Alkanes

Alkanes are also called as paraffin s because They

are little reactive .

Little tractive)
+

They are Aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons -

with

general formulae Cntlnz -

preparation Methods
8--2
① From unsaturated hydrocarbons : -

= # xx#

( Alkene) Cn Hunt En Hantz + d "

11cg,
Cn Hantz
(Alkyne) cu tgn.cz -1242cg)
+ SH
 This reaction is also called as hydrogenation .

is exothermic reaction DH
It .
=
k-%o1
hydrogenation

DH
CoD
Katz ,
✗ no -

of F- bonds

hydrogenation
Then SH ✗ 1-
If F- bonds are same

hydrogenation stability
Sabatier Sanderson 's reaction 8-
of Alkene
-

= = __

91=91+11 ° CY -

des
cg ) egg (9)
'
Raney
'
Ni is better catalyst Than Ni .
 Raney Ni an
alloy of ni and Al
digested in alkali .

It has high catalytic activity due to large surface

area .

Raney Ni
×
-

A +11 →

CHECK +211 9g -

deg

CECH +211 → ~
Clf
-

IN
⑨ ( ?) +
iz
=
Csobutane
IN the txt ③
 :µ.
÷÷÷÷÷¥¥÷
d)
C.) +11 N

NE Ers
③ @ is ) Sts
→ cis-Trans " Ceryxsooy
ypaes

:*:*
.
no Crans)
cake
-17%-11 N

+11¥
"

N +
!

C- butane (Isobutane
 It is a Smn Addition ( Both the hydrogens add on

same side of double bond)

-
☐
• ☐

① I
(
✓
#☐
1)
✓TORD

"

¥7 D D
wilkinson's catalyst
=
= [ 12h @ pts ),d]
It Is used for hydrogen at -

chloride tris (triphenylphosphine

-
ion of Alkenes .
Rhodium CI]
'
 yip Ga Kunst
y
-
*

É
⇐ ☒ table)
☒ hcpp }),d ]
⑤
less reduced
substituted alkenes selectively
.

are

Transfer of
=
hydrogenation 8-
-

IR R

¥⇐c¥
,

2 + EN NI
-

→¥ 2 CH - at

k
+ Et
k =

(ydrazine)
F.G.likeokoc-E.cyano.chloro.nl#enda2oCN--n)
are not affected by Wilkinson's catalyst .

g- as
+
E →
Ñ
* *
Di inside
- is unstable solid so it is Prepared in situ by

The oÑÑu of hydrazine .

N,Hc-lI%→12E#
It but doesn't reduce
selectively reduces c=c and N=N

\
,
-

N°2 -
CEN etc
,
 y¥tn
' : -

'

EI
"

The co is extra seed and convert Rh CIE) to Rh )

GI
group

complete '

quo ¢ . o .

=D
 R

a.IE?r+IifiIi--icn-Fr+
R

'
F r
Cyclohexane )
R

Ry=c R
Rick ai
¥ lyin
-

EE
+
-1
-

←
-

R ← '
r

t
Cdiimide)
n-ij-i.vn =¥ =^
Hatti
" "
"
R R R sum ,
- / R
R-E.im
I;
I¥;+±r
'
→
n
.

:
e
1
:# →

← '
R
R -

É -
•

y .
-
i
'

( syn Addition ) R CSMCTSD

 ② By Reduction of Alkyl halides 8-
I -_
I

R A
-
-

R -
X TEH ) → R Ht
- Kx

)
Kane

Redgat÷
⑤ LAH ( Li Altec)
① Zn t
dit . HI

⑥
② sent Naoh
SBH
CNABKCD
③ zu
- cu couple in ethanol ⑦ TPH ( plgsnle)
④ Tent elf cook # Tri phenyl tin hydride)
(192990) (Radical mechanism )
①
M÷ _iz € E° R H -

② ←
18+72 → R -
H -1×-0 (sur)
_☒

¥☐n
1° Alkyl halides
III. Can't reduce
-

① SBH
-

② LAH can't reduce 30 Alkyl halides

A- + ☒

3° R ✗ give elimination with

strongboxes
mainly
.

-
?⃝
Reactivity :

R-FCR-ILR-BKR-tclfg-B-r-%C4q.tk
ted
B-

4- 91 -

I É ay -

ay
ethanol

g-
di e t -

ay
¥ ~

d-
* →

§ I
③ Wurtz Reaction 8-

-rIIanIII÷rD÷
I

R -
rtanax

⑤mmetrricalalkaue)

elf -
Br
calls + Nair
Dry ether

SHE I "→ N + NAI

ji 7K + Naw

* → 7¥ + mad
 Note :-O Methane can't be prepared by this method .

② odd number be prepare

of carbon 's
Alkanes
having cannot -

-
d by this method .

③ when two different alkyl halides are used them Three

products are formed .

Rt R R + R RI R' Rt
R +
-

- ✗ + ✗ - -
-

D-
yetheg

Ctf
-

Br -1 Cates Br
✗ + Calls -1 N
Dry ether

R I > R Br > R d >R F

④
- -
-
-

Reactivity :
1° 2° > 3°
> R -

X
 Mechanism ? -

Radical Mechanism : -

#
I

ni -

2.cz/tE. .B.r-2Na-32EzHs-2NaBrCzHs-ceHs
.

→ a

Evidence E-
f
Tiles cites
,

(Disproportion
+ → CzH¢t Czkg
-

atiou)
I
-

old
"

@ 2%3
=
ionic mechanism : -

=
-

É€É→ Evatt Max

EFR- ✗ É R -

RRR + wax
⇐ ✓

Incase of 3° R
-
✗ elimination Product is major .

weert-TReacticni.AE#T- -a-Drsetheg
internal

NABrtnaelt-ra-k-ds-rea-a-iai.tl
+

2 R -

X ☒ -
Rt Znxz
④ ¥ ¥3m ,
☒ + d-

II. : ✗ A
¥
+
→

②
HE ¥ *

F¥;g→Mw
 a-
→
Agency

i →
( Dryelhel)
a-
↳
÷
intramolecular Wurtz
reaction takes place by
generally
Radical mechanism
④ House synthesis 8-
Corey -

#It
I

alkanes
eyed for The preparation of
is unsymmetrical
foie
R lit + tix
-

-
X R
U
Acted lithium)

2124 I
'

hi
t cut → Reali t

1,

N - I
Tilman
'

reagent
- ( supplier of E)
Rzculi t Rtx '
→ R R + R cut tix
( sum
-

or
-

④ ouaF @ szinmayzicay
 ① GH
-

og
-
Br É A B
② CUI
É DEN ⇐

IF É
§?
A B
② Lt (2) CUI

(f)Iaea
⑦ it A
C)
of -
I

④ Br IN
 SHE
*
Br

⑦ d-
I

⑤ Kolbe 's Electrolysis 8-

= -

2 R -
É -
-

o Nat É¥☒ R -
R + Coat (Anode)
(Aa )

NaoHtET@athodeJCpH777Mechauisami.I 0

Anode :
É ? ¥-0
-

At
←
② R -
- o -

E- → ER -

→
2¥ -10¥
 Pitti → R -

At cathodes
21¥20 tze →
Heft 20%
-

N 5- ① Methane cannot be prepared by this method .

② R -
% -
E t R
'

→ R -
I o
- -
R ( Byproduct)

⑦ gills + Calls → CzH¢t Gks ( h "

)

( Disproportionation)
④ His R -
Rt R -
R 't
R - Coo Nat pl - Cooma
'

F.ae#imHncoona-edJH/I-MuaoagR' -
R
 ④o5Na+
Sis
2. czleg
note

2Ha- → II -1cg
P + Hatton
Ffathode)
ctnode
2511505 K+ → µ
⑥

-
Renovated
'
,
is called decarboxylation .

Soda time ( ) ¥ decarboxylation agent

.

Naoh + Cao

Cs :
1)

R-É-aK
( ne)
R -
H -1

C µgcgy
 Cao keep NaOH dry .

R:1°>I°>3
④ Nat
Mechanism :

&É ++aoH→
-

'
R -
c- out

① 1011 I

t ,

Ngcg -112-11 ← É+¥cg

+

Carbanion
→

i. Rate of decarboxylation 2
Stability of carbanion

✗ (a) effect .
?⃝
 Clf tNaK¥ Cky + NICO,

CgHgC00NH %-) Czllgt 11 1 '

_+NaoH ☒+ " "

-0 -0 -0
R :
< CHIC Coot
CY CLI cook <
ctg=d- Cook -

-
-

fook Fook
"

:
EI > É] > ET
¥-60M
t.CH?- cook
'
no
,
§¥- cook
④
1--73>2