimen breadth (mm), and t = specimen thickness (mm).

Quality of the particleboard

According to Baharoğlu (2013), a lot of research has been done on the

determination of some factors on the quality properties of particleboard. Among these
factors studied are moisture content of wood, particle geometry, using small diameter
holes for air injection press, application process of protein based adhesives, CO2
treatment, amount of adhesive, loading cycles, hardener type, oxalic acid and steam
pretreatment, using pine cone, density profile and hot press diagram,
formaldehyde/urea mole ratio, using waste sanding dusts, acidity of the particles,
using waste grass clippings, using needle litter, press type, sanding factors, press
time, using bark extractives, residue type and tannin content , coating of panel
surfaces with decorative papers and laminates and lamination technique.
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& Mixture Ratio)

Adhesives/binding material)