Faculty of Chemical Engineering

Instructor: Nguyen Dinh Quan, PhD.

Department of Machine - Equipment

Day: Thursday AM/ PM: 13:00 - 18:00 Group: 01

Members:
Phan Minh Khôi - 1952308
Hoàng An - 1952165
REPORT OF EXPERIMENT
Lê Ngọc Thảo - 1952123
Đậu Nguyễn Anh Thư - 1952476
Vũ Thị Phi Yến - 1952542
Trần Hoàng Phúc - 1852673
Experimental Date: 20.01.2022
THERMODYNAMIC
Submitted Date:

1. OBJECTIVES:

The aim of this experiment is to help students to find out some of the basic theories
of the studied theory in the field of thermodynamics.

It helps students have a general concept of the subject, their role and application in
industry and life.

2. EXPERIMENTAL THEORY

2.1. Classification of moist air condition

♦ Unsaturated moist air : the type of moist air that the amount of vapor contains in
which isn’t maximum. Unsaturated moist air has the ability to contain more water.
The condition of vapor in unsaturated moist air is superheated steam. Vapor pressure
of unsaturated moist air is smaller than the saturated pressure corresponding to moist
air temperature. (Ph < Phs).
 ♦ Saturated moist air : the type of moist air that the amount of vapor contains in
which is maximum Gh = Ghmax . The condition of vapor in saturated moist air is dry
saturated steam. Vapor pressure of saturated moist air is equal to the saturated
pressure corresponding to moist air temperature. (Ph = Phs)

♦ Supersaturated moist air: the type of moist air that the amount of vapor contains
in which is maximum and can contain more water condensate. If the temperature is
lower than 0oC, there will be ice. The condition of vapor in supersaturated moist air is
moist saturated steam.

2.2. Characteristic parameters of moist air

PARAMETER SYMBOL UNIT DEFINITION

Relative ϕ % - The ratio (expressed as a

humidity percentage) of the water vapor in
the air at a certain temperature and
pressure to the maximum water
vapor it can contain at the same
temperature and pressure.

Ph, Pbh : vapor partial pressure and

vapor saturated pressure of water at
the same temperature condition

Absolute x (d,y) kgh20/kgdry_air - Density of moisture (water

humidity vapor) per unit volume of air,
expressed usually as kilogram per
cubic meter (kg/m3)).
 Heat function H (I) KJ/ kg dry air H = Ckkk.t + (r + Cht).x = t + (2493
+ 1,97t).x

Ckkk = 1 (kJ/kg. oC): specific heat of

dry air

t (oC) : temperature of dry air

r = 2493 (kJ/kg. oC): latent heat of

water at 0oC

Ch = 1,97 (kJ/kg. oC): specific heat

of steam

o
Dry bulb t (tdry, τ) C - Refers basically to the ambient air
temperature temperature. It is called "Dry bulb"
because the air temperature is
indicated by a thermometer not
affected by the moisture of the air.

o
Wet bulb twet C - Wet bulb temperature can be
temperature measured by using a thermometer
with the bulb wrapped in wet
muslin. The adiabatic evaporation
of water from the thermometer bulb
and the cooling effect is indicated
by a "wet bulb temperature".

o
Drying potential ε C - Difference between dry bulb
temperature and wet bulb
 temperature

ε = tdry – twet

o
Dew point Tdp C - The dew point temperature tr is
defined as the temperature at which
condensation begins if the air is
cooled at constant pressure.

2.3. Classification of steam condition

♦ Saturated steam: When the water evaporated at boiling temperature

♦ Superheated steam: is saturated steam heated up without changing vapor

pressure

3. EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT:

3.1. Experimental model :

The principle diagram of the experimental model is shown in Figure 1. It is an

aerodynamic tube. In which the air is passed from one end of the tube to the other
and the temperature is cooled by an evaporator of air conditioner, dried by resistor,
moistened by spraying vaporized water from the vaporizer.

3.2. Diagram description:

Air through fan (with flow rate adjustment) 1 passes through aerodynamic tube 2
that is cooled in cooler 4. Then heated and dried in dryer 5, after that, air is moistened
by steam nozzle 6 and goes out. In the front and behind positions of each equipment in
the aerodynamic tube, there are dry bulbs 7 and wet bulb 8 to measure the temperature
and humidity of the air. At the outside aerodynamic tube, there is a speedometer 9 to
determine the flowrate of air. Below colder 4, it is equipped with a volume measuring
device to determine the flowrate of the condensed water from cold air.

Figure 1 : Experimental diagram of Thermodynamics

1. Fan
2. Aerodynamic tube
3. Air conditioner
4. Cooler
5. Drying equipment by resistor
6. Steam nozzle
7. Dry bulb thermometer
8. Wet bulb thermometer
9. Speedometer

4. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD :
In this experiment, students must carry out the following tasks:

1. Determine the status of air that includes: temperature, humidity of the

cooler 4(the status of air temperature in the surrounding environment),
before the air drying 5 (behind the cooler 4), before the steam nozzle 6 and
after the steam nozzle *exhale). From the measured data, the students must
draw the changing status of air on an I-D diagram and on that basis students
must determine the enthalpy and the vapor density of the locations
mentioned above.

2. Calculate the heat balance of the aerodynamic tube including:

determining the flowrate of air, determining the cold yield of the cooler and
the heating load of the drying equipment.

♦ Operation process:

1. Turn on the gate switch, check the 3-phase indicator on the main
switchboard.

2. Turn on fan, air flow rate adjustment by opening/closing the door.

3. Turn on the air conditioner.

4. Turn on the resistor.

5. Turn on the steam control for saturated steam. Observe temperature and
pressure in the steam tank, if pressure is reached 2 kg/cm 2, start the steam
valve.

6. After opening the steam valve, let the system run for 2 minutes to achieve
stability.

In turn measure dry and wet bulb temperatures at locations.

 Use a measuring tube and a meter to measure the condensed water flow after
the cooler.

7. Turn on the steam control for superheated steam, let the system run for 2
minutes and do measurement like above.

8. Change the other operating mode by changing the wind outlet position,
increasing or decreasing the resistor, increasing or decreasing the airflow.

Note:

The water level in the boiler was tested after each experiment (turn off the
resistor) by opening/closing the valve between the boiler and the water tank to
provide water for the boiler. Provided the water level is equal to saturated
steam thermometer.

5. Experiment result:

Front of Cooler

velocity property dry bulb wet bulb relative humid enthalpy

temp. temp. humidity ratio

2.6 saturated 30.75 28.45 0.8424 0.0239 92.017

overheated 30.50 29 0.8952 0.0251 94.776

3.4 saturated 30.25 28.65 0.8879 0.0245 93.032

overheated 31.25 29.15 0.8569 0.0251 95.499

4.2 saturated 29.75 28.85 0.9355 0.0251 94.057

overheated 31.20 29.20 0.8633 0.0252 95.756

Front of Drying

velocity property dry bulb wet bulb relative humid enthalpy

 temp. temp. humidity ratio

2.6 saturated 25.40 21.15 0.6884 0.0254 61.411

overheated 24.05 19.15 0.6344 0.0241 54.547

3.4 saturated 26.15 22.25 0.7370 0.0262 66.574

overheated 25.70 22.65 0.7728 0.0257 66.974

4.2 saturated 26.85 22.50 0.6911 0.0154 66.356

overheated 25.85 24 0.8595 0.0182 72.298

Front of Steam Nozzle

velocity property dry bulb wet bulb relative humid enthalpy

temp. temp. humidity ratio

2.6 saturated 49.70 35.75 0.4090 0.0326 133.553

overheated 53.00 38.75 0.4195 0.0393 155.452

3.4 saturated 45.65 34.95 0.496 0.0319 128.411

overheated 42.10 34.30 0.596 0.0318 124.387

4.2 saturated 43.55 34.25 0.54 0.0311 123.981

overheated 40.40 33.45 0.6255 0.0305 119.133

Behind steam nozzle

 velocity property dry bulb wet bulb relative humid enthalpy
temp. temp. humidity ratio

2.6 saturated 40.60 33.75 0.6312 0.0311 120.987

overheated 41.20 33.75 0.2808 0.0258 120.272

3.4 saturated 38.35 32.65 0.6763 0.0295 114.399

overheated 42.25 33.10 0.4436 0.0289 116.893

4.2 saturated 36.90 31.95 0.7087 0.0285 110.377

overheated 38.80 31.90 0.555 0.0269 109.897

Other data

Velocity Property Water sample from cooler Time to take water

(ml) (s)
2.6 Saturated 38.5 108.5
Overheated 20 120
3.4 Saturated 37 120
Overheated 24.5 120
4.2 Saturated 35 180
Overheated 26.5 120
Calculating table:

Velocity Property Density Mass Cooling Flowrate Flowrate Thermal

at the of air flowrate of capacity of water of water load of
outlet of (kg/m3) air into the of cooler condense condense air dryer
the aerodynam Qo (kW) d from d from Q (kW)
aerodyna ic tube the cooler the
mic tube (kg/s) in theory cooler in
v (m/s) Gwater practice
(kg/h) G’water
(kg/h)

2.6 Saturate 1.1612 0.04348 1.3307 0.2348 1.2774 3.14

d

Overhea 1.1621 0.04351 1.7504 0.1566 0.6000 4.39

ted

3.4 Saturate 1.1631 0.05695 1.5068 0.3485 1.1100 3.52

d

Overhea 1.1593 0.05676 1.6191 0.1226 0.7350 3.26

ted

4.2 Saturate 1.1650 0.07046 1.9518 2.4605 0.7000 4.06

d

Overhea 1.1594 0.07012 1.6449 1.7670 0.7950 3.28

ted

6. DISCUSS :
6.1. Explain the change in air when traveling through the aerodynamic tube
based on the change of the humidity of the air.

Figure 1. The change of state of the air when passing through the aerodynamic
duct according to the theory

*Note: j is

● When passing the cooling equipment: The state change of air is performed by
straight line AB and BC.
- At the first stage of cooling process (AB): The absolute humidity of air d
is unchanged (because the water content is unchanged) but the
temperature is reduced to dew-point temperature. The relative humidity j
increases gradually to saturation state j = 1. At the dew-point
temperature B, responding to saturation state, the water starts
condensing.
- At the final stage of the cooling process (BC): The relative humidity j =
1 because the air is now saturated. Due to continued cooling, the air
temperature continues to decrease. The absolute humidity d reduces
because of condensed water that reduces the water content in humidity
of the air.
 ● When passing the drying equipment: The state change of air is performed by
straight line CD. The absolute humidity of air is unchanged (because the water
content is unchanged) but the air temperature increases gradually, the relative
humidity j reduces.
● When passing the steam nozzle: The state change of air is performed by straight
line DE and DE’.
- If using saturated steam: The state change of air is performed by straight line
DE. The absolute humidity d increases because the air receives humidity.
Enthalpy i increases also because the air receives heat from saturated steam.
- If using overheated steam: The state change of air is performed by a straight
line DE and DE’. The more superheated the steam, the closer the line is to DE’.
The absolute humidity d increases because the air receives humidity. Enthalpy i
increases also because the air receives heat from overheated steam but the
increase is smaller than saturated steam.

6.2. Explain why you can determine the humidity of the air through the dry bulb
and wet bulb temperature

● Temperature of dry bulb: the temperature of air mixture is determined

by normal thermometer

The temperature of dry bulb is the temperature of air because the mercury bulb
exposes directly to air

● Temperature of wet bulb: the stable temperature achieved when the

small water content evaporated into air mixture unsaturated steam at the
adiabatic condition.

The temperature of a wet bulb is determined by a normal thermometer which is

covered by a wet fabric at the mercury bulb. Water is added into mercury bulb, water
evaporates at adiabatic condition in endothermic humid air which makes the air
temperature reduces, wait for the temperature to change, that is the temperature of wet
bulb. Therefor, we should add water into cup regularly
 The drier the air or the lower the relative humidity j, the more water around the
thermometer will evaporate and the more heat is lost in the air layer, so the wet bulb
temperature is small and the temperature difference between the dry bulb and the wet
bulb is big. When the air is relatively dry j = 0, the temperature difference is
maximum. Conversely, when the air is saturated with humidity or relative humidity =
100%, the water around the thermometer bulb cannot evaporate and therefore the dry-
bulb and wet-bulb temperature values are the same or the difference is zero. As can be
seen, the wet bulb temperature is the saturation temperature corresponding to the
saturation pressure of water vapor in the humid air. Thus, the temperature difference
between the dry bulb and the wet bulb characterizes the ability of the air to receive
moisture, so in the drying technique, it is called the drying potential ε.

Figure 2. Determine air humidity through dry bulb and wet bulb temperature

From the temperature tw align to line t = const, intersect line j = 1 at point A

 From A follow the line I = const intersects the line t d at point B, B is the status
of air which is determined by tw and td

Line j = const goes through B point showing the relative humidity of air.

● Determine the air humidity through the temperature of dry and wet bulb

The relative humidity of air j is determined by a hygrometer. There are a lot of

hygrometers nowadays. Hygrometer operates following different principles but they
have the same thermodynamic basis.

The hygrometers determined the air relative humidity based on the difference
between dry thermometer and wet thermometer (t d – tw). Assuming that q1 is the heat
that the air supplies for the mercury bulb of the wet thermometer and q 2 is the heat that
the water around mercury bulb consumes to evaporate.

q1 = q2 (1)

According to heat transfer theory: q1 = α (td – tw). (2)

And:q2=qm.r (3)

Where α (W/m2.K) natural convection heat exchange coefficient

qm (kg/m2.s) is evaporation intensity

r is humidification heat

Evaporation intensity qm can be approximately calculated by the Dalton formula

throughout evaporation coefficient αm (kg/m2.s.bar) and pressure difference between
the saturation pressure corresponding to the wet thermometer temperature p m and the
pressure of water vapor pa in the humid air.

Where B is atmospheric pressure when determining relative humidity j

If B is measured by bar, we have the formula:

 (4)

Substitute q1 in (2) and q2 (qm) in (3), (4) to (1):

(5)

Where (6a)

A coefficient is the hygrometer coefficient and depends on the coefficient of

heat exchange α and coefficient of evaporation αm. These coefficients depend on the
natural speed of the air. Thus, we can consider A = f(v). Experiment shows that when
the speed v < 0.5 m/s, then A = 66.10 -5 and when v > 0.5 m/s, the coefficient A is
determined by the formula

(6b)

From (5), the pressure pa of steam:

(7)

=> We have the formula to determine relative humidity j follow to saturated

pressure pb and the different (td – tw)

(8)

In (8) pm and pb are all saturated pressure but p m is the saturated pressure
corresponding to wet thermometer temperature t w and pm is the saturated pressure
corresponding to dry thermometer temperature td. Relative humidity is determined
when the wet thermometer temperature t w and dry thermometer temperature td are
given.
6.3. Comparisons between the process cooling, drying and spraying to the wet air
in diagram i-d of the theory and reality. Explain the difference.

The change of air state when passing through the tube is performed as the type below:

Figure 3. The change of state of the air when passing through the aerodynamic
duct according to the reality

● When passing through the cooling equipment (AB’, B’B): The change of air
state does not suit the theory. At the last position of cooling point (C point), the
air state is not saturated as in theory, it is unsaturated. However, with the wind
velocity being 2.7 m/s, the situation receives more saturated vapor, the air state
is quite similar to theory, that means at this time, the air is at a saturated state.
The cause is the air coming out of the cooling equipment and receiving heat
from the environment before reaching the dry bulb thermometer and wet bulb
thermometer. The value of temperature at wet and dry bulbs is incorrect. For
this process, we observe that the wind velocity affects the experimental result.
 ● When passing through drying equipment (BC): The change of air state does not
like the theory. The drying process does not occur at the unchanged absolute
humidity condition d as the theory, the process has d value increasing
gradually. The air after coming out from drying equipment receives more
humidity from the environment before reaching the dry and wet bulb
thermometer.
● When passing through a steam nozzle (CD, CD’): The change of air state does
not suit the theory. D point is located near the j = 1 line, so at D point, the air
state is nearly saturated, not similar to theory. Enthalpy of the saturated
spraying process is not bigger than the overheating spraying process as theory,
however, there are some situations that are bigger or smaller. As the result of
experiment, D point when saturated spraying and overheat spraying process,
they are many times the same. The result has an error because the temperature
gauge and the system are old and inaccurate.

6.4. Comparisons between theoretical values and practical values

● Refrigeration capacity of the cooler:

Theory: Qo = (1,44 ¸ 1,96) kW

Reality: Qo’ = 0,746 kW

=> The value of theory is bigger than real refrigeration capacity. Because the heat loss
releases to the environment, that makes the heat from air released bigger than the heat
from the cooler received. There is some error in data searching to calculate Q0

● The water content separated from the cooler:

Theory: GW = (1,32 ¸ 1,56) kg/h

Reality: GW’ = (1,2 ¸ 1,6) kg/h

=> The value of theory approximates to that of reality

● The heat supplied from drying equipment:

Theory: Q = (1,2 ¸ 1,88) kW

Reality: Q’ = 2 kW

=> The value of theory is smaller than reality. Because the heat loss releases to the
environment, that makes the heat received by the air smaller than the heat supplied by
drying equipment. There is some error in calculating data.

6.5. The cause of the errors between practice and theory.

- Error due to dry bulb and wet bulb temperature readings on digital meter: The
numbers displayed on the clock are often unstable but fluctuate around 1-2 oC,
so the readings are not very accurate.
- Error due to condensate flow: The volume on the cylinder and the volume
measurement are not accurate
- Error due to equipment: The inlet air flow is not stable, the device is not
completely insulated and moisture-proof from the environment
- Error due to calculation: Error due to looking up values of j, i, d on diagram i -
d