Day1 LightingBasicsTERI

“3-Day Workshop on Building
Performance Simulation” The Energy and

17th to 19th November 2022 Resources Institute
at Bangalore
Day 1 : Session - 1
Concepts of Sun Path and Principles

of Optimising Building Geometry for
Sun Control
Ar. Prajna Aigal
Research Associate,
Sustainable Buildings, TERI
3-Day Workshop on Building Performance Simulation
Light Heat
Light
Heat

Optimisation of Building Geometry
Increase Light Decrease Heat
• Climatic considerations
• Optimising building orientation
• Optimising plan form
• Optimising window placement
• Optimising aperture design
• Shading of building
• Selection of glass
• Various design interventions to improve light while reducing heat gain - light shelves,
reflectors and daylight pipes

Optimisation of Building Geometry • Optimising building orientation
HOT AND DRY • Optimising plan form
• Direct sunlight should be excluded from buildings as it would • Optimising window placement
cause glare • Optimising aperture design
• Side lighting should be preferred over top lighting. • Shading of building
• Various design interventions to
• Opening should be small and well shaded. Externally reflected improve light while reducing
light may also cause glare thus it should be avoided. heat gain - light shelves,
• Surfaces should be non-reflective.
WARM AND HUMID

• Direct sunlight to be excluded to prevent overheating
• The overcast sky could be bright enough to cause glare, hence

direct view of the sky should be avoided.
• Top lighting is preferrable as the light from overcast sky is

diffused.

HOT AND DRY • Climatic considerations
• Optimising building orientation
improve light while reducing
heat gain - light shelves,
SOURCE: https://naturalbuildingblog.com/vernacular-architecture/
WARM AND HUMID
SOURCE: https://architecturesstyle.com/traditional-architecture-of-
kerala-the-vernacular-architecture/

Optimisation of Building Geometry • Optimising building
orientation
South, is desirable because Toward the east and • Optimising plan form
direct solar radiation west the sun is very • Optimising window placement
received by the south facade low—almost • Optimising aperture design
is easier to control to prevent horizontal—so it is
excess solar gain. Daylight is • Selection of glass
hard to control.
relatively uniform. • Shading of building
Orient the majority

of the glazing
North light is the best for
day lighting because it is not
north-south, with a
direct and constant diffuse maximum exposure
skylight. It is facade is to more easily
advantageous for uniform controllable
and soft daylighting. daylight.

Amount of light in a space depends on: • Optimising plan form
• Distance from window • Optimising window placement
• Height of the window
• Size of the window
• Reflectivity of the room surfaces
RULE OF THUMB
The length to which daylight
travels inside the room = 2.5 *
height of the window head
Hence, in a room lit from a
single side, the width of the
room should be equal to 2.5x
the window lintel height to get
optimal lighting.

• With the width of effective side-lit spaces being limited to 5x height
of windows, wider built form can use atria as an effective strategy.
• Dual benefits – enhancing the daylight and serving as a passive

ventilation stack.
RULE OF THUMB
The size of the atrium for
achieving a particular DF on
each floor can be determined
using this thumb rule
SOURCE: Sun, wind, and light:
Architectural design strategies
Brown GZ, DeKay M, 2001

Government Headquarters Marseille France

Window placement in a space can alter: • Optimising plan form
• The quantity of light • Optimising window
• The quality of light
placement
• The direction of light
• The distribution of light

• Optimising window
placement
Effects of different windows and roof lights on the variation in the daylight factor in a
room with fixed principal dimensions
SOURCE: Architects’ Data, Third Edition, Ernst and Peter Neufert, 2002

Roof Geometries – Design Development with Computer Modelling

placement
Redirection of light; light from above (the examples shown here are museums)
SOURCE: Architects’ Data, Third Edition, Ernst and Peter Neufert, 2002

CLERESTORY WINDOWS • Optimising plan form
Clerestory windows are situated at a high level of the room,
preferably below the ceiling and above the human eye level.
placement
The ceiling surface should be made reflective in order to evenly • Selection of glass
diffuse and distribute the light from the clerestories. • Shading of building

CLERESTORY WINDOWS • Optimising plan form
placement

WINDOW TO WALL RATIO • Optimising plan form
The Window to Wall Ratio (WWR) is a ratio determined by • Optimising window placement
dividing the building's total vertically glazed area by its exterior • Optimising aperture design
envelope wall area. • Selection of glass
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑤 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝐺𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑒𝑑)
𝑊𝑊𝑅 = x 100 • Various design interventions to
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 improve light while reducing
WWR ≤ SRR
40%* ≤ 5%
SKYLIGHT TO ROOF RATIO

Skylight to Roof Ratio (SRR) is the ratio of the skylight area
of the building to the roof area of the same building.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑘𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝐺𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑒𝑑)
𝑆𝑅𝑅 = x 100
*As per ECBC 2017 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
ECBC 2007 prescribes WWR to be less than 60%

Solar Heat Gain Coefficient is the
fraction of incident solar radiation that • Optimising window placement
SHGC actually enters a building through the • Optimising aperture design
entire window assembly as heat gain. • Selection of glass
Low SHGC= Less heat gain
Increase Light
VLT heat gain - light shelves,
Decrease Heat
Visual Light Transmittance is the amount
of visible light that passes through the
glass when light rays are perpendicular Transmitted
U to the surface of the glass. heat
High VLT = More light Absorbed energy
re-radiated
Glass U-factor (Thermal Transmittance) is heat

transmission in unit time through unit area
of a material or construction with a unit
temperature difference on either side. Transmitted
Low U = Low heat transfer visual light
Outside Inside

2007 • Optimising window placement
ECBC • Optimising aperture design
2017 • Shading of building
Super • Various design interventions to
ECBC ECBC+ improve light while reducing
ECBC
Maximum U- 40% < WWR ≤
WWR ≤ 40%
Climate factor 60%
(W/m².°C) Maximum SHGC Maximum SHGC WWR Minimum VLT
Composite 3.30 0.25 0.20 0 – 0.3 0.27
Hot and Dry 3.30 0.25 0.20 0.31 – 0.4 0.20
Warm and Humid 3.30 0.25 0.20 0.41 – 0.5 0.16
Moderate 6.90 0.40 0.30 0.51 – 0.6 0.13
Cold 3.30 0.51 0.51 0.61 – 0.7 0.11

Vertical Fenestration U-factor and SHGC Requirements Minimum VLT Requirements
Reference: Table 4.3.3-1, ECBC 2007 Reference: Table 4.3.3.1, ECBC 2007

Hot and
Warm • Optimising plan form
Composite and Temperate Cold
dry
humid
Maximum U-factor (W/m².K) 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
Maximum SHGC Non-North 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.62 • Shading of building
Maximum SHGC North for • Various design interventions to
latitude ≥ 15°N
0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.62
Maximum SHGC North for heat gain - light shelves,
latitude < 15°N
0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.62
Vertical Fenestration Assembly U-factor and SHGC Requirements for ECBC Buildings
Reference: Table 4-10, ECBC 2017
Warm Minimum allowable Visual Light
Hot and
Composite and Temperate Cold
dry Transmittance (VLT) is to be 0.27
humid
Maximum U-factor (W/m².K) 2.20 2.20 2.20 3.00 1.80
Maximum SHGC Non-North 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.62

Maximum SHGC North for
latitude ≥ 15°N
0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.62
Maximum SHGC North for
latitude < 15°N
0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.62
Vertical Fenestration Assembly U-factor and SHGC Requirements for ECBC+ and SuperECBC
Buildings; Reference: Table 4-10, ECBC 2017

Shading Devices • Optimising plan form
Horizontal Vertical • Optimising aperture design
SOURCE: https://doi.org/10.14232/analecta.2021.2.20-30
Qudama Al-Yasiri; Marta Szabo, 2021

ADJUSTED SHGC • Optimising plan form
Adjusted SHGC is the cumulative solar heat gain coefficient of the • Optimising window placement
window with both the glass and shading devices (overhang, • Optimising aperture design
vertical fin or both). • Selection of glass
With no shading With shading heat gain - light shelves,
aSHGC = Effect of shading

SHGCglass = 0.7 on SHGCglass = 0.3

Optimisation of Building Geometry 2007
ADJUSTED SHGC ECBC
2017
aSHGC = SHGC of glass ÷ 𝑺𝑬𝑭
Shading Equivalent Factor = (𝐶3 𝑥𝑃𝐹 3 ) + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑃𝐹 2 + 𝐶1 𝑥𝑃𝐹 + 𝐶0

Note: 0.25 ≤ PF ≥ 1.0
Coefficient of Shading Equivalent Factors for Latitudes greater than 15° Coefficient of Shading Equivalent Factors for Latitudes less than 15°
Reference: Table 4.12, ECBC 2017 Reference: Table 4.13, ECBC 2017

Optimisation of Building Geometry 2007
ADJUSTED SHGC ECBC
2017
aSHGC = M ∗ SHGC of glass
M Factor = (a 𝑥 𝑃𝐹 2 ) + 𝑏 𝑥 𝑃𝐹 + 1
Overhang and Side Fin Coefficients

Reference: Table 4.3.3-3, ECBC 2007
SHGC “M” Factor Adjustments for Overhangs and Fins

Reference: Table 4.3.3-2, ECBC 2007

PROJECTION FACTOR • Optimising plan form
Projection Factor (PF) <overhang> is the ratio of the horizontal • Optimising window placement
depth of the external shading projection (H) to the height from the • Optimising aperture design
fenestration sill level till the bottom of the external shading • Selection of glass
projection (V), in consistent units. • Shading of building
H reflectors and daylight pipes
V Projection Factor (PF) <overhang and
side fin> average ratio of projection
factor for overhang only and
projection factor of side fin only.
Overhang = Section
PF = H/V Side fin = Plan
Projection Factor (PF) <side fin> the ratio of the horizontal depth
of the external shading projection (H) to the distance from the
window jamb to the farthest point of the external shading
projection (V), in consistent units.

Designing Shading Devices • Optimising plan form
Times shading is needed based on climate
Hot and dry Complete year round shading • Shading of building
Complete year round shading but design improve light while reducing
Warm and humid should be made such that ventilation is not heat gain - light shelves,
affected reflectors and daylight pipes
Complete year round shading but only during
Temperate
major sunshine hours
Cold and cloudy No shading
Cold and sunny Shading during summer months only
Composite Shading during summer months only

Designing Shading Devices • Optimising plan form
Determining shading design
SUNPATH • Shading of building
Sun’s position in the sky can be determined for any time of the day • Various design interventions to
and year. improve light while reducing
This is determined by the AZIMUTH and ALTITUDE angles, which heat gain - light shelves,
changes with time of day, latitude and seasons reflectors and daylight pipes

Designing Shading Devices
Bangalore
Determining shading design 12.96°N
8:15 am
21st March 21st December

SUNPATH
Date Lines
Bangalore
12.96°N
Hour Lines

SUN ANGLES

Horizontal Shading Angle Vertical Shading Angle
SUN ANGLES
Categorizes vertical Categorizes horizontal
shading device shading device
It's the angle between the It is the vertical

normal of the window component of the angle
pane and the azimuth of between the rays of sun
the sun. and line perpendicular to
the plane of opening.
𝐇𝐒𝐀 = Azimuth tan(𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒)

Tan (VSA) =
− Orientation cos(𝐻𝑆𝐴)
Shade Depth = Height / tan (VSA)
Shade Width = Depth * tan (HSA)

SOURCE: https://www.new-learn.info/packages/clear/visual/daylight/analysis/hand/shadow_angles.html

SUN ANGLES
SOURCE: https://www.tboake.com/carbon-aia/strategies1b.html



LIGHT SHELVES • Optimising plan form
A light shelf is generally a horizontal or nearly horizontal baffle • Optimising window placement
positioned inside and/or outside of the window façade that is used • Optimising aperture design
to reflect natural daylight into the building. • Selection of glass
This helps in allowing light deeper into the space while reducing • Various design interventions
glare. to improve light while
reducing heat gain - light
shelves, reflectors and
daylight pipes
SOURCE: Daylight in Buildings – A source book on daylighting systems and components, IEA, 2000; https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Light_shelf

DAYLIGHT REFLECTORS • Optimising plan form
A reflective surface is used to redirect light towards the interior • Optimising window placement
space. • Optimising aperture design
• Various design interventions
to improve light while
daylight pipes
Alvar Aalto: Otaniemi Institute of Technology

(now called Aalto University)
SOURCE: Tashi and Tola, "The Natural Light In Alvar Aalto’s Buildings" (2013); https://www.aalto.fi/en/services/otaniemi-event-and-conference-facilities

DAYLIGHT REFLECTORS • Optimising plan form
• Various design interventions
daylight pipes
Louis Kahn: Kimbell Art Museum
SOURCE: Case Study - Kimbell Art Museum, Jon Pennington, https://issuu.com/jonp91/docs/kimbell_case_study/6; https://kimbellart.org/art-architecture/architecture/kahn-buildin

DAYLIGHT PIPES • Optimising plan form
Light tubes or light pipes are physical structures used for • Optimising window placement
transporting or distributing natural or artificial light for the • Optimising aperture design
purpose of illumination • Selection of glass
Collector • Various design interventions
daylight pipes
ADV
• Dimming options are available
• Can be integrated with artificial
lights as well
• Allows light without the heat (well
insulated)
• Less maintenance and more energy
efficient than windows /skylights
Diffuser DISADV
• Restricts views
• Less suitable for humid climate
zones due to condensation risk.
SOURCE: Daylight in Buildings – A source book on daylighting systems and components, IEA, 2000

at Bangalore
Day 1 : Session - 2
Using Solar Tool for Design of

Shading Devices
Ar. Prajna Aigal

Research Associate,
ABOUT ECOTECT
Ecotect is an analysis tool that
allows designers to simulate
building performance from the
earliest stages of conceptual
design. It combined detailed
analysis functions with a highly
visual and interactive modelling
environment that presents
analytical results directly within the
context of the building model.
It was acquired by Autodesk in

2008 and further discontinued it
in March 2015
http://andrewmarsh.com/projects/past-software/

GEOMETRY INPUT
Zone

GEOMETRY INPUT
Draft the zone

GEOMETRY INPUT
Name the zone

GEOMETRY INPUT
Select the face that

the window is to
be drafted

GEOMETRY INPUT
Draw > Insert Child Object

GEOMETRY INPUT
Input Dimensions

GEOMETRY INPUT
Window inserted

GEOMETRY INPUT
Window inserted
can be viewed in
Visualise tab

CLIMATE INPUT
Climate > Load Weather File

.wea files can be made using EPW files through
Designing Shading Devices the weather tool in Ecotect
CLIMATE INPUT
Browse and select

relevant .wea file

CLIMATE INPUT

CLIMATE INPUT
Updated Climate

SUN PATH
Shadow Settings

SUN PATH

SUN PATH
Sun path and

shadows can be
visualised in the
Visualise tab

SOLAR TOOL
Tools > Run the Solar Tool…

SOLAR TOOL
Update the location

SOLAR TOOL
Click on “Display
3D Model”

SOLAR TOOL
Orientation of the window

Type of shading device
Offset from wall
Depth of shading device
Angle of inclination from wall
Right side overhang
Left side overhang
Number of shades
Optimise Shading device

SOLAR TOOL
Select the required

time and click on
“Optimise
Shading”

SOLAR TOOL
Dimensions can be
noted
Can be tried for a

variety of shading
devices
Shading device will

change according
to the settings

SOLAR TOOL
Under “Shadow
Options” sun path
can be seen

CALCULATING SHADING
What if your
shading device is
not “regular”?
How to calculate
the shading effect
of the device?

CALCULATING SHADING
Select the window/

object which is
shaded
Calculate > Sun-Path Diagram

CALCULATING SHADING
Click “Calculate
Shading”
This diagram is called a shading mask – which Sun-path diagram

is a representation of the sky as viewed from
a reference point, indicating the portion of sky
window will pop
that is visible and obstructed up

CALCULATING SHADING

CALCULATING SHADING
Shading
This diagram is called shows the percentage of
calculations
shading as per time and angle of the sun – a
more numerical version of a shading mask displayed on sun
path diagram

Explore various types and shapes
Designing Shading Devices of shading device and try to get
CALCULATING SHADING 100% shading
Shading
calculations
Percentage of shading during the day displayed as a
table

ABOUT LADYBUG
Ladybug allows you
to visualize and analyze
weather data in
Grasshopper. This includes
diagrams like the sun path,
wind rose, psychrometric
chart, etc., as well as studies
of geometry like radiation
analysis, shadow studies,
and view analysis.
https://www.ladybug.tools/

AN ALTERNATE IN LADYBUG TOOLS
Open Rhino

Go to perspective
viewport and draft
the building
geometry

Display as shaded

Draft a window
using surface tools

Trim window from wall

Select window > “trim”
command > select surface to
trim from
Open grasshopper and

import the geometry

Hide the rhino geometry to

make viewing easier

Let ladybug and honeybee

fly

Fields with an underscore (_) before the label
Designing Shading Devices are compulsory inputs. The rest are optional -
they have defaults which can be modified if
AN ALTERNATE IN LADYBUG TOOLS needed
Work backwards – start from

the ending – makes the work
flow easier

For location, input will be

gotten from “import epw”

For importing EPW file, Add a boolean toggle and

import using “open EPW set to “true”
weather file”

EPW files can be downloaded from EnergyPlus
Designing Shading Devices website or onebuilding website
Browse and select desired

EPW file

Connect “location” to
“location” to view sun path
(add a scale factor if needed)

To change date and time, use

“analysis period component”

Add number sliders to input

the required “to” and “from”
data

To view a shading for the

geometry

Add the point where

analysis is to be done and a
shading device

Designing Shading Devices Play around with parametric and unique
shaped shading devices and understand their
AN ALTERNATE IN LADYBUG TOOLS effect
Connect “point” to “point” and building

geometries to “context” to view shading mask
(add a scale factor if needed)

Designing Shading Devices In top view:
AN ALTERNATE IN LADYBUG TOOLS As the

point
moves,
the
shading
mask
gets
updated
% of
sun/ sky
exposure
can be
seen here
Imaginary shading device dimensions can be
added to test effectiveness

at Bangalore
Day 1 : Session - 3
Fundamentals of Light and

Visual Comfort
Ar. Prajna Aigal

Research Associate,
Act of seeing
Fundamentals of Vision
Light is focused on retina which contains, in all, some 150
million light sensitive cells of two types: Lighting
Object Observer
conditions
Types of Vision
RODS PHOTOPIC MESOPIC SCOTOPIC

Detect luminance in black and white mode Vision under well-lit Photopic & scotopic Vision in very-low to
conditions in low lighting no light
CONS Colour perception Night-time Monochromatic

(single-colour)
Which see luminance in full color mode
Cone cells Both cone and rods Rod cells
are activated

Fundamentals of Light
Electromagnetic Spectrum: Visible Spectrum ranges from the CHARACTERISTICS OF LIGHT
wavelengths of 380 to 770nm • Quantity
• Quality
• Colour Quality
• Direction

QUANTITY OF LIGHT
Luminous flux (in lumens) is a measure of the Luminous intensity (in candelas) is a measure of
total amount of light a lamp puts out how bright the beam in a particular direction is.
Illuminance (in lux) is the total luminous flux Luminance (in candela per square meter)
incident on a surface, per unit area. It is a measure indicates how much luminous power will be detected
of how much incident light illuminates the surface. by an eye looking at the surface from a particular
angle of view.

QUALITY OF LIGHT
Photometric brightness is when uncontrolled light leaving the
lamp causes more brightness resulting in glare.
Glare can be described as direct or reflected, which can result

in discomfort or disability.
Discomfort glare does
not prevent seeing, it just
makes it uncomfortable
Reflected glare shows up on the task itself, such as a
glass facade
Direct glare comes straight from the light source

QUALITY OF LIGHT
Contrast is determined by the difference in the colour and
brightness of the objects within the same field of view that makes
an object distinguishable
Contrast Ratio is defined as the ratio of the luminance of the

brightest colour (white) to that of the darkest colour (black) that the
system is capable of producing. A high contrast ratio is a desired
aspect of any display.

COLOUR QUALITY
The colour quality of a lamp is revealed as its colour
temperature rating and colour rendering index
(CRI).
Correlated Colour Temperature is a numerical value

that indicates the colour of light a particular fixture
or bulb will emit (expressed in kelvins). Colour
temperature is a measurement of “warmth” or
“coolness” provided by the lamp
The Colour Rendering Index (CRI) is a measure of a

light source’s ability to show object colours
realistically or naturally. It is defined by a scale from
0 to 100 – higher the CRI, better colour rendering or
less colour shift.

DIRECTION OF LIGHT REFRACTION TRANSMISSION
REFLECTION
DIFFRACTION
SCATTERING

REFLECTANCE
The ratio of reflected light to incident light is called
Reflectance
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

TRANSMITTANCE
For a given material, transmittance is the measure of it’s
capability to transmit incident light.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
Measured by Visible Light Transmission (VLT)
For E.g.:
Frosted glass has a VLT of 0.7
For opaque materials, VLT= 0

Instruments to Measure Quantities of Light
SPECTRORADIOMETERS
These are devices designed to measure the power per unit
area per unit wavelength of an illumination
INTEGRATING SPHERE
These are used to measure the total light radiated in all
directions from a lamp
SPECTROPHOTOMETER
It measures the amount of light reflected from a sample object
or the amount of light that is absorbed by the sample object
LUX METER
It measures the illuminances (lux level) in a space.

Lighting Standards
300-500
To be used when:
a. reflectance or contrast are unusually high;
b. speed and accuracy is not important and
c. the task is executed only occasionally.
500-750
To be used when:
a. unusually low reflectance or contrasts are
present in the task;
b. errors are costly to rectify;
c. visual work is critical;
d. accuracy or higher productivity is of great
importance;
e. the visual capacity of the worker makes it
necessary.

Circadian Lighting
Often referred to as the "body clock," the circadian rhythm is a cycle
that tells our bodies when to sleep, rise, eat—regulating many
physiological processes. This internal body clock is affected by
environmental cues, like sunlight and temperature.
Light is the main outside factor that is able to influence our Circadian
Rhythms and give our body’s internal clock a cue to turn on or off
certain genes that control our sleep patterns, hormones, body
temperatures and other functions.

Circadian Lighting
PHOTO-BIOLOGICAL LIGHTING TECHNOLOGY BENEFITS
Also known as “Human-centric Lighting”, it involves: • Increased alertness in the morning
• Varying the spectral distribution to reduce/increase blue • Productivity and concentration
content improvements
• Tunable-white lighting • Improved mood
• High CRI • Reduced hyperactivity
• Time based controls - recreate the sun’s daily path to help • Reduction in errors and accidents
directly manage occupants’ circadian rhythms • Faster cognitive processing
• Improved sleep
CONSIDERATIONS FOR LIGHTING DESIGN
• Use dim red lights for night lights. Red light (warm light)
has the least power to shift circadian rhythm and suppress
melatonin.
• Avoid looking at bright screens two to three hours before
bed.
• Expose yourself to lots of bright light during the day, which
will boost your ability to sleep at night, as well as your
mood and alertness during daylight.
Blue wavelengths boost attention, reaction time and mood and has an effect on the circadian rhythm.
Red light or warm light has the least power to shift circadian rhythm.

Daylighting
Daylighting is the act of lighting a building’s interior with natural
daylight.
Energy
• Reduced annual Health
energy consumption • Aligns with circadian Cost
• Reduced embodied rhythm • Reduced energy costs
energy of production • Enhances healing • Reduced maintenance
• Good daylighting process costs
translates to reduced • Increased productivity • Increased productivity/
need for artificial • Better attendance indirect profits
lights, which means • Increased sales
reduced cooling load

Daylighting
GOOD DAYLIGHTING
DAYLIGHT ≠ SUNLIGHT
Daylighting is about bringing natural LIGHT into a
space.
diffuse or indirect lighting is preferred.

This also depends on the function of the space
• Quantity
• Quality
• Usability
• Building Integration
• Cost Effectiveness

Daylighting
DAYLIGHT SOURCES
Standardized Sky Models
The Commission International de ‘Eclairage (CIE) has
developed a series of mathematical models of ideal luminous
distributions under different sky conditions - of which the four
most common are clear, uniform, intermediate and overcast
As a worst-case, the overcast sky condition is usually used.

However in some tropical regions the uniform sky is considered

Daylighting
DAYLIGHT SOURCES
Clear sky
The luminance of the standard CIE clear sky varies over both, altitude and azimuth. It is
brightest around the sun and dimmest opposite it. The brightness of the horizon lies in
between those two extremes.
Intermediate sky
The standard CIE intermediate sky is a somewhat hazy variant of the clear sky. The sun is
not as bright as with the clear sky and the brightness changes are not as drastic.
Overcast sky
The luminance of the standard CIE overcast sky changes with altitude. It is three times as
bright in the zenith as it is near the horizon. The overcast sky is used when measuring
daylight factors.
Uniform sky
The standard uniform sky is characterised by a uniform luminance that does not change
with altitude or azimuth. It was developed for carrying out calculations by hand or using
tables.

Daylighting
DAYLIGHT SOURCES
Overcast sky Intermediate sky Clear sky
Can be further explored on: http://andrewmarsh.com/software/cie-sky-web/

Daylighting
DAYLIGHT SOURCES
Design Sky Illuminance
From statistical analysis of long term illumination records, an outdoor illumination level can be established for
a given location, which is exceeded in 90% of the time of daylight hours. This is taken as the design sky
illuminance.
As per NBC, The recommended design sky illuminance values are

6800 lux for cold climate,
8000 lux for composite climate,
9000 lux for warm humid climate,
9000 lux for temperate climate and
10500 lux for hot-dry climate.
SOURCE: http://www.philipluo.com/architecture/daylighting/index.shtm

Daylighting
DAYLIGHT METRICS
Static Metric Dynamic Metric
Simulation models that represent the system Dynamic simulation models that represent
at a particular point in time only are systems as they evolve over time.
called static.
• Daylight Factor (DF) • Daylight Autonomy (DA)

• Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI)
• Spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA)
• Annual Sunlight Exposure (ASE)

Daylighting
DAYLIGHT METRICS
Daylight Factor
In a building, at a given point, the ratio of indoor illumination 𝐸𝑖
to the simultaneous outdoor illumination can be taken as a
𝐷𝐹 = × 100
𝐸𝑜
constant, expressed as “Daylight Factor” (DF).
Where,
Ei = Indoor Illumination at the given point
The Daylight Factor Concept is valid only under overcast sky
Eo = Illumination outdoor from unobstructed
uniform overcast sky (CIE Sky)
conditions when there is no direct sunlight.
Thus, it can be understood that there are three components

that contribute to DF. GRIHA Compliance:
Alternate 1:
𝐷𝐹 = 𝑆𝐶 + 𝐸𝑅𝐶 + 𝐼𝑅𝐶 Minimum 25% of total living area to be daylit
SC = Sky Component with minimum Daylight Factor prescribed by
ERC = Externally Reflected Component NBC 2005 – Mandatory (2 points)
IRC = Internally Reflected Component
Above 50%, 75% - Additional points

Daylighting
DAYLIGHT METRICS
Daylight Factor
?
The minimum average Daylight Factor in a room is required
to be 0.625, The outdoor illumination from uniform sky is
8500 lux.
Calculate the average indoor illumination that has to be

achieved in this room.
SP-41 recommends DF levels for various interior spaces

Daylighting
DAYLIGHT METRICS
Daylight Autonomy
Percentage of annual daytime hours that a given point in a Specified illumination level (threshold)
space is above a specified illumination level. can be set by the used
Thus DA encompasses the following inputs:

1. climate-based daylighting levels over an entire year
2. the actual hours of operation of the facility
3. the specific desired lighting level
GRIHA Compliance:
Alternate 2:
Mean Daylight Autonomy of total living area
meets minimum 25% of total annual analysis
hours (8am to 6pm) with prescribed lux levels.
Above 50%, 75% - Additional points
Commercial: 300 to 3000 lux

Residential: Upto 100 lux

Daylighting
DAYLIGHT METRICS
Daylight Autonomy
Point %DA
(x1, y1) 9%
(x2, y1) 40%
(x3, y1) 70%
(x4, y1) 80%
…… ………
…….. ……..
Mean 55%

Daylighting
DAYLIGHT METRICS
Daylight Autonomy
+ -
Takes into account the hours of actual operation and Since there’s no upper limit on the allowed
real weather conditions at the site. illuminance levels, poorly performing spaces with
direct sunlight could do quite well on this metric.
Can be used to relate to electric lighting energy
savings if the user defined threshold is set based
upon electric lighting criteria

Daylighting
DAYLIGHT METRICS
Useful Daylight Illuminance
The percentage of the annual hours that a point receives
illumination between a useful minimum and maximum
illumination value, i.e. 100 lux and 2000 lux
ECBC (2017) Compliance:

Above grade floors shall meet or exceed UDI area requirements
listed in table below, for 90% of the potential daylit time in an
year.
Percentage of floor area meeting the UDI requirement
Building Category
ECBC ECBC+ SuperECBC
Business, Educational 40% 50% 60%
No star hotel, star 30% 40% 50%
hotel, healthcare
Resort 45% 55% 60%
Shopping Complex 10% 15% 20%
Assembly exempted

Daylighting
DAYLIGHT METRICS
Useful Daylight Illuminance
+ -
Most of the advantages of DA, but an additional Since three data points for each spatial point are
dimension for glare and thermal discomfort. being generated, it’s difficult to assess
Good for comparing the performance of two design performance at a glance or communicate how well
variations. the space performs to someone who isn’t a
specialist.

Daylighting
DAYLIGHT METRICS
Spatial Daylight Autonomy
Expressed in percentage of floor area achieving a prescribed
illuminance threshold for a given time fraction in a year ,
within usage time (Say 8am to 6pm). LEED v4 Compliance:
Prove SDA300/50% of atleast 55%, 75% or
90%
Eg: sDA300,50% achieved for 75%
(or)
means illuminanance levels of 300 lux or above are achieved
for 50% of daytime in a year on 75% of floor area.
Demonstrate illuminance levels between 300
lux - 3000 lux from 9am to 3pm, on equinox,
clear sky day , for 75% (1 point) - 90% (2
points) floor area

Daylighting
DAYLIGHT METRICS
Spatial Daylight Autonomy
+ -
Unlike Daylight Autonomy which returns an array of sDA does not incorporate glare or direct sun
data points for every location in the space, it returns exposure
a single number for the space.
Experimentally verified to predict occupant

satisfaction, using a large study of 61 sites.

Daylighting
DAYLIGHT METRICS
Annual Sunlight Exposure
ASE measures the percentage of floor area that receives too
much direct sunlight. This defines the amount of glare in the
space.
Eg: ASE1000,250 achieved for 5%

means direct sunlight, above 1000 lux (considered as glare), LEED v4 Compliance:
beyond 250 hours per year is achieved in only 5% of floor ASE1000,250 of no more than 10% is achieved.
area.

Daylighting
DAYLIGHT METRICS
Compliance with Rating Systems
GRIHA Compliance: ECBC (2017) Compliance: IGBC Compliance: LEED v4 Compliance:

Alternate 1: Above grade floors shall meet or Demonstrate illuminance levels 1. Prove SDA300/50% of at
Minimum 25% of total living exceed UDI area requirements listed between 110 lux - 1100 lux at least 55%, 75% or 90%
area to be daylit with minimum in table below, for 90% of the 12 noon, on equinox, clear sky 2. ASE1000,250 of no more than
Daylight Factor prescribed by potential daylit time in an year. day , for 75% (1 point) - 90% 10% is achieved
NBC 2005 – Mandatory (2 (2 points) floor area
points) (or)
Percentage of floor area
Above 50%, 75% - Additional Building
meeting the UDI requirement Demonstrate illuminance levels
points Category ECBC ECBC Super between 300 lux - 3000 lux from
+ ECBC 9am to 3pm, on equinox, clear
Alternate 2: Business,
sky day , for 75% (1 point) -
40% 50% 60%
Mean Daylight Autonomy of total Educational 90% (2 points) floor area
living area meets minimum 25% No star 30% 40% 50%
of total annual analysis hours hotel, star
(8am to 6pm) with prescribed lux hotel,
levels. healthcare
Resort 45% 55% 60%
Above 50%, 75% - Additional
Shopping 10% 15% 20%
points Complex
Assembly exempted
Commercial: 300 to 3000 lux
Residential: Upto 100 lux

at Bangalore
Day 1 : Session - 4
Using Software to Predict Daylight

Distribution in Interiors
Ar. Prajna Aigal

Research Associate,
Daylight Prediction
ABOUT HONEYBEE
Honeybee connects
Grasshopper3D to
validated simulation engines,
including EnergyPlus/
OpenStudio (for building
energy, HVAC sizing,
thermal comfort, etc.)
and Radiance (for
daylighting and
glare simulation).
https://www.ladybug.tools/

Daylight Prediction
GEOMETRY INPUT Make sure the geometry is exploded
Using the same

geometry as
previously shown

Daylight Prediction Import the different components (walls, floor,
GEOMETRY INPUT ceiling, windows, shades) into different breps
Open grasshopper
and import the same
Using the
geometry
geometry as
previously shown

GEOMETRY INPUT
Let ladybug and honeybee

fly

Daylight Prediction
GEOMETRY INPUT This is how honeybee will understand them
Convert the
geometry imported
into “Honeybee
Objects”

Daylight Prediction
GEOMETRY INPUT
List for surface type can be

gotten by hovering over
“srfType”
“Shading” surfaces can

also be inputted under
“context”
Connect the geometry, input surface

name and type

Daylight Prediction
GEOMETRY INPUT
Input reflectance
values for opaque
surfaces (as per
standards or
design)
Input transmittance
values (from VLT)
Make your own for glass surfaces
Existing materials can be
radiance materials called from the library as well (as per standards
or design)

Honeybee has the option for Annual Daylight
Daylight Prediction Simulation (Dynamic Simulation) and Daylight
Factor Simulation (Static Simulation)
DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS
Work backwards – start from Analysis recipe to be

the ending – makes the work inputted according to the
flow easier requirement

Honeybee has the option for Annual Daylight
Daylight Prediction Simulation (Dynamic Simulation) and Daylight
Factor Simulation (Static Simulation)
DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS
Two options for analysis

recipe are available

Daylight Prediction
DAYLIGHT FACTOR ANALYSIS
Trying Daylight Factor

Simulation First

Daylight Prediction
Generate test points – which

will be used as reference points
for the daylight analysis

Daylight Prediction
Connect the floor as test geometry, enter

the desired grid size and distance from
base to generate the grid

Daylight Prediction
For design sky, default sky condition is

considered as CIE cloudy sky condition. To
set for CIE uniform sky condition, set
boolean toggle to “true” on “uniform sky”
parameter.

Daylight Prediction You can change the default working directory
DAYLIGHT FACTOR ANALYSIS and file name by giving inputs in the component
Connect “analysis recipe” to “analysis

recipe”, connect the model geometry to
“HBObjects” and set boolean toggles for
“writeRad” and “runRad” to true All the HBObjects can by joined in a single brep
to input easily

Daylight Prediction
Analysis is running…

Daylight Prediction
To check the results… Connect “analysis type” to “analysis

type”, “DF files” to “result files” and “test
points” to “test points”
Daylight Prediction
To view the result on a mesh

A panel can be used see the results from Ladybug > Recolour mesh
“values” component

Daylight Prediction
“analysis result” can be taken from

“readRADresults” component and “input
mesh” can be taken from “generate test
points” component

Daylight Prediction
Analysis title and legend title

can be added

Daylight Prediction
Legend parameter is a component
that can be used to change the
legend scale, add custom colours,
legend location etc.

Daylight Prediction
ANNUAL DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS
Generating analysis recipe

for annual daylight
simulation

Daylight Prediction
Test points can be taken from Use “open EPW weather file”
generate test points to import climate data
component Set boolean toggle to “true”

Daylight Prediction
Browse and select desired

EPW file

Daylight Prediction
Connect “analysis recipe” from “annual

daylight simulation” component to
“analysis recipe” in “run daylight
analysis” component and set boolean
toggles for “writeRad” and “runRad” to
true
Model geometry is already

connected
By connecting from the other

component, the analysis recipe
from the first component gets
automatically disconnected

Daylight Prediction
Analysis is running…

Daylight Prediction
“Read annual results I” checks for UDI,

CDA and sDA
To check the results… “Read annual results II” works similar to
the “read RAD results” component

Daylight Prediction
Connect all the relevant inputs to the components

to get the data in numerical format
“occupancy generator” can be found as

above – default values can be taken or
changed as per design
Set “write the occ” to true for generating the
occupancy

Daylight Prediction
Connect the results to “recolour

mesh” component to generate the
grid for the results

FIN

Retain all exterior and interior walls and
Daylight Prediction partitions. Rooms such as toilets, store rooms can
be ignored. Furniture positions can be marked
ALTERNATIVE GEOMETRY INPUT METHOD and retained.
Convert your double-

line plan into a
single-line plan.

Daylight Prediction
ALTERNATIVE GEOMETRY INPUT METHOD
Open Rhino

Daylight Prediction
File > Import > Select desired file

Daylight Prediction
Make sure the units

match

Daylight Prediction
AutoCAD model is
imported

Daylight Prediction
Select all
(all objects appear in
yellow)

Daylight Prediction
Surface > Extrude straight

Daylight Prediction
Enter floor height

Daylight Prediction
Display as shaded

Daylight Prediction
To create a floor
Select the exterior
wall curve

Daylight Prediction
Surface > Patch

Daylight Prediction
Select the bottom plane

Transform > Copy

Daylight Prediction
Copy the plane to the ceiling

Daylight Prediction
Select all > explode

Daylight Prediction
Select surface to add windows >

Cplanes > Set Cplane to object

Daylight Prediction
Enter dimensions of
the window

Daylight Prediction
Move the rectangle to

the corner of the wall
for reference

Daylight Prediction
Enter sill height
Enter distance from

edge of the wall

Daylight Prediction
Create copies of the

window or make new
windows on the
surface as per your
design

Daylight Prediction
Once all the windows

are drawn, trim the
windows from the
wall

Daylight Prediction
Select all the window

curves
Select the wall to trim

Daylight Prediction
Click on the surfaces

to trim the windows
Select the wall to trim

Daylight Prediction
Trace the windows

along the corners to
create a surface

Daylight Prediction
If you have multiple

floors, you can create
each floor separately
using the same steps
and place them on top
of each other using
move command

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“3-Day Workshop on Building

Performance Simulation” The Energy and

Concepts of Sun Path and Principles

3-Day Workshop on Building Performance Simulation

3-Day Workshop on Building Performance Simulation

WARM AND HUMID

• The overcast sky could be bright enough to cause glare, hence

• Top lighting is preferrable as the light from overcast sky is

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WARM AND HUMID

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Orient the majority

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• Dual benefits – enhancing the daylight and serving as a passive

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3-Day Workshop on Building Performance Simulation

3-Day Workshop on Building Performance Simulation

3-Day Workshop on Building Performance Simulation

3-Day Workshop on Building Performance Simulation

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SKYLIGHT TO ROOF RATIO

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Glass U-factor (Thermal Transmittance) is heat

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Hot and Dry 3.30 0.25 0.20 0.31 – 0.4 0.20

Warm and Humid 3.30 0.25 0.20 0.41 – 0.5 0.16

Moderate 6.90 0.40 0.30 0.51 – 0.6 0.13

Cold 3.30 0.51 0.51 0.61 – 0.7 0.11

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Maximum U-factor (W/m².K) 2.20 2.20 2.20 3.00 1.80

Maximum SHGC Non-North 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.62

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3-Day Workshop on Building Performance Simulation

aSHGC = Effect of shading

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Shading Equivalent Factor = (𝐶3 𝑥𝑃𝐹 3 ) + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑃𝐹 2 + 𝐶1 𝑥𝑃𝐹 + 𝐶0

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Overhang and Side Fin Coefficients

SHGC “M” Factor Adjustments for Overhangs and Fins

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3-Day Workshop on Building Performance Simulation

Cold and cloudy No shading

Cold and sunny Shading during summer months only

Composite Shading during summer months only

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3-Day Workshop on Building Performance Simulation

21st March 21st December

3-Day Workshop on Building Performance Simulation

3-Day Workshop on Building Performance Simulation

3-Day Workshop on Building Performance Simulation

It's the angle between the It is the vertical

𝐇𝐒𝐀 = Azimuth tan(𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒)

Shade Depth = Height / tan (VSA)

Shade Width = Depth * tan (HSA)

3-Day Workshop on Building Performance Simulation

3-Day Workshop on Building Performance Simulation

3-Day Workshop on Building Performance Simulation

3-Day Workshop on Building Performance Simulation

3-Day Workshop on Building Performance Simulation