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RAIPUR REGION
STUDENT SUPPORT MATERIAL
CLASS-XII
Session 2020-21
STUDENT SUPPORT MATERIAL
INSPIRATION
MsChandana Mandal, Deputy Commissioner, KVS RO Raipur
Shri A.K.Mishra, Assistant Commissioner, KVS RO Raipur
MrsB.Mishra, Assistant Commissioner, KVS RO Raipur
MENTOR
Shri N.K.Sinha, Principal,
KendriyaVidyalayaAmbikapur
1
SYLLABUS
Optics
TOTAL 70
2
DELETED TOPICS FOR SESSION 2020-21
3
ELECTROSTATICS
* Coulomb’s Law: -
F = Kq1q2/r2
Here, K = 1/4πε0 = 9×109 Nm2C-2 (in free space)
* Electric field ( ) :- The strength of an electric field is measured by the force experienced by
a unit positive charge placed at that point. The direction of field is given by the direction of
motion of a unit positive charge if it were free to move.
Unit of E is Newton/Coulumb
* Electric Dipole:- An electric dipole consists of two equal and opposite charges situated very
close to each other.For example HCl molecule.
Dipole moment P= q (2a)
Where q value of a charge of dipole and 2a is the distance between two charges
* Electric Flux:- It depends on number of electric field lines passing through a surface
perpendicularly
Φ = (E)(ds)cos⍬
* Gauss Theorem:- It states that, for any distribution of charges, the total electric flux linked
with a closed surface is 1/ε0 times the total charge with in the surface.
⨜E ds= q/ε0
* Capacity:- The capacity of a conductor is defined as the ratio between the charge of the
conductor to its potential C = Q/V
4
* Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor C= ε0A/d
* Capacitance of a spherical conductorCair = 4πε0R
* Potential energy of a charged capacitor (Energy stored in a capacitor):-
W = ½ QV = ½ Q2/C = ½ CV2
1. Draw the pattern of electric field lines when a point charge +q is kept near an uncharged
conduction plate.
2. A charge of 10-10 C given to a sphere raises its potential from 1.5 V to 6.5 V. What is the
radius of the sphere?
Ans:
3. A cylindrical capacitor has a length of 1 m and its inner cylinder has a radius of 5 cm. If the
outer cylinder has a radius of 50 cm, What is the capacitance .
Ans:
4. A table tennis ball which has been covered with a conducting point is suspended by a light
thread so that it hangs between two metal p.a.es. One plate is earthed, while other is attached to
high voltage generator, the ball
A. hangs without moving
B. swings backward & forward hitting each plate in turn
C. is attracted to the high voltage plate and stays there
D. is repelled by earthed plate and stays there
Ans.B
Solution: By induction the tennis ball gets -ve charge and gets attracted to the +ve plate and
touches it. Charges are then shared Like chargesrepel and hence ball moves away & touches the
earthed plate which gives its charge and goes to initial position & process repeats.
5. What is the relevance of large value of K ( =81) for water?
5
Ans: It makes water a great solvent. This is because the binding force of attraction between
oppositely charged ions of the substance in water becomes 1/81 of the force between these ions
in air
6. Given a uniformly charged plane/ sheet of surface charge density σ = 2 X 1017 C/m2 .
(i) Find the electric field intensity at a point A, 5mm away from the sheet on the left side.
(ii) Given a straight line with three points X, Y & Z placed 50 cm away from the charged sheet
on the right side. At which of these points, the field due to the sheet remain the same as that of
point A and why?
6
dv
(b) (i) E = -
dr
For same change in dV, E α 1/dr
where ‘dr’ represents the distance between equipotential surfaces. Diagram of equipotential
surface due to a dipole
(ii) Polarity of charge – negative
Direction of electric field – radially inward
08. Given two parallel conducting plates of area A and charge densities + σ & -σ. A dielectric
slab of constant K and a conducting slab of thickness d each are inserted in between them as
shown.
(i) Find the potential difference between the plates.
(ii) Plot E versus x graph, taking x=0 at positive plate and x=5d at negative plate.
Ans:
LEVEL -1
1. The energy stored per unit volume of a parallel plate air capacitor is 4.427 J/m3. If the
potential difference between its plates is 1000 V. What is the distance between the plates ?
Ans: 10-3 m
2. Four charge of magnitude 2/3 nC, - 8/3 nC, and 2 nC and - 10/3 nC are placed at the
corners A, B, C and D of a square of side 0.02 m. What is the potential at the centre?
7
−1500
Ans: V
√2
3. Which one of the following graphs represents the variation of electric field strength E
with distance ‘r' from the centre of a uniformly charged non conducting sphere?
Ans;
Ans: 2 C
5. A parallel plate capacitor has plates of unequal area. The larger plate is connected to the
positive terminal of the battery and smaller plate to -ve terminal. Let Q+ and Q- be the charges
appearing on the positive and negative plates respectively
A. Q+ > Q-
B. Q+ = Q-
C. Q+ < Q-
D. None of these
Ans: B
LEVEL-2
6. An infinite number of charges of equal magnitude ‘q' nC but opposite sign are placed
along x axis At x = 1, x = 2, x = 4, x = 8 ……… and so on. The electric potential at x = 0 due
to these charges will be
Ans: 6qV
7. A and B are two parallel plate air capacitors. A has square plate of side 1 unit
separated by a distance d. B has circular plates of radius 1 unit separated by the same distance
d. What is the ratio of Capacitances of A and B?
Ans: 7/22
8. Three point charges 4q, Q and q are placed in a straight line of length l at points distant
0, l/2 and l respectively. The net force on charge q is zero. What is the value of Q ?
Ans: -q
9. A parallel plate air-filled capacitor has a capacitance of 2 . When it is half-filled with a
dielectric of dielectric constant k =3 its capacitance become
8
Ans: 4 Micro F
LEVEL-3
10. A neutral hydrogen molecule has two protons and two electrons. If one of the electrons
is removed, we get a hydrogen molecular ion (H2+). In the ground state of H2+ , the two protons
are separated by roughly 1.5 Angstrom and the electron is roughly 1 Angstrom from each
proton. What is the potential energy of the system?
Ans: -19.2 e V
11. The magnitude of the electric field on the surface of a sphere of radius r having a
uniform surface charge density is
Ans: σ/εo
12. A charge of 8 mC is located at the origin. Calculate the work done in taking a small
charge of -2 × 10 -10 C from a point P (0, 0, 3 cm) to a point Q (0, 4 ,0 cm,) Via a point R (0, 6
cm, 9cm.
Ans: 1.27 J
13. A cube of side d has a charge q at each of its vertices. Determine the potential and
electric field due to this charge array at the centre of the cube.
4q
Ans: v= , E= 0
√ 3 π ∈ob
14. Obtain the equivalent capacitance of the network in Fig. For a 300 V supply, determine
the charge and voltage across each capacitor.
9
Current Electricity
Mind mapping / Concept mapping
Concept Map
10
FORMULA REMEMBERING
QUESTIONS / ANSWERS
1. A 10 V battery o f negligible internal resistance is connected across a 200 V battery and a
resistance of 38 11. Find the value of the current in circuit.
E 200 10
Ans: I= = = 5A
r + R 038
2. The plot of the variation of potential difference across a combination of three identical
cells in series, versus current is as shown below. What is the emf of each cell?
Ans: Let E be emf of each cell and r be the total internal resistance of circuit. The equation of
terminal potential differenceV = 3E -Ir (1)
8. Two students ‘X’ and ‘Y’ perform an experiment on potentiometer separately using the
circuit given. Keeping other parameters unchanged, how will the position of the null
point be affected it (i) ‘X’ increases the value of resistance R in the set-up by keeping the
key K1 closed and the key K2 open? (ii) ‘Y’ decreases the value of resistance S in the set-
up, while the key K2 remain open and the key K1 closed? Justify.
Explanation: In semiconductor the number density of free electrons (n) increases with
increase in temperature (I) and consequently the relaxation period decreases. But the effect of
increase in n has higher impact than decrease of ρ. So, resistivity decreases with increase in
temperature.
10. In the given circuit, assuming point A to be at zero potential, use Kirchhoff’s rules to
determine the potential at point B.
Ans:By KCL, current in DC branch I = 3-1 = 2A
12
Applying KVL along path ACDB,
VA + 2 + 2X2 - 4 = VB
=>VB = VA + 2 = 0 + 2 = 2V
11. State the principle of working of a potentiometer. Define potential gradient and write its
S.I. unit.
Ans: Principle of potentiometer - When a constant current flow through a wire of uniform
cross-sectional area, the potential drop across any portion of the wire is directly
proportional to the length of that portion.
The fall of potential per unit length along potentiometer wire is called the potential gradient.
The S.I. unit of potential gradient is volt/metre.
12. State the principle on which the working of a meter bridge is based. Under what condition
is the error in determining the unknown resistance minimized?
Ans: the working of a meter bridge is based on the principle of Wheatstone’s bridge. To
minimize the error in determining the unknown resistance, the position of balanced point
should be in the middle of meter-bridge wire.
13. Determine the current in each branch of the network shown in fig
(A)If both Statement I and Statement II are true and the statement II is the correct explanation
of the statement I.
(B)If both Statement I and Statement II are true but statement II is not the correct explanation
of the statement I.
(C)If Statement I is true but Statement II is false.
(D) If the Statement I and Statement II both are false.
(E) If Statement I is false but Statement II is true.
Answer: A
16:
(A)If both Statement I and Statement II are true and the statement II is the correct explanation of
the statement I.
(B)If both Statement I and Statement II are true but statement II is not the correct explanation
of the statement I.
(C )If Statement I is true but Statement II is false.
(D )If the Statement I and Statement II both are false.
(E)If Statement I is false but Statement II is true.
Answer: A
14
Q17.
15
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
LEVEL-1
Q.1 The storage battery of a car h as an emf of 12 V. If the internal resistance of the battery is
0.4Ω, what is the maximum current that can be drawn from the battery?
Ans: I=30 A
Q.2 A battery of emf 10 V and internal resistance 3 Ω is connected to a resistor. I f the
current in the circuit is 0.5 A, what i s the resistance of the resistor? What is the terminal
voltage of the battery when the circuit is closed?
Ans:Resistance is 17 Ω and the terminal voltage is 8.5V
Q.3 A negligibly small current is passed through a wire of length 15 m and uniform cross-
section 6.0 × 10−7 m2, and its resistance is measured to be 5.0 Ω. What is the resistivity of the
material at the temperature of the experiment?
Ans: resistivity of the material is 2 × 10−7 Ω m.
Q.4 A silver wire has a resistance of 2.1 Ω at 27.5 °C, and a resistance of 2.7 Ω at 100 °C.
Determine the temperature coefficient of resistivity of silver.
Ans: Temperature coefficient of silver is 0.0039°C−1.
Q.5Which has a greater resistance-1kW electric heater or a 100W filament bulb both marked for
220V?
Ans:100W bulb has a greater resistance.
LEVEL-2
Q.6 A heating element using nichrome connected to a 230 V supply draws an initial current of
3.2 A which settles after a few seconds toa steady value of 2.8 A. What is th e steady temperature
of the heating element if the room temperature is 27.0 °C? Temperature coefficient of
resistance of nichrome averaged over the temperature range involved is 1.70 × 10−4 °C −1.
Ans: The steady temperature of the heating element is 867.5°C.
Q.7 Calculate the electrical conductivity of the material of a conductor of length 3m,area of cross
section 0.02mm2 having a resistance of 2Ω.
Ans:75x 106Ω-1 m-1.
Q.8 A cylindrical wire is streached to increase its length by 10%.Calculate the percentage
increase in resistance.
Ans:21%.
Q.9 A cell of emf 2V and internal resistance 0.1. is connected to a 3.9Ω external
resistance .What will be the p.d. across the terminals of the cell?
Ans:V= 1.95V
Q.10 A dry cell of emf 1.6V and internal resistance 0.01Ω is connected to a resistance RΩ. The
current drawn from the cell is 2.0A .Find the voltage drop across R.
Ans: r =1.1Ω
LEVEL-3
Q.11 In a potentiometer arrangement, a cell of emf 1.25 V gives a balance point at 35.0 cm
length of the wire. If the cell is replaced by another cell and the balance point shifts to 63.0 cm,
what is the emf of the second cell?
Ans: The emf of second cell is 2.25V.
Q.12 The number density of free electrons in a copper conductor is
8.5 × 1028 m−3. How long does an electron take to drift from one end of a wire 3.0 m long to its
other end? The area of cross-section of the wire is 2.0 × 10−6 m2 and it is carrying a current of 3.0
A.
16
Ans: t=2.7 × 104 s.
Q.13 In a potentiometer circuit, a battery of negligible internal resistance is set up as shown to
develop a constant potential gradient along the wire AB. Two cells of
emfsE 1 and E 2 are connected in series as shown in the combination (1) and (2)(separately). The
balance points are obtained respectively at 400cm and 250cm from the point A.
Find E 1/ E2 .Ans: E 1/ E 2 =13:3.
Q.14 In the potentiometer circuit shown, the balance point is at X. State with reason where
the balance point will be shifted when (i)Resistance R is increased, keeping all parameters
unchanged.
(ii)Resistance S is increased keeping R constant.
(iii)Cell P is replaced by another cell whose emf is lower than that of that cell Q.
Ans: (i) R increased then pot.gradient decreases then balance point will shift towards B.(ii) no
effect (iii) balance point not obtained on the wire because pot.drop across the wire is less than
the emf of the cell Q.
Q.15 In a meter bridge, the null point is found at a distance of 33.7 cm from A. If a
resistance of 12 c is connected in parallel with S, the null point occurs at 51.9 cm from A.
Determine the values of R and S.
17
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R).
Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given
below. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A (b) Both A and R
are true but R is not the correct explanation of A (c) A is true but R is false (d) A is false
and R is also false.
1. Assertion: Magnetic field interacts with a moving charge and not with a stationary
charge.
Reason: A moving charge produces a magnetic field.
Correct answer: A
18
2. Assertion: A circular loop carrying current lies in XY plane with its center at origin having a
magnetic flux in negative Z-axis.
Reason: Magnetic flux direction is independent of the direction of current in the conductor.
Correct answer: C
3. Assertion: Magnetic field due to an infinite straight conductor varies inversely as the
distance from it.
Reason: The magnetic field due to a straight conductor is in the form of concentric circles.
Correct Answer: B
4.Assertion: The coils of a spring come close to each other, when current is passed through it.
Reason: It is because, the coils of a spring carry current in the same direction and hence attract
each other.
Correct answer: A
5. Assertion: The magnetic field at the ends of a very long current carrying solenoid is half of
that at the center.
Reason: If the solenoid is sufficiently long, the field within it is uniform.
Correct Answer: B
6. Assertion: Kinetic of a charged particle moving in magnetic field is constant.
Reason: Force acting on the charged particle is perpendicular to the velocity of particle.
Correct answer: A
7. Assertion: If a charged particle is moving on a circular path in a perpendicular magnetic
field, the momentum of the particle is not changing,
Reason: Velocity of the particle in not changing in the magnetic field.
Correct answer: D
8. Assertion: Vertical component of earth’s magnetic field is maximum at poles and minimum
at equator.
Reason: The declination is greater at higher latitudes and smaller near the equator.
Correct answer: B
9. Assertion: The voltage sensitivity may not necessarily increase on increasing the current
sensitivity.
Reason: Current sensitivity increases on increasing the number of turns of the coil.
Correct answer: B
10.Assertion (A): If an electron and proton enter a magnetic field with equal momentum, then
the paths of both of them will be equally curved.
Reason (R): The magnitude of charge on an electron is same as that on a proton.
Correct answer: A
11. A magnetic needle free to rotate in a vertical plane parallel to the magnetic meridian has its
north tip down at 60° with the horizontal. The horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic
field at the place is known to be 0.4 G. Determine the magnitude of the earth’s magnetic field at
the place.
BH 0.4
B= = ×2=0.8 G
cos 60 1
12. If the magnetic field is parallel to the positive y-axis and a electron is moving along the
positive x-axis, which way would the Lorentz force act
D irection of B is+Y Axis∧direction of v is+ Xaxis
19
Direction of force will be along - ⃗v × B ⃗ as electron is negatively charged. Therefore using
property of cross product or Flemings left hand rule the force will be along -Z axis of
vectors
13. Magnetic field lines can be entirely confined within the core of a toroid, but not within a
straight solenoid. Why?
Magnetic field lines can be entirely confined within the core of a toroid because toroid has
no ends. A solenoid is open ended and the field lines inside it which is parallel to the
length of the solenoid, cannot form closed curved inside the solenoid.
14. Two particles A and B with same charges and different masses (m A and
mB respectively) are moving in a plane inside uniform magnetic field which
is perpendicular to the plane. The speed of the particles are vAandvB
respectively and the trajectories are as shown in figure. Which of the two
has greater momentum.
m A v A mB v B
r A > r B hence > ⇒m A v A >mB v B
qB qB
15. An α-particle and proton are projected with same velocity in a direction perpendicular to
magnetic field. What is the ratio of radius of circular path traced by the two particles?
r α mα q p 4 2 8
= × = × =
r p m p qα 1 1 1
rα 8
=
rp 1
16. Current I enters a uniform circular loop of radius R at M and flows out at N as shown in
figure. Obtain the magnetic field at the centre of loop.
Magnetic field of current I1 at point O
⃗ 1 μ0 I 1
B1= Pointing inwards
4 2R
3I ⃗ μ0 3 I 1 3 μ0 I
I 1= ∴ B1 = =
4 2 R 4 4 32 R
20
18. Two wires of same length are shaped into a square and a circle if they carry same current,
what is the ratio of their magnetic moment?
M 1 a2
=
M2 π r 2
2a
2 πr =4 a hence r =
π
M 1 a2 a
2
π
= = =
M2 π r 2 4a 4
2
π 2
π
19. A circular coil of ‘N’ turns and diameter ‘d’ carries a current ‘I’. It is unwound and
rewound to make another coil of diameter ‘2d’, current ‘I’ remaining the same. Calculate the
ratio of the magnetic moments of the new coil and the original coil.
M =NIA=NIπ r 2
' N
N×2πr=N′×2π×2r or N =
2
N
M ' =N ' Iπ ( 2 r )2= Iπ × 4 r 2 =2 NIπ r 2=2 M
2
M' 2
=
M 1
20. A closely wound solenoid 80 cm long has 5 layers of windings of 400 turns each. The
diameter of the solenoid is 1.8 cm. If the current carried is 8.0 A, estimate the magnitude of B
inside the solenoid near its centre.
B=μ 0 n I
2000
N=5 × 400=2000∴ n= =2500
0.8
−7 −3
B=4 π × 10 ×2500 × 8=8 π ×10 T
21. A long straight wire AB carries a current I. A proton travels with a speed ‘v’, parallel to the
wire at a distance‘r’ from it in a direction opposite to the current as shown in the figure. What is
the magnitude and direction of force experienced by the proton?
μ0 I
B=
2 πr
μ0 I
F=qvB=qv
2 πr
μ 0 Iev
F=
2 πr
Force is repulsive
22. Two similar coils of radius R, carrying current 1A and √ 3A are lying
concentrically with their planes at right angles to each other as shown in figure. Find
magnetic field at the centre of the coils.
B= √ B21 +B 22
μ0 I μ0
B 1= =
2R 2a
21
μ0 I √ 3 μ0
B2= =
2R 2 R
μ0 2μ μ
B=
2R
√ 2
12+ √ 3 ⇒ B= 0 ∨B= 0
2R R
23. In the magnetic meridian of a certain place, the horizontal component of the earth’s
magnetic fieldis 0.26G and the dip angle is 60°. What is the magnetic field of the earth and
vertical component of earth’s at this location?
BH
B= =0.52G
cos 60
BV =BSinδ =0.52 × √ =0.45 G
3
2
24. A square loop of side 20 cm carrying current of 1A is kept near an infinite long straight
wire carrying a current of 2A in the same plane as shown in the figure. Calculate the magnitude
and direction of the net force exerted on the loop due to the current
carrying conductor.
F=F AB −FCD
μ I I
F= 0 1 2 l
2π r
−7
F=2 ×10 ×2 ×1 ( 1
−
10 30 )1 16
20= x 10-7 N towards the wire
3
25. A particle of mass m and charge q is in motion at speed v parallel to a long straight
conductor carrying current I as shown below. Find magnitude and direction of electric field
required so that the particle goes deflected
For passing undeflected, F E =−F B
F B=q( vi x Bk )=−q v B j
Magnetic force is along negative y axis
This is possible only , F E =qE acts along positive y axis
Or v=( E /B) i
26. The figure shows three infinitely long straight parallel
current carrying conductors. Find the
(i) magnitude and direction of the net magnetic field at point A lying on conductor 1,
(ii) magnetic force on conductor 2.
μ0 3 I
B2= normally inward
2 πr
μ 4I μ 2I
B 3= 0 = 0 normally outward
2 π ×3 r 3 πr
22
( )
μ0 I 3 2 5 μ0 I
B A =B 2−B 3= − = normally inward
πr 2 3 6 πr
2
μ0 I × 3 I μ 0 3 I
F 21= = Away ¿ 1
2 πr 2 πr
2
μ 0 4 I ×3 I μ 0 6 I
F 23= = Away ¿3
2 π ×2 r 2 πr
μ03 I 2
F 2=F23−F 21= Away ¿3
2 πr
PRACTISE QUESTIONS
1. An α-particle and a proton of the same kinetic energy are in turn allowed to pass through a
magnetic field B, acting normal to the direction of motion of the particles. Calculate the ratio of
radii of the circular paths described by them.
r =√
2 mKE
qB
Ratio of radii 1:1
2. (a) A point charge q moving with speed v enters a uniform magnetic field B
that is acting into the plane of the paper as shown. What is the path followed by
the charge q and in which plane does it move?
(b) How does the path followed by the charge get affected if its velocity has a
component parallel to B?
(c) If an electric field E is also applied such that the particle continues moving
along the original straight line path, what should be the magnitude and direction
of the electric field E?
a. The charge q describes a circular path ; anticlockwise in XY plane.
b. The path will become helical.
c. Direction of Lorentz magnetic force is –Y. Applied electric field should be in +Y
direction and E=vB
3. A neutron, an electron and an alpha particle moving with equal velocities, enter a uniform
magnetic field going into the plane of the paper as shown. Trace their paths in the field and
justify your answer.
Direction of force experienced by the particle will be according to the Fleming’s Left
hand rule
23
4. (a) Draw the pattern of magnetic field lines for a circular coil carrying
current.
(b) Two identical circular loops X and Y of radius R and carrying the same
current are kept in perpendicular planes such that they have a common
centre at P as shown in the figure. Find the magnitude and direction of the
net magnetic field at the point P due to the loops.
μ0 IR
2
B1=B2=
4 2 ( x 2 + R2 )3 /2
B= √ B1 +B 2
2 2
μ0 √ 2 I R 2
B=
4 π 2 2 32
(x +R )
24
μ0 I −18
F=qvB=qv =2.56 ×10 N away ¿ AB
2 πr
10. For two straight parallel metallic conductors carrying current assume that attractive force is
taken as negative and repulsive force is positive, represent graphically the following:
(a) Force vs product of current when current in the two conductors are in the same direction.
(b) Force vs product of current when current in the two conductors are in the opposite direction
(c) Force vs distance between the two conductors when current in the two conductors are in the
opposite direction.
25
UNIT IV:
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING
CURRENTS
FORMULAE
1. Magnetic flux - Ø = B. A
2 Induced emf = rate of change of flux = d Ø / dt = Ø 2 - Ø 1 / t2 - t1
3. Induced emf in a coil I = E / R = BlV / R
4.Self-inductance L = Ø / I = - E / dI / dt
5.Mutual inductance M = Ø / I = Es / ( dI / dt)
6. Alternating emf e = (nAB ω) sin ω t = Em sin ω t
7. Alternating current I = e /R = Em sin ω t / R
8.The mean value of alternating currentImean = 2Io/ π = 0.636Io
9. Mean or average value of AC I mean = I ave = 0
10. RMS value of AC Irms = I0 / √ 2 = Imax / √ 2
11. Reactance due to inductance XL= ωL
12. Reactance due to capacitance Xc = 1 / ωC
13. Impedance in LCR circuit Z = √ [R2+ ( L ω - 1/ω C) 2]
14. At resonance XL=Xc , ω = 1 / √ LCf = 1 / 2π √ LC
15. Average power = ErmsIrms cos Ø
16Transformer Es /Ep = Ns / Np = Ip / Is
17.A series circuit L-C-R is connected to an a.c. source havingvoltage(i)L-C-R circuit(ii)phasor
diagram (iii) graphs of V and I versus ω t forthecircuit
26
27
Q.1.Define magnetic flux. Write its S.I. unit. Is it a scalar or vectorquantity?
Ans. Magnetic flux: It is defined as the total number of magnetic lines of forcepassing
normally through a given surface
It’s S.I. unit is Weber (Wb). It is a scalar quantity
28
(ii) Themagnitudeofinducedemfinacircuitisequaltotimerateofchangeofmagnetic
fluxlinkedwiththecircuit. i,e, e=N dϕ/dt =N (ϕ2-ϕ1) /t
Q.4 When a bar magnet is pushed towards or away from the coil connected to a galvanometer,
pointer in galvanometer deflects. Identify the phenomenon causing this deflection and write
the factors on which the amount and direction of the deflection depends.
Ans. Phenomenon :Electromagneticinduction
Factors : (i) Amount of deflection depends on the speed of movement of the magnet
(ii)Direction of deflection depends on the sense (towards or away) of the movement ofthe
magnet
Q5.A rectangular loop and a circular loop are moving out of a uniform magnetic field region to
a field-free region with a constant velocity v. In which loop do you expect the induced emf to
be constant during the passage out of the field region? The field is normal totheloops.
Ans. In rectangular loop
Reason :In the case of circular loop, the rate of change of area of the loop during its
passage out of the field region is not constant, hence induced emf will vary accordingly.
Q.6. StateLenz’slaw.
Ans. Lenz’s law :The direction of induced current is such that it opposes the change
in magnetic flux responsible for its production
Q7. Illustrate by giving an example, how Lenz’s law helps in predicting the direction of the
current in a loop in the presence of a changing magneticflux?
Ans:When north pole is moved towards loop, due to Lenz’s Law loop will repel it by
inducing current in anticlockwise direction. Similarly, when north pole is taken away
current will be induced in clockwise direction.
Q.8 Predict the polarity of the capacitor in the situation describedbelow:
[ Ans. A –positive
B-negative
Q.9.A bar magnet is moved in the direction indicated by the arrow between two coils PQ and
Q10The electric current flowing in a wire in the direction from B to A is decreasing. Find out
the direction of the induced current in the metallic loop kept above the wireas shown.
Ans.Clockwise
Q11. A bar magnet falls from height through a metal ring as shown in figure.
(i) Will its acceleration be equal to?
(ii) What will happens if the ring in the above case is cut so as notto form a
complete loop ? Justify youranswer.
Ans. (i) acceleration will be less than g ( a<g )
Reason :as the magnet falls, magnetic flux inked with the metal ring increases. By the Lenz’s
law, induced current in the ring opposes the downward motion of the magnet
(ii) acceleration will be equal to g (a=g )
Reason :when the ring has a cut, emf will be induced but no induced current flows through it.
Hence motion of the magnet is not opposed. Magnet will fall with acceleration equal to g
Q12. What are eddy currents ? How are theyproduced?Give two uses ofeddycurrents
Ans. Eddy currents :The induced circulating currents produced in the bulk piece of a
conductor, when it is subjected to a changing magnetic flux, are known as eddy currents
Produced:Eddy currents are produced when a bulk conductor is placed in a changing magnetic
field
Uses: (i) magnetic braking in electric trains
(ii) to produce heat in inductionfurnaces
(iii) electro magneticdamping
Q 13. A light metal disc on the top of an electromagnet is thrown up as the current is switched
on. Why ? Givereason.
Ans. Due to eddy currents set up inthedisc
Reason :As the current is switched on, eddy currents are set up in metal disc due to increasing
magnetic flux.
By Lenz’s law lower face of the disc will have the same polarity as that on the top end of the
Electromagnet, resulting in a repulsive force. Hence, it is thrown up
Q.14. What is meant by self induction?
30
Ans. Self induction :When a changing current is passed through a coil, an emf is induced in
the coil due to change in magnetic flux passing through it. This phenomenon is called self-
induction.
Q15. Define self-inductance of a coil. Write itsS.I. unit.
Ans. Self inductance :It is defined as the total magnetic flux linked with the coil, when unit
current flows through it.
Its S.I. unit is Henry (H)
Q16. A plot of magnetic fluxversuscurrentis shown in the figure for two inductors and ,
which of the two has larger value of self-inductance andwhy?
Ans. Inductor A
Reason:ϕ=LI
⇨ L= ϕ/I= slope
(Slope) A> (slope)B
Q17. Figure shows an inductor and a resistor connected in parallel to a battery through
aswitch.The resistance is same as that of coil that makes . Two identical bulbs are put in each
arm of the circuit.
(i) Which of the bulbs lights up earlier when S is closed?
(i) Will the two bulbs be equally bright after some time? Give reason for
youranswer.
Ans. (i) Bulb lights up earlier
Reason :induced emf across opposes growth of current in
(ii) yes, after some time both bulbs will be equally bright
Reason :after some time current reached its maximum value in
and self-induction plays no role
Q19.What is meant by mutual induction?
[Ans. Mutual induction :When a changing current is passed through a coil, an emf is induced
in the neighbouring coil due to change in magnetic flux passing through it. This phenomenon is
called mutual-induction.
Q20. Define Mutual inductance of a coil. Write itsS.I.unit.
Ans. Mutual inductance :Mutual inductance of two coils may be defined as the total magnetic
flux linked with one coil, when unit current flows through the other coil. Its S.I. unit is Henry
(H)
Q21. Figure given below shows an arrangement by which current flows through the bulb (X)
connected with coil B, when a.c. is passed through coil A . Explain the
followingobservations:
Let a current i flows through the inductor from A to B. Whenever electric current changes
through it, a back emf is generated. If the resistance of inductor is assumed to be zero (ideal
inductor) then induced emf in it is given by
e=VB-VA= - L di / dt
Thus, potential drops across an inductor as we movein the direction of current. But potential
also drops across a pure resistor when we move in the direction of thecurrent.
The main difference between a resistor and an inductor is that while a resistor opposes the
current through it, an inductor opposes the change in current through it.
Now answer the following questions.
(1) How does inductor behavewhen
(a) a steady current flow throughit?
(b) a steadily increasing, current flows throughit?
(c) a steadily decreasing current flows throughit?
(d) Name the phenomenon in which change in current in a coil induces EMF in coil
itself?
ANS:
(a) As electric current is steady thereforedi / dt = 0; induced emf = e = 0 and the inductor
behaves as short circuit.
(b) in the expressione= - L di / dt as di / dt is positive EMF is negative. that is VB < VA.
That is back EMF is generated that opposes the increase in current.
(c )di / dt is negative, therefore EMF is positive. that is VB > VA. Forward EMF is generated
that opposses fall in current.
(d) Self induction.
Q23. Assertion and Reason of the following statements, mark the correct Answers as-
A - if both Assertion and Reason -- are true and Reason -- is correct explanation of the
Assertion. B - if both Assertion and Reason -- are true but Reason -- is not correct
explanation of Assertion. C - if Assertion is true but Reason -- is false.
D - if both Assertion and Reason -- are false. E - if Assertion is false but Reason -- is true
1. Assertion-- The mutual induction of two coils is doubled, if the self-inductance of the
primary or secondary coil isdoubled
Reason -- Mutual induction is proportional to self-inductance of primary and secondary coils
32
Answer - C
4. Assertion- An electric motor will have maximum efficiency when back emf becomes
equal to half of appliedemf
Reason -- Efficiency of electric motor depends only on magnitude of back emf
Answer – C
5. Assertion- Armature current in DC motor is maximum when the motor has just started
Reason -- Armature current is given by I=E-e/R where e is back emf, R is resistance of
armature
Answer – B
6. Assertion- Eddy current is produced in any metallic conductor when magnetic flux is
changed aroundit
Reason -- Electric potential determine the flow of charge
Answer - B
Q24. The peak value of emf in an a.c. is E0. Write its (a) rms and
b)average value over a complete cycle.
Ans. (a) Erms=E0/2 (b) Zero
33
Q25. The instantaneous current from an a.c. sourceis I=10 Sin 314t .What is the rms value of
current
AnsIrms = I0/√2=10x0.707=70.7 A
Q26. (i) Explain the term capacitive reactance. Write itsS.I.unit.
(ii) Show graphically the variation of capacitive reactance with frequency of the applied
alternating voltage.
Ans. (i)Capacitivereactance:The obstruction offered by a capacitor to the flow of alternating
current through it, is called capacitive reactanceIts S. I. unit is Ohm
(ii) Graph Xc Vs f
Q27. A lamp is connected in series with an inductor and an a.c. source. What happens to the
brightness of the lamp when the key is plugged in and an iron rod is inserted inside the
inductor? Explain.
Ans: Brightness decreases
Reason :When iron rod is inserted, inductance(L) increases
Z= √ [R2+ XL2]=√ [R2+ (ω L) 2] also increases and current decreasesHence
brightness( I2 Z)decreases
(i) Mention the factors on which resonant frequency of a series circuit depends.
Plot a graph showing the variation of impedance of a series circuit with the frequency
of applied a.c.source.
Ans. (i) Factors :values of inductance and capacitance
f = 1 / 2π √ LC
Q28.When an a.c. source is connected to a pure capacitor show that the average power supplied
by the source over a complete cycle is zero. Also plot a graph showing the variation of voltage,
current, power and flux in onecycle.
Ans.Wehave,V=V0Sinωt& I=I0 Sin(ω t + π/2) =I0 Cos ωt
=∫ V 0 sin ω t I 0 cos ω t dt
0
34
Q29.An a.c. source of voltage V=V0Sinωtis connected one by one, to three circuit elements
X,Y and Z .
It is observed that the current flowinginthem,
(i) is in phase with the applied voltage forelementX
(ii) lags the applied voltage in phase by π/2 , forelementY
(iii) leads the applied voltage in phase by π/2 , for.element Z Identify the three
circuitelements.
35
Ans. (i) (ii)
Practice Questions
Q1. Explain, with the help of a suitable example, how we can show that Lenz’s law is a
consequence of the principle of conservation of energy.
Q7. An a.c. voltage V=V 0Sinωt is applied across a pure inductor of inductance L . Find an
expression for the current flowing in the circuit and show mathematically that the current
flowing through it is lags behind the applied voltage by of phase π/2 . Also draw (a) phasor
diagram (b) graphs of V and I versus ωt for the circuit.
36
Q10.When an a.c. source is connected than ideal inductor show that the average power supplied
by the source over a complete cycle is zero. Also plot a graph showing the variation of voltage,
current, power and flux in one cycle.
Q14. Figure shows two identical rectangular loops (1) and (2), placed on a table along with a
straight long current carrying conductor between them.
(i) What will be the direction of induced currents in the loops whenthey are pulled
away from the conductor with the same velocity?
(ii) Will the emfs induced in the two loops be equal ? Justify youranswer.
37
CHAPTER-8 (E M WAVE)
Electromagnetic Spectrum:
The classification of electromagnetic waves according to wavelength/ frequency is the
electromagnetic spectrum. There is no sharp division between one kind of wave and the next.
In order of increasing wavelength/decreasing frequency:-
γ -rays, X-rays, ultraviolet rays, visible rays, infrared rays, microwaves and radio waves
38
y - rays (i)have highest penetrating power, but very (i) used in treatment of cancer
small ionizing power &tumor
(ii)affect photographic plate (ii)used in detecting flaws in metal
(iii)the frequency range from 500 kHz to castings
about 1000 MHz. (iii)used in nuclear reactions
X - rays (i)ionize the gas through which they (i)used in detecting fractures in
pass bones
(ii)produce injurious effect on human body (ii) used in detecting
faults,cracks,haws& holes in metal
sheets
Ultraviole The sun is (i)can cause ionisation &pramotechemical (iii)usedininchecking
(i)used studying mineral
crystal
animportant Reaction samples
Rays source of UV (ii)when allowed to fall on metals can (ii)used in destroying bacteria
rays. cause emission of electrons &sterilizing surgical instruments
(iii)cause skin cancer when exposed to them (iii)used in preserving food stuff
(iv)used to check forged documents in
VisibleL i g h t (i) shows the phenomenon of the
(i)itforensic labsthe sense of vision
produces
reflection, refraction (ii)it provides the information about
(ii) from about 4 x 1014 Hz to about 7 the world
x 1014 Hz..
Infrared by hot bodies (i) absorbed by most of the (i) used in treating muscular
Rays and molecules. materials strain
(ii) raise the temperature of the object (ii)used in photography during fog,
on which they fall rain or Smoke
(iii)produce intensive heating effect (iii) used in greenhouse effect
(iv)used in checking of purity of
chemicals
(v)used in remote control of
Microwave In Klystron tube (i)produce heat when absorbed by matter T.V.&V.C.D.
(i)used in radar system for aircraft
(ii) obeys laws of reflection & navigation
refraction (ii)used in detecting the speed of cricke
(iii)These are short wavelength radio ball,tennisball,speed of
waves with frequencies in the gigahertz vehicles etc.
range. (iii)used in cooking (microwave
oven)
(iv)used in long distance
communication system via
geostationary satellite
Radiowave by accelerated Obeys laws of refraction &reflection (i)used in wireless
motion of communication
charges in (ii) used in radio,T.V.& cellular
wires. phones
Mnemonics to memories it
Gandhiji’s X-ray is Used Vigorously In Medical Research
39
Important Questions and Answer
1. What is meant by transverse nature of electromagnetic wave? Draw a diagram showing the
propagation of an electromagnetic wave along the x direction, indicating clearly the directions of
the oscillating electric and magnetic fields associated with it.(AI-2010,2008)
Ans:- E.M. waves are transverse in nature i,e, E & B are perpendicular to each other as well as
perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave.
2. Express velocity of propagation of e.m. waves in terms of the peak value of electric & magnetic
fields.
Ans:- ~
3.optical and radio telescopes are built on the ground while X- ray astronomy is possible only
from satellites orbiting the Earth. Why?
Ans. The earth’s atmosphere is transparent to visible light and radio waves but absorbs X-rays.
Satellites orbiting the earth at a height of 36000 km, where atmosphere is very thin and X-rays
are not absorbed.
4. The small ozone layer on top of the stratosphere is crucial for human survival. Why?
Ans. Ozone layer absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the sun and prevent these radiations from
reaching the earth which causes cancer.
5. Identify the following electromagnetic radiation as per the wavelength given below. Write one
application of each.
(a) 10-12m (b). 10-4m (c.) 106m
Ans:- Identification:- (a.) gamma rays use- radiotherapy (b.) Infrared rays use – haze photography
( c). long radio wave use in radio communication
6. Write the order of frequency range and one use of each of the following electromagnetic
radiations (i) Microwaves (ii) ultraviolet rays (iii) rays
-
Ans. (i) microwave used in radar system (ii). infra red used in treatment of muscular complaints
7. The oscillating magnetic field in a plane electromagnetic wave is given by BY = 8 X 10-6 sin (2
x 1011 t + 300 )] T
a.Calculate the wavelength of electromagnetic wave?
b.Write down the expression for the oscillating electric field.
Ans. a. = 3m,
40
b. EZ = 2400 sin (2 x 10 11 t + 300 )]
8. - Suppose the electric field part of an electromagnetic wave is given by
E = (3.1 N/C) cos [(1.8 rad/m) y + (5.4 X106 rad/s) t ]i
41
ASSERTION (A) AND REASONING (R) QUESTIONS
A. Both assertion and reason are True, and reason is the correct explanation .
B. Both assertion and reason are True, but reason is not the correct explanation .
C. Assertion is True , but reason is False .
D.Both assertion and reason are False.
1. Assertion: Electromagnetic waves do not require medium for their propagation. Reason:
They can’t travel in a medium.
Answer: C
2. Assertion: A changing electric field produces a magnetic field.
Reason: A changing magnetic field produces an electric field.
Answer: B
3. Assertion: X-rays travel with the speed of light.
Reason: X-rays are electromagnetic rays.
Answer: A
4. Assertion: Environmental damage has increased amount of Ozone in atmosphere. Reason:
Increase of ozone increases amount of ultraviolet radiation on earth Answer: D
5. Assertion: Electromagnetic radiation exert pressure.
Reason: Electromagnetic waves carry both - Momentum & Energy.
Answer: B
6. Assertion: The EM waves of shorter wavelength can travel longer distances on earth’s surface
than those of longer wavelengths.
Reason: Shorter the wavelength, the larger is the Velocity of propagation.
Answer: C
7. Assertion: EM waves follow Superposition principle. Reason: Differential expression of EM
wave is linear. Answer: A
8. Assertion: Sound waves cannot travel in vacuum, but light waves can.
Reason: Light is an electromagnetic wave - but sound is a Mechanical wave.
Answer: A
9. Assertion: The Microwaves are better carriers of signals than radio waves.
Reason: The electromagnetic waves do not require any medium to propagate.
Answer: B
10. Assertion: Transverse waves are not produced in liquids and gases.
Reason: Shorter the wavelength, the larger is the Velocity of propagation.
Answer: B
42
CASE STUDY QUESTIONS
GAMMA RAYS IN TREATMENT OF CANCER
Gamma rays are used in radiotherapy to Treat cancer. They are used to spot tumors. they kill the
living cells and damage malignant tumor.
43
Practice questions
ONE MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following has the shortest wavelength Microwaves, Ultraviolet rays,
X-rays .
2. What is the ratio of speed of infrared and ultraviolet rays in vacuum ?
3. Write an expression for the speed of e.m. waves in free space.
4. For an electromagnetic wave, write the relationship between amplitude of electric and
magnetic fields in free space.
5. Why are microwaves found useful for the radar systems in aircraft navigation 6 . Which
of the following electromagnetic radiations has least frequency :
UV radiations, X-rays, Microwaves
7. A charged particle oscillates about its mean equilibrium position with a frequency of 10 9
Hz. What is the frequency of the electromagnetic waves produced by the oscillator?
8. What physical quantity is the same for X-rays of wavelength 10-10 m, red light of
wavelength 6800 and radiowaves of wavelength 500 m?
TWO AND THREE MARKS QUESTIONS
9. Give one uses of each of the following:
a. Microwave b. Infra-red wave c. Ultra violet radiation d. Gamma rays
10. Identify the following electromagnetic radiation as per the wavelength given below. Write
one application of each.
a. 1mm b. 10 - 3 nm
11. Arrange the following electromagnetic waves in order of increasing frequency :
rays, microwaves, infrared rays and Ultraviolet rays
12. Name the following constituent radiations of electromagnetic spectrum which-
(i) are used in satellite communication/in radar and geostationary satellite
(ii) are used for studying crystal structure of solids
(iii) are similar to the radiations emitted during decay of radioactive nuclei
(iv) are used for water purification/ are absorbed from sunlight by ozone layer
13. In a plane electromagnetic wave, the electric field oscillates sinusoidally at a frequency of 2 x
1010 Hz and amplitude 48 V .
(a)What is the wavelength of the wave?
(b)What is the amplitude of the oscillating magnetic field?
(c)Show that the average energy density of the E field equals the average energy
density of the B field. [c = 3 x 108 m/s]
14. Suppose that the electric field part of an electromagnetic wave in vacuum is E = {(3.1 N/C)
cos [(1.8 rad/m) y + ( 5.4 x 106rad/s)t]} .
44
(a) What is the direction of propagation? (b) What is the wavelength ?
(c) What is the frequency ? (d) What is the amplitude of the magnetic field part of the
wave? (e) Write an expression for the magnetic field part of the wave.
45
Q4What physical quantity is the same for X rays of wavelength 10-10m, red light of wavelength
6800 Ao and radiowaves of wavelength 500m?
I) Speed in vacuum (c) II) frequency (f)
III) Scattering IV) Energy (e)
Answer of practice question
1. Ans. X-rays 2. Ans 1:1 3. The speed of an em wave in free space is 4.
~
5.Due to short wavelength, microwaves have high penetrating power with respect to
atmosphere and are not diffracted by the obstacle in the path of their propagation
6.Ans. Microwaves 7. 109 Hz 8. Speed
9.A. radar b. treatment of muscular complaints c. sterilizing surgical instruments d.
radiation therapy.
10.A. microwave used in radar system b. infra red used in treatment of muscular
complaints.
11.Ans. Microwaves, infrared rays, Ultraviolet rays, rays
12.Ans. (i) microwaves (ii) x- rays (iii) - rays (iv) UV rays 13.14.
15. D, 16. B , 17. A, 18. C 19. A
20 1. Ii) production and detection of ways 2. Iv) explosives 3. Iii) gamma rays and radio
waves
3. I) speed in vacuum
46
RAY OPTICS
FORMULAE
1. Refractive index
2. Apparent shift
5. Lens formula
8. Power of lens
9. Combination of lens
47
m = D/f
(final image at D)
Length of tube
48
49
CHAPTER-11
(DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER)
Work function-The minimum amount of energy required by an electron to just escape
from the metal surface is known as work function of the metal.
One Electron Volt (1eV)-It is the kinetic energy gained by an electron when it is
accelerated through a potential difference of 1 volt.
eVo =(1/2)m
51
Number of photon emitted Kinetic energy of De-Broglie
1
P Waves K = 2mv 2= P2/2m
per second N =
E
Momentum of photon Momentum of De-Broglie
hʋ h E Waves P =√ 2 mK
P = mc = = =
c ℷ c
Equivalent mass of photon Wavelength of De-Broglie
hʋ E h h h h
m= = = Waves ℷ = = =
c 2 c 2 cλ p mv √ (2 mK )
Work function W0 = hʋ0 = De –Broglie Wavelength of an
hc electron beam accelerated through a
= potential difference of V volts is
ℷ0
h 1.23
ℷ= = nm =
√ (2 meV ) √ V
12.27 0
A
√V
Einstein’s photoelectric De –Broglie Wavelength
equation associated with gas molecules of mass
m at temperature T kelvin is
h
λ = K = Boltzmann
√ (2 mKT )
constant
52
4. The stopping potential in an experiment on photoelectric effect is 1.5 V. What is the
maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted?
Ans:KEmax = eV0 =>KEmax = 1.5 eV
5. The maximum kinetic energy of a photoelectron is 3 eV. What is its stopping potential?
7. Ultraviolet radiations of different frequencies ν1, ν2 are incident on two photo sensitive
materials having work functions W1 and W2 (W1>W2) respectively. The kinetic energy of
emitted electrons is same in both the cases. Which one of the two radiations will be at the
higher frequency?
Ans: KE = hν – W
(KE)1 = (KE)2
hν1 – W1 = hν2 – W2 here W1> W2 => ν1> ν2
8. A proton and an electron have same kinetic energy. Which one has greater de-Broglie
wavelength and why?
h h
Ans: λ = = , λe>λp
p √ 2 mK
mass of the particles. Now slope of B is Greater it represents mass is smaller.
9. The de-Broglie wavelength associated with an electron accelerated through a potential
difference V is λ. What will be its wavelength when the accelerating potential is increased to 4
V?
12.27
Ans: λ= Ȧ for V = 4 V
√V
12.27
λ= Ȧ = 6.135 Ȧ
√4
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
10. Write Einstein’s photoelectric equation. State clearly the three salient features observed
in photoelectric effect which can be explained on the basis of above equation.
Ans: Einstein’s equation for photoelectric effect
hν = KEmax + W0
KEmax = h (ν – ν0)
c c
KEmax = h( − )
λ λ0
Three salient features
(i) Threshold frequency for KEmax≥ 0 => ν ≥ ν0 Photo electric effect takes place
(ii) KEmaxof photoelectron ν > ν0 => KEmax α (ν - ν0)
(iii) Effect of intensity of incident light : The number of photon incident per unit timr per
unit area increases with the increase of incident light
53
11. Draw suitable graphs to show the variation of photoelectric current with collector plate
potential for (i) a fixed frequency but different intensities I1>I2>I3. (ii) a fixed intensity but
different frequencies ν1>ν2> ν3.
Ans
12. Write Einstein’s photoelectric equation in terms of the stopping potential and the
threshold frequency for a given photosensitive material. Draw a plot showing the variation of
stopping potential versus the frequency of incident radiation. V0
Ans: hν = KEmax + W0
KEmax = hν – W0
But W0 = hν0
KEmax = hν – hν0 ν
eV0 = h (ν – ν0) V01
h
V0 = (ν – ν0)
e
Slope the graph gives ratio of value of plank constant (h) V02
and electronic charge (e)
13. An α-particle and a proton are accelerated from rest by the same potential. Find the
ratio of their de-Broglie wavelengths.
√
h h λα mp q p 1
Ans: λ = = so = =
p √2 qVm λp mα q α 2 √ 2
14. The two lines marked A and B in the given figure show a plot of de-Broglie wavelength
1
λ versus , where V is the accelerating potential for two nuclei 21 H ∧31 H .
√V
(i)What does the slope of the lines represent? (ii) Identify which of the lines corresponded to
these nuclei.
54
❑
√V
h
Ans: (i) The slope of the line represent
√2 mq
2 3 1
(ii) 1 H ∧1 H carry same charge as they have same atomic number λ √ V α The lighter mass
√m
2 3
1 H represented by line greater slope i. e., A and similarly 1 H by line B.. For what kinetic energy
a neutron will the associated de-Broglie wavelength be 1.32 x 10 -10 m?(Given mass of neutron
1.675 x 10-27 kg)
h h h2
Ans: : λ = = => K= => K = 7.5 x 10-21 J
p √ 2 mK 2mλ 2
Directions: In each of the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is given followed
by a corresponding statement of Reason (R) just below it. Of the statements, mark the correct
answer as:
(A)If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
(B)If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
(C)If assertion is true and reason is false
(D)If both assertion and reason are false
3. Assertion: In photoelectron emission, the velocity of electron ejected from near the surface
is larger than that coming from interior of metal.
Reason: The velocity of ejected electron will be zero.
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
4. Assertion: A photocell is called an electric eye.
Reason: When light is incident on some semiconductor, its electrical resistance is reduced.
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
5. Assertion: The de Broglie equation has significance for any microscopic or sub-
microscopic particle.
55
Reason: The de Broglie wavelength is inversely proportional to the mass of the object if
velocity is constant.
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
6. Assertion:: A particle of mass M at rest decay into particles of masses m1 and m2,having
non- zero velocities will have ratio of de-Broglie wavelengths unity.
Reason: Here we cannot apply conservation of linear momentum.
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
Answers Q1. (a) Q2. (a) Q3. (c) Q4. (c) Q5. (a) Q6. (a)
56
LEVEL 2 AND 3
1. An α-particle and proton are accelerated from rest by the same kinetic energy. Find the ratio
of their de-Broglie wavelengths
2. The work function of cesium metal is 2.14eV. When light of frequency 6 X 10 14 Hz is
incident on the metal surface, photoemission of electrons occurs. What is the (a) Maximum
kinetic energy of the emitted electron and (b) Stopping potential of the emitted photoelectron?
3. an experiment on photo electric emission , following observations were made;
( i ) wave length of incident light = 1.98 x 10-7m
( ii ) stopping potential = 2.5 V.
Find ( a ) kinetic energy of photo electrons with maximum speed ( b ) work function
4. For a photosensitive surface, threshold wavelength is 0. Does photoemission if the
wavelength radiation is (i) more than 0 and (ii) less than 0? Justify your answer.
5. Radiations of frequency 1015 Hz are incident on two photosensitive surfaces P and Q.
Following observations are made.
(i) For surface P, photoelectric emission occurs but photoelectrons have zero kinetic
energy.
(ii) For surface Q, photoelectric emission occurs and photoelectrons have some kinetic
energy.Which one of these has a higher work function?
If the incident frequency is slightly reduced, what will happen to the photoelectric emission in
the two cases?
6. . Monochromatic light of wavelength 632.8 nm is produced by a helium-neon laser. The
power emitted is 9.42 mW.
(a) Find the energy and momentum of each photon in the light beam,
(b) How many photons per second, on the average, arrive at a target irradiated by this
beam? (Assume the beam to have uniform cross-section which is less than the target area)
7. When light of wavelength 400 nm is incident on the cathode of a photocell, the stopping
recorded is 6V.If the wave of the incident light is increased to 600nm.Calculate the new
stopping potential?
8. The two identical photocathodes receive light of frequencies f 1 and f2.If the velocity of the
photoelectron (of mass m) coming out are respectively v1 and v2 , then show that
2 2 2h
v1 - v 2 = (f -f ).
m 1 2
9. A blue lamp mainly emits light of wavelength 4500 A 0. The lamp is rated at 150 W and 8%
of the energy is emitted as visible light. How many photons are emitted by the lamp per
second?
10. The following graph shows the variant of stopping potential V s with the frequency ( v) of
the incident radiation for two photosensitive metals X andY .
(i) Which of the metals has larger threshold wavelength? Give reason.
(ii) Explain Giving reason which metal gives out electrons having larger
kinetic energy, for the same wavelength of the incident radiation.
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CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS
According to de-Broglie a moving material particle sometimes acts as a wave and sometimes
as a particle or a wave is associated with moving material particle which controls the particle in
every respect. The wave associated with moving material particle is called matter wave or de-
Broglie wave whose wavelength called de-Broglie wavelength, is given by λ = h/mv
α α dv d
LEVEL 2 AND 3
1. 1:2 2. (a) K max = 034 eV (b) 0.34 V 3.( a ) Kmax = 2.5eV ( b ) work function =
3.76eV
4. (i) No (ii) Yes
5. P has higher work function, photoelectric emission take place from Q but not from P
(b)
hc
7. eV0 = hc (1/λ-w' ) , ∆ V0 = V02 – v01 = (1/λ-1/λ^’)
e
V02 = v01 -1.03= 6-1.03= 4.97 V
1 2 2hf 2hf 0
8. mv = hf – hf0 or v2 = -
2 m m
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2h f 1 2h f 0 2h f 2 2h f 0 2 2 2h
v12= - , v 22= - v1 - v2 = (f1-f2).
m m m m m
8 % of P 8 Pλ
9. N = = = 2.71 X1029 photon/second
E 100 hc
10. (i) X (ii) Y
ATOM
1.All elements consists of very small invisible particles, called atom. Every atom is a sphere of
radius of the order of 10-10m, in which entire mass is uniformly distributed and negative
charged electrons revolve around the nucleus.
2. Experimental arrangement for α-scattering experiment and trajectory followed by α -
particles
3. Impact parameter is a perpendicular distance of the velocity vector of a-particle from the
central line of the nucleus of the atom is called impact parameter (b).
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Where,K is KE of α-particle, θ is scattering angle, Z is atomic number of the nucleus and e is
charge of nucleus.
4. Basic assumption of Rutherford’s atomic model.
(i) Atom consists of small central core, called atomic nucleus in which whole mass and positive
charge is assumed to be concentrated.
(ii) The size of nucleus is much smaller than the size of the atom.
(iii) The nucleus is surrounded by electrons and atom is electrically neutral.
(iv) Electrons revolves around the nucleus and centripetal force is of eletrostatic nature.
5. Distance of Closest Approach At a certain distance r0 from the nucleus, whole of the KE of
α-particle converts into electrostatic potential energy and α-particle cannot go farther close to
nucleus, this distance (r0) is called distance of closest approach.
6. Angle of Scattering Angle by which a-particle gets deviated from its original path around
the nucleus is called angle of scattering.
7. Drawbacks of Rutherford’s Model
(i) Could not explained stability of atom clearly.
(ii) Unable to explain line spectrum.
8. Bohr’s Theory of Hydrogen Atom Bohr combined classical and early quantum concepts
and gave his theory in the form of three postulates. These are
(i) Bohr’s first postulate :An electron in an atom could revolve in certain stable orbits without
the emission of radiant energy, contrary to the predictions of electromagnetic theory.
(ii) Bohr’s second postulate(Bohr’s quantisation condition) : This postulate states that the
electron revolves around the nucleus only in those orbits for which the angular momentum is
some integral multiple of h/2π, where h is the Planck’s constant (= 6.6 x 10-34 J – s). Thus, the
angular momentum (L) of the orbiting electron is
quantised, i. e. L = nh/2π
As, angular momentum of electron (L) = mvr
∴ For any permitted (stationary) orbit, mvr = nh/2π
where, n = any positive integer i.e. 1, 2, 3, ….
It is also called principal quantum number.
(iii) Bohr’s third postulate(Bohr’s frequency condition): It states that an electron might make a
transition from one of its specified non-radiating orbits to another of lower energy. When it
does so, a photon is emitted having energy equal to the energy difference between the initial
and final states.
The frequency of the emitted photon is then given by
hv – Ei– Ef
where, Ei and Ef are the energies of the initial and final states and Ei >Ef .
9. Limitations of Bohr’s Model
(i) Applicable only for hydrogen like atom.
(ii) Does not explain the fine structure of spectral lines in H-atom.
(iii) Does not explain about shape of orbit.
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10. Important formulae related to Bohr’s model of hydrogen atoms are given below:
11. Energy Level The energy of an atom is the least when its electron is revolving in an orbit
closest to the nucleus i.e. for which n = 1.
12. The lowest state of the atom is called the ground state, this state has lowest energy. The
energy of this state is -13.6 eV. Therefore, the minimum energy required to free the electron
from the ground state of the hydrogen atom is -13.6 eV.
13. (i) Emission Spectrum Hydrogen spectrum consists of discrete bright lines a dark
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background and it is specifically known as hydrogen emission spectrum.
(ii) Absorption Spectrum There is one more type of hydrogen spectrum exists where we get
dark lines on the bright background, it is known as absorption spectrum.
14. The atomic hydrogen emits a line spectrum consisting of various series.
NUCLEI
1. In every atom, the positive charge and mass are densely concentrated at the centre of the
atom forming its nucleus. More than 99.9% mass of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus.
2. Atomic Mass Unit (amu) The unit to express atomic masses is called atomic mass
unit. Atomic mass unit is defined as 1/12 th of the mass of carbon atom (C12).
3. Composition of Nucleus The composition of a nucleus can be described by using the
following terms and symbols.
(i) Atomic Number Z Atomic number of an element is the number of protons present inside
the nucleus of an atom of the element.
Atomic number = Number of protons = Number of electrons
(ii) Mass Number A Mass number of an element is the total number of protons and neutrons
inside the atomic nucleus of the element.
Mass number = Number of protons + Number of neutrons = Number of electrons + Number of
neutrons i.e. A=Z.+ N
4. Size of Nucleus If R is the radius of the nucleus having mass number A, then
5. Nuclear Density Density of nuclear matter is the ratio of mass of nucleus and its volume.
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(Ans: Limitations of Rutherford nuclear model of the atom : (i) Electron moving in a circular
orbit around the nucleus would get accelerated. Therefore it looses its energy and hence it
would spiral into the nucleus
(ii) Due to continuously changing radii of orbits, electron will emit em waves of all
frequencies. Hence atom should emit continuous spectrum)
Q.14 The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is- 13.6 eV.
(i) what is the kinetic energy of an electron in the 2nd excited state ?
(ii) If the electron jumps to the ground state from 2nd excited state, calculate the wavelength
of the spectral line emitted.
Ans: (i) K.E=13.6/n2=13.6/32=13.6/9=1.51eV.
(ii) E=E3-E1=-13.6/32-(-13.6/12)=12.9eV=12.9x1.6x10-19J
E=hv=hc/λ and λ=1.02x10-7m
Q.15 Find the relation between the three wavelengths
λ1,λ2 and λ3 from the energy level diagram shown below
Ans: Ec-Eb=hc/λ1,EB-EA=hc/λ2 and EC-EA=hc/λ3
And we have 1/λ3=1/λ1+1/λ2
Q.16 . Using Rydberg’s formula, calculate the longest
wavelengths belonging to Lymann and Balmer series. In which region hydrogen spectrum do
these transmission lie ? Given:R=1.1x107m-1.
Ans: 1/λ=R(1/n12-1/n22), For Lyman series n1=1,n2=2 and λmax=1210A0lies in ultra violet region.
For Balmerseries,n1=2,n2=3 and λmax=6563A0 lies in visible region
Q.17 . When line in the emission spectrum of hydrogen atom obtained ? Calculate the
frequency of photon emitted during this transition
Ans: for Hα line/first line in Balmer series transition is from n=3 to n=2
1/λ=R(1/22-1/32)= 5R/36 and v=c/λ=4.7x1014Hz
Q.18 Use de-Broglie’s hypothesis to write the relation for the radius of Bohr orbit in terms of
Bohr’s quantization condition of orbital angular momentum
Ans: de Broglie Wavelength associated with electron in its orbit i.e. λ=h/mv
Only those waves survive which form standing waves. For electron moving in circular orbit of
radius,
2πrn=nλ=nh/mvn; and rn=nh/2πmvn
Q.19. In Geiger- Marsden experiment, why is the most of the –Particles go straight through the foil and
only a small fraction gets scattered at large angles ?
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Ans. for most of the –Particles, impact parameter is large, hence they suffer very small repulsion due to
nucleus and go straight (right) through the foil
Q.20 . Draw a schematic arrangement of the Geiger – Marsden experiment for studying α-
particle scattering by a thin foil of gold. Describe briefly, by drawing trajectories of the
scattered particles, how this study can be used to estimate the size of the nucleus ? Draw a plot
showing the number of α particles scattered versus scattering angle .
High energetic collimated beam of –Particles is allowed to fall on a very thin gold foil as
shown. The scattered - particles are observed through a rotating detector consisting of ZnS
screen and microscope.
(i) most of the –Particles passed un deflected through the foil. It indicates that most of the
space in an atom is empty.
(ii) some –Particles were deflected through small angles and only a few (1 in 8000) were
deflected through large angles ( 900 ) to return back It concludes that whole of the positive
charge and almost whole mass is concentrated in a tiny central core known as nucleus.
(iii)The number of –Particles at a scattering angle is N (θ) α 1/sin 4 θ/2. It is due to the fact
that, scattering of -particles is in accordance with Coulomb’s force
Q.13Explain the origin of spectral series/ lines of hydrogen atom using Bohr’s atomic model.
Q.14Draw the energy level diagram showing how the line spectra corresponding to
Lymann/Balmerseries occur due to transition between energy levels in a hydrogen atom
(i) what is the kinetic energy of an electron in the 2nd excited state ?
(ii) If the electron jumps to the ground state from 2nd excited state, calculate the wavelength
of the spectral line emitted.
Q.16 A hydrogen atom initially in its ground state absorbs a photon and is in the excited state
with energy 12.5 eV. Calculate the longest wavelength of the radiation emitted and identify the
series to which it belongs.(Hint: Use formula for bohr’s spectral series.)
Q.17Using Rydberg’s formula, calculate the longest wavelengths belonging to Lymann and
Balmer series. In which region f hydrogen spectrum do these transmission lie ?
Q.18 Calculate the shortest wavelength of the spectral lines emitted in Balmer series
Q.19 Calculate the wavelength of radiation emitted when electron in a hydrogen atom jumps
from n=∞ to n=1
(Hint: E=E2-E1=hc/λ
Q.20Write the relation between mass number and radius of a nucleus
Q.21. In the ground state of hydrogen atom, its Bohr radius is given as 5.3 X10 `-11m . The atom
is excited such that the radius becomes 21.2X10-11m . Find
(i) the value of principal quantum number and
(ii) the total energy of the atom in this excited state.
67
Q.22. Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength of the electron orbiting in the state of hydrogen
atom.
Q.23. Write the expression for Bohr’s radius in hydrogen atom.
(Hint: r=n2h2/4π2mke2)
.Q.24 . How does de-Broglie explain the stationary orbits for revolution of electrons using
Bohr’s quantization condition ?
(Hint: mvr=nh/2π
Q.25 Using Bohr’s postulates, derive the expression for the total energy of the electron in the
stationary states of the hydrogen atom. Hence, derive the expression for the orbital velocity and
orbital period of the electron moving in the orbit of hydrogen atom.
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ELECTRONIC DEVICES
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1v4h46FuQI803k6cCl3qA2Z_RkBs1aL5T?usp=sharing
Marking
Scheme 1 https://drive.google.com/file/d/1vvvPxBAj108LeC6PVgLOfFntgR5tmFnF/view?usp=sharing
Model
question
paper 2 https://drive.google.com/file/d/1silxDpBDM5-y9Xc9FRMCtIYzkI0EH1SE/view?usp=sharing
Marking
Scheme 2 https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lD2p357ySDSgcs6n5zkQ_Wj35rQpEx45/view?usp=sharing
Model
question
paper 3 https://drive.google.com/file/d/1iIo5MYfMJrRoZGJ_bbU51_qIHpafklIo/view?usp=drivesdk
Marking
Scheme 3 https://drive.google.com/file/d/1iIITdgdHOJGK4zm4_TOoIYn694jgDYIz/view?usp=drivesdk
69