4.

Advantages and
Disadvantages of Mechanical Draught. 5. Comparison between Forced Draught and 1nages a
6. Balanced Draught. 7. Height of Chimney. 8. Condition for Maximum Discharge theo Drauh Drawgn
9. Power Required to Drive a Fan. 10. Efficiency of Chimney.

16.1. Introduction
In the last chapters, we have already discussed the formation of steam and combustionofite
It may be noted that the rate of steam generation, in a boiler, depends upon the rate at
whichtei
isburnt. The rate of fuel buming depends upon the availability of oxygen or in other words availstin
of fresh air. The fresh air will enter the fuel bed, if the gases of combustion exhaustedfromt are
combustion chamber of the boiler. This is possible only if a difference of pressure is maintainedave
and below the fire grate. This difference of pressure is known as draught.
The main objects of producing draught in a boiler are
1. To provide an adequate
supply of air for the fuel combustion.
2. To exhaust the gases of combustion from the
combustion chamber.
3. To discharge these gases to the
atmosphere through the chimney.
16.2. Classification of Draughts
In
general, the draughts may be classified into the following two types T e r e n c e o fdensite

1. Natural
draught. It is the draught produced by a chimney due to theu
between thie iot gases inside the
chimney and cold atmospheric
air outsidc
jetdraug
2.Artificialdraught. The artificial draught may be a mechanical draugnhere as the d
The draught
r a steam

hereas
the

produced by a fan or blower is known as mechanical or fan arutsvided, whe n when

produced by a steam jet is called steam jet draught. The artificial draught IS
ls
provided,

draught is not sufficient. It may be induced or forced. p

16.3. Types of Draughts
in general, the draughts of the following three types
are
is
asa known

the
chun

Chimney draught. The draught produced by means of a chimney * air alone

air(outse u (outside furnaee

draught. t is a natural draught and has induced effect. Since the ospheric the

atmospw througn
vaio
g h t
v a r i e s

through
is heavier than the hot gases
(inside the chimney). the outside air wil
ow
c h i m n e y drau
draught

the chimney. It will push the hot mney dras

blower,isA
ney
gases to pass through the chimney. In
climatic çenditions, temperature of furnace
gases and height of chimne.. fan
i m n e

blo andis

fan or D
or

Mechanical fan draught. The draught, produced by

or
t y p e

as mechanical draught or fan draught. The fan used is, meansrifugal

of
c e n t r i f u g a l

by an electric motor. generally,

360
 361
ppilrDrauRh
is placed in the path of the flue gases before they
n draught, a centrifugal fan surface.
I na n i n d u c e

the flue
lue gases from
he
the surface and forces them up through the chimney.
It draws similar to that of the natural draught.
imney. is
enter
thec ofdraught

Ihe
acuon on
ofthis
tns
type
fan draught, the fan is placed before the grate, and air is forced intot
I nc a s eo f f o

ash pit. artificial draught. In a steam

rough
t h eefosed.

aught. It is
a simple
and cheap method of producingused
engine, is producing draught.
steam for
om a non-condensing
fron
exhaust
steam,
where the exhaust steam from
the engine cylinder is discharged
ht,the bboilers,
box and below the chimney.
l o c o m o t i v e

sedin the smoke the chimney.

p l a c e d at
from a nozzle, is placed in
jt
hismostly

pipe the steamjet issuing

a blast
eamjet jet
steam
draughi,
d r
from a nozzle is placed
in the ash pit under
the steam jet issuing
t h r o u g h

induced
an draugh,
forced.
steamjet
Buat
ina of the
furnacce.

of M e c h a n i c a l Draught
grate has the following
boiler plants. It
Disadvantages
thefire
64. Advantagesand used in large
mechanical draught is widely
the draught.
These days over the natural
disadvantages

and
dvantages

Adrantages
economical.
L. It is
more

control. uniform.
better in
is
and f u r n a c e
2. It is the grate
through
flow of air
3. The draught.
more

4. It produces is very high.

combustion
of
5. Its rate requirements.

fuel can be used. the changing

to
6. Low grade according
flow can be regulated
1. The air
temperature.

atmospheric

8. It is not
affected by the
of smoke.
9. t reduces the a m o u n t of w o r
amount

of chimney. same
10, It reduces height saved forthe
the plant. is
15%offuel
efficiency
of
I. It increases About
consumption.

12. It UUCes
the fuel

Dsadvantages
Its initial cost is high.
2 ts running cost is also
high.
draught.
cost. Draught
induced
maintenance
Induced
3. has increased and draught
and

MS. Forced
Draught forced

mparison betweer c o m p a r i s o n
between

I n d u c e dd r a u g h t

The ollowing tablegives the after

the
fire grate.
the
placed below

S.No. Forced draught The

fan is
inside
the
fumace
is

the fire grale

p r e s s u r e

combustion
he fan is placed before The
a t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e .

the the
above
furnace is from
the
chimney

The pressure inside the sucks

hot
gases

forces
them
into

atmospheric pressure. i n t o t h e c o m b u s t i o n
lt
c h a m b e r ,
and

It torces fresh air

chamber.
 TLer
4 It requires less power as the fan has to handle It
ermal Engine
requires more power as
cold air only. Moreover, volume of air hot air and flue the fan
gases. has s hanc
temperature of the air and gases , volofumh
Mor eover
handled is less because of low temperature of air and
the cold air.
gases is more because
5. The flow of air through grate and fumace is The flow of air
more uniform. less uniform. through grate and
t
6. As the leakages are outward, therefore there As the
leakages are
danger of blow out.inward, therefonet
isa serious danger of blow out when the fire
no
opened and the fan is But ift fire derm
doors are opened and the fan is
working.
heavy air infiltration. working there
16.6. Balanced Draught

It is an
improved type of draught, and is a combination of induced
simultaneously. forced draug
produced by running both induced and forced draught fans and forre
16.7. Height of
Chimney
We have already discussed that natural draught is produced
amount draught depends upon the height of chimney, therefore itsby means of chimney
of a S.

produce a sufficient draught. height should be such t

TT

-Chimney
Boiler

Level of grate
Manomeler

Fig. 16.1. Height of chimney for a

given draugnt
Let H= Height of chimney above the fire in metres.
h
Draught required in terms of mm grate
T= Absolute temperature of ofwater.
air outside the chimney in
Absolute temperature of the flue gas inside the in
,= Volume of outside air at temperature T, in m/kg chimney
ot ouel
D,= Volume of flue gases inside emperature T,inm
the chimney al tempeta
m=
Mass of air actually used in kg /kg of
m+1 =Mass of flue fuel.
gases in kg per kg of
First of all, let us find the volume of fuel. (ie.at
O°Ct

and 1.013 bar

pressure). outside air per kg of fuel atN. .TP.
 363
Rrer
Draugir

= Volume of air at 0° C.
U

Let
Absolute temperature,

273 K
T =
0° +273 =

Atmospherc pressure,

Po
1.013 bar = 1.013x 10'N/m? . . 1 bar =10^N/m
= mRT
that p XU
We know
mRTo mx 287 x 273 = 0.773 m m'/kg of fuel
Po 1.013 x 10
. ( : For air, R =287 Jkg K)

of outside air
at T, K,
Volume

To
0.773 mxI_"'j m/kg of fuel
273 353

Density of outside air

at T, K,
Mass
= m = kg/m Density Volume
P mT
353
Pressure due to a similar column of outside (cold) air,
Densityx Height x g P, H8
=

P
xHx9.81 = 3463 HNim?
T T
the same volume as that of air
to Avogadro's law, the flue gas at N.T.P. occupies
atrNTng
N.T.P.
:
Volume of flue gases at 0° C
= 0.773 mm'/ kg of fuel
volume of flue
gases at T2 K,
m
T2
3 5353
3 m/kg offuel
Density of flue gases at
T2 K,
m+ 353(m + ) kg/m'
P2 mT2 m T2
:. Pressu 353
0 column of hot gases at the base of chimney,

P2P2Hg = 353(m +1) Hx9.81 3463 (m+) H Nim?

m T2 m T2
 A Text Book of T
the pressure difference
hermal Enghie,
1s due to een
draught pressure the chi
We know that the of cold air outside
nimney
Therefore irau
column
and a similar
of gas in the chimney

pressure, 3463 H 3463 (m + 1) H,

mT2 Nm
p=PP;*
T
3463HTLmtN/m
mT N
pressure is expressed in mm of wato
water
In actual practice, the draught as
indicated b
manometer. Since* 1 N/m' = 0.101 937 mm of water, therefore
m+1 mm of water
h 353 HT, mT
the theoretical value of the draught and is known
otes: 1. The equations () and (i) give only knownas static drau
The actual value of the draught
is less than the theoretical value due to the following reasons
(a) The effect of frictional resistance offered to the passage of air through the fire bars
h.
ire flues
chi mney is to reduce the draught
(6) The temperature offlue gases inside the chimney« minishes for every metre of its height
2The draught may also be expressed in terms of column of hot gases. If H' is the height in etre
the hot gas column which would produce the draught pressure p, then
p DensityxHxg
353(m +1) xHx 981 =3463m(m+
T2
)H N/m*
m T2

Substituting this value in equation () above,

3463(m+ 1)xH =
3463 H|T
mT2 mT
metres

3 The velocity of flue gases through the chimney under a static draught of H meuc given by

V= 2gf =
443 V# ...(Neglectingiriai
chune
gusesain the
Example l6.1. A chimney is 28 m high and the temperature of the hotgases
is 320 C. The temperature of outside air is 23° Cand the furnace is supplied wi "
with 15 upplied kgofau
kg of coal burnt. Calculate draught in mm water.
of
Soluton. Given H = 28 m;T, = 320° C = 320 + 273 = 593 K:7, =

296 K ; m =
15 kg/ kg of coal
We know that
draught,
I5+1
h =353 H m+
T mT2 = 353 x28 996 15x5
=
15.6 mm of water Ans.
We know that 1
kg/m =
I mm of water
9.81 N/m =
I mm of water

I Nim
9.810.101937 mm of water
 365
Example 16.2.
s4 9. A boiler uses 18 ke air per kg offuel. Determine the minimum height of
oroduce aa draught of 25 mm of water. The mean temperature of chimney gases
produce

equiredto air 27C.

Hinand hat of outside 273
Given: m =18 kg/kg offuel ;h
= 25 mm
of water; T, 315° C
= = 315 +
Solution.

27+273 300 K
C= 2
2 7 ° C =
=

88K : 7,
sK H Minimum height of chimney required.
Let
that draught
(h),
know
We
25 = 353 18+1 = 0.53 H
m+= 353 H 300 18x
T mTa 588
Ans.
H =47.2 m
The owing
16.3.
pertain power plant
data to a steam
ample
30 m ; Draught produced
16.5 mm
of water gauge; Temperature of =

Heioht of chimney
=

28°C; Atmospheric pressure =1.013 bar.

C ; Temperature of boiler house
=

burnt in the boiler.

Determine the quantity of air used per kg offuel
30 m;h = 16.5 mm
of water ;T, =360°C=360
+ 273 =633 K:
:H=
Solution. Given
1.013 bar
T8°C=28+ 273 = 301 K:Po=
fuel.
m Quantity of air used per kg of
Let
We know that draught (h),
m+1)
16.5 =
353H| T,m T 353 x30 L301 mx633

m+T L. 16.5 =
0.001 76
m x 633 301 353 x 30

m+1 =0.001 76 (mx 633)

=
1.114 m
Ans.
m = 8.772 kg / kg of fuel the
at 297 C to
chimney is used to discharge hot gases
Example 16.4. A 30 m high ifthe draught produced
actually usedper kg offuel. carbon, 6% moisture
which is at 27 C. Find the ofair nmass
itr e coal burnt in the combustion chamber
contains 80%
and water. Ifthe air supplied.
aining ash, determine the ercentage of excess

27° C =27+ 273

2970C= 297+273 =570 K;7,
=

Solution. Given H=30 m; T, =

300 K;h =
15 mm of water
t

of
air used per kg of
fuet
Let of fuel.
We know
m
=Mass of air used per kg
that draught,
m+I
h 353 HT,nil
m +1
m+I = 35.3-18.58| m
15 = 353 x 30| 300 m x 570

m+1 35.3-15 = 1.09

m 18.58
Ans.
m = I1.I| kg/ kg offuel
 A Text Book of Ihe
366 rmal p
Perce:tage of excess air supplied
We know that 1 kg of carbon requires 8/3 kg of oxygen or in other
Engwu
er
requires
words \ kg of
catt
11.6 kg of air
Since 1 kg of coal contains 0.8 kg of carbon, therefore air required for co
auired for
of 0.8 kg of carbon complete combt
= 0.8 x 11.6 = 9.28 kg/kg of fuel
Percentage of excess air supplied

I1.11-9,28
9.2
- 0.197 or 19.7 % Ans.

Example 16.5. A boiler is equipped with a chimney of 30 metres

whih pass height Ths
through the chimney are at temperature of 288° C, whereas the a

2/° C. lf the air fiow through the combustion chamber is 18 atmospheric

of fuel burnt femperatu
is

theoretical draught produced in mm of water and in kg/kg

height of hot gases column, and ? i
tihe flue gases passing through the
chimney, if 50% of the theoretical draught is lost in
graie and passage. friction
tion as
at h
Solution. Given H= 30 m; T, =
294 K,
288° C= 288 + 273 561 K;T, =21° C=21 - =

m 18 kg/kg of fuel
=

1. Theorenical
draught produced in mm of wate
We know that theoretical
draught produced in mm of water,
h -

353 HT-m m 353 x30 294 18+1

18x561
=16.1 mm of water Ans.
Theoretical draught produced in
height of hot gases column
We know that
theoretical draught
produced in height of hot gases column,
H' = H m
m+1^T
=
24.2 m Ans.
2. Velociry of flue gases passing through the chimney
Since 50% of the
theoretical draught is lost in friction, therefore net
ailabie.

H' araus
24.2x0.5 12.1 m =

Velocity of flue gases passing

through the chimney,
V
4.43 NH =4.43 V12.1 15.4 m/s Ans.
=

=
Condition for Maximum
We have already
Discharge through the Chimney produ:in

discussed in the last article

draught, that the height ot no

metres
B a i l eD
r raugh

ases through the chimney,

361
flue
v e l o C I t y
of
the
and

V-v2gf V2e m +1 m/s

H Height of chimney,
Where

m =Mass of air actually used in kg/kg of fuel,

T, = Absolute temperature of the air outside the
temperature, and
chimney or
atmospheric
T =Absolute temperature of the flue gas inside the chimney.
ansider a chimney discharging hot gases to the atmosphere under the action of the
Now
naturaldraught.
A = Area of cross-section of chimney in mí, and
Let
p Density of hot gases in kg/m.
Mass of hot gases discharged per second,
M Volume of hot gases x Density of hot gases = A Vp (ii)
We know that density of the hot gas is inversely proportional to its temperature, i.e.

Paor p =
shere Kis a constant of proportionality.
Now substituting the value of Vand p in equation (i),

M A V2gH|
m+1 7
Substituting A. K = K,, another constant, we have

Again substituting K, N2gH = K,, another constant,

M- m
m+T T - 1
T2
-x
K,V1*T,,
Differentiati Mrespect to T,, for maximum discharge and equating to
ct
zero.

dM
= 0
dT2
K, T T 1/2

0
+1 7T2 T
 Text Book
368 of
Thermal
m Lnginecr
m 2 Or
m

m +1 m+1

S
Thus we see that for maximum discharge, temperature ofthe flue gases (T \
more than the atmospheric temperature (7T). should be sligho
Notes: 1. The height of hot gas column (H)producing the draught for maximum
discharged is obtained by substituting the value of T, in equation (i).
2 (m+ 1) T
H H m+1 mxT Hmetres
It shows that for maximum discharge, the height of hot gas column
to the height of the chimney.
producing the drawohht

2 We know that draught pressure.

h
353 HT_m+1
mT, mm of water

The draught pressure for maximum discharge,

h 353 H T =2

T m

353 H T76.5 7 mmof, water

2T T
Example 16.6. A chimney is 30 m high and the temperature of atmosphere B i-
Calculate the draught produced in mm of water under the conditions of maximunm discharge
Solution. Given H= 30 m;T, = 12° C = 12 +273 = 285 K
We know that draught produced for maximum discharge,
h
176.5H 176.5x3018.6 mm of water
T 285
i c airis.
Example 16.7. A chimney is 60 metres high and the temperature of atmospj
f i5 kg of air/kg of fuel is used: find for maximum discharge of hot gases: 1. ne
hot gases,and 2. the draught
pressure in mm of water. fuel
Solution. Given: H =60m:7, 27° C = = 27+ 273 = 300 K; m = 15 kg/Ag
Temperature of hot gases for maxinmum discharge
We know that temperature of hot gases for maximum discharge, Ans
367C

+1 15+1 300 =640K

T 2

m r, =

2. Draught pressure in mm of water

We know that draught pressure for maximum discharge,
176.5H 176.5x 6035.3 of water As
h = 1mm

T 300
 369
g o k rD r a n e r

to Drive a
Fan
Required
the power required to do internal work on the air or gas
air power) is
Power
fan (or
power
ofai
The volume
C e r t a i n

1s
deliver = Draught pressure in N/m* 9.81 xh mm of water,
=

o p
Let v = Volume of air or gas flowing through the fan in m/min, and

n,
=
Efficiency of the fan.
done a fan by
know
that work
We = Pressure x Volume = pvN-m/min

the fan or power of the motor driving the fan,

auired tto drive
required

power
ni pv
P: watts
60 x n

for forced draught fan and induced draught fan.

Naw iet us find the value of P
m Mass of air actually used in kg / kg of fuel.
=

Let
M Mass of fuel in kg/min,
Absolute temperature of outside air (cold air) in K, and
T =

Absolute temperature of hot gases in K.

T, =

. Mass of air used/min

= mM kg

We know that the volume of air at N.T.P.

= 0.773 x Mass of air used = 0.773 m M kg/min .(Refer Art. 16.7

: Volume of air handled by a forced draught fan at temperature 7, K,

0.773 mM
353
mMT, m
273
Power required to drive the forced draught fan,
pmM7, 9.81 hmMT hmM T watts
P =
60x 36 xn,
60x 353x n, 60x 353 x n,
Now mass of flue gases drawn by the induced draught fan,
=
(m + 1) kg/ kg of fuel
Mass of fuel
per min
= M kg
Mass Of flue gases handled tan
by induced draught
We know that
=
M (m +1) kg/min N.T.P.
of flue gases at N.T.P. is equal to the volume of air used at
.Volume VOlume
of flue
gases at 0° C,
volume of flue =0.773 m M kg/min
gases
gases handled by induced draught fan at 7, K,

xT, 0.773m MT, m M T, m

2
273 353
To
 A Texi Book of Thermal
Enos
70 induced draught fan,
drive the
Power required to
hm MT
pmMT2 watts
60 x 353 x n, 60 x 36 x n,
draught and forcedd d.
Note
The comparison
of the power required
to drive the
induced
draught fan can h
by assuming that and
the fans have
the s a m e efficiency,
(both
the equal draught.
(in they produce
Power required for 1.D. fan
fan
Power required for F.D.
forced draught fan has thefollowino n
Exampie 16.8. A boiler fitted with a ulars
Mas ofair required 20kg/kg offuel
Afassof fuelused I500 kg/h
air = 42" C
Temperature ofoutside
168°C
Temperature of chimney gas
=

40 mm of water
Draughi pressure
70%
Eficiency offan
Determine the power required to drive the fan. lf the boiler is equipped with induced dra
draugr:
what will be the power required to drive it ?
fan, insteadof forced draughtfan,
Solution. Given : m = 20 kg /kg offuel ; M= 1500 kg/h = 25 kg/min; T, = 42° C =42-
315 K: T, = 168° C = 168 + 273 = 441 K; h = 40 mm of water; n,= 70% = 0.7

Power required to drive the forced draughtfan

We know that power required to drive the forced draught fan,
hm MT
P
40 x 20x 25 x 315 =
4167 W
60x 36 x ly 60x 36x 0.7
= 4.167 kW Ans.
Power required to drive the induced draught fan
We know that power required to drive the induced draught fan,

hmMT2 40x 20 x 25 x 44l 5833 W

P260x36 n
=

60x 36x0.7
= 5.883 kW Ans.
16.10. Efficiency of Chimney (expesw

It may be defined as the ratioof the energy required to produce the artificial draught
wayperAg"

in metres head to the

flue gases due
offlue gas) to the mechanical equivalent of extra heat caried
J/ikgnatural
or

draught.
Let draught pro
=
Height of the flue gas column or the artificial

metres.
draught
T =
Temperature of flue gases in chimney with natural i f i c i a l d r a u g h ti a

T takenas1
=
Temperature of flue gases in chimney itn a be

»= Specific heat offlue gases in kJ/kg K. Its value

kJ/kg K.
poiler
r a n g i r
371
energy required to produce the artificial draught, per kg of flue gas
We know that
=
H'8 Jkg of flue gas
c a r r i e d
away per kg of flue gas due to natural draught
heat

and
extra

1xc, (T,-T) kJ/kg

Aechanical equivalent of extra heat carried away
= 1000 c (72-7) J/kg offlue gas

a n de f f i c i e n c y
H8
n.1000c,(T2-7)
the value of H may be substituted as
:

..In the above expression

ofes
H H metres

is less than 1 percent.

The efficiency of chimney
Eyample. 16.9. In a chimney of height 50 metres, temperature offlue gases with natural
eht is 367 c. The temperature of waste gases by using artificial draught is 127 C. The
rture of outside air is 27° C. If air supplied is 19 kg/kg offuel burnt, determine the efficiency
gchimney. Assume c,
= 1.005 kJIkg Kforflue gases.
Given: H= 50 m; T, =367° C 367 +273 =640K; T= 127C = 127+ 273
Solution
410 K7 =27C= 27 + 273 = 300 K; m = 19 kg/kg offuel; c, = 1.005 kJ/kg K
We know that height of the artificial draught,

- * = 51.33 m

Eficiency of chimney,
H'8 51.33 x9.81
1000x 1.005 (640-400)
1000c, (T,-7)
= 0.0021 or 0.21 % Ans.

EXERCISES
Find th in of water column produced by a chimney 36 m high when the mean
araught
ure ofof hot
mm
rature C and 19 kg of air is supplied per kg of
Ei
burmt in the perature of outside air is 27°
gases is 300° C, the temper
[Ans. 19 mm of water
furnace.
A boiler
T Cand thato inside the chimney is
uses 14 ofair
kg C. : kg of fuel.
perdraught The temperature of the hot gases
outside air 17° If the produced is 26 mm of water, determine the minimum height
Chumney required. Ans. 33.2 m]
A 30
.ases In
the chim Chimney is used to producea natural draught of 15 mm of water. The temperature of
C; find the mass of air used per kg of
y Is 287° C. Ifthe temperature of outside air is 27 Ans. 156 kg/kg of fuel]
Calculate the height
difference of 100 mm of water if
In lethemperatur of gases
of chim
mney requiredgenerate a pressure
to
flow
30 C. Neglect
in the chimney is 150° and the ambient temperature
in C
is

A A chimney. Assun
Sume usual value of R for air.
[Ans. 302 m]

of chimney is 30 air is 21° C. The air is supplied

at the rate of
fuel for the m mhigh.
high. The temperature of outside of the hot gases inside the chimney
duced ed iis 16 le
combustion of fuel. Find the temperature [Ans. 286 C]
mm of water.
alure A
of boiler is house temperature is 30" C and the
lue provided
with aachimney of 25 in height. The boilerto the boiler is 19 kg per kg of fuel,
ded with
gases lean g the chimney is 3C0°C. If the air supplied