ANSWER 1

Mean is the sum of a collection of numbers divided by the count of numbers in the
collection. The collection is often a set of results of an experiment or an observational
study, or frequently a set of results from a survey.
The standard deviation is a measure of the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of
values. A low standard deviation indicates that the values tend to be close to the mean of
the set, while a high standard deviation indicates that the values are spread out over a
wider range. 
Total MSMEs and the mean and standard deviation are as follows :
District Total MSMEs Deviation ( X- X Deviation
( X) bar ) Square
Chamba 755 -658.5 433622.25
Kangra 2735 1321.5 1746362.25
Lahul&Spiti 36 -1377.5 1897506.25
Kullu 1229 -184.5 34040.25
Mandi 1581 167.5 28056.25
Hamirpur 578 -835.5 698060.25
Una 1731 317.5 100806.25
Bilaspur 409 -1004.5 1009020.25
Solan 4951 3537.5 12513906.25
Sirmaur 1014 -399.5 159600.25
Shimla 1795 381.5 145542.25
Kinnaur 148 -1265.5 1601490.25

Total 16962 20368013

Total value/number = 1413.5

The mean value for the Total MSMEs is 1413.50, and the standard deviation has been
calculated as follows :

Standard deviation =
√ ∑ of variation =
Total Number √ 20368013
12
= 1302.80

Hence the mean value is 1413.50, and the standard deviation has been calculated, and it is
found to be 1302.80
The maximum and the minimum value has been calculated as well as the range also has been
calculated, and the details have been summarised as follows :
Maximum 4951
Minimum 36
Range 4915
According to this calculation mean and standard deviation have badly affected by the
maximum and minimum value.
Total Manufacturing MSMEs and the mean and the standard deviation are as follows:
District Total Deviation ( X- X Deviation
Manufacturing bar ) Square
MSMEs
Chamba 246 -355.58 126439.48
Kangra 851 249.42 62208.69
Lahul&Spiti 17 -584.58 341737.63
Kullu 444 -157.58 24832.50
Mandi 668 66.42 4411.18
Hamirpur 229 -372.58 138818.32
Una 717 115.42 13321.01
Bilaspur 181 -420.58 176890.31
Solan 2848 2246.42 5046387.99
Sirmaur 563 -38.58 1488.67
Shimla 413 -188.58 35563.66
Kinnaur 42 -559.58 313133.47
total 7219 0.00 6285232.92

Total value/Number = 601.58

Maximum 2848
Minimum 17
Range 2831

The mean value for the Total Manufacturing MSMEs is 601.58, and the standard deviation
has been calculated as follows :

Standard deviation =
√ ∑ of variation =
Total Number √ 6285232.92
12
= 723.72

Mean and standard deviation not much affected by the difference in value.

Total services MSMEs and the mean and standard deviation are as follow
District Total Service Deviation ( X- X Deviation
MSMEs bar ) Square
Chamba 509 -302.92 91758.53
Kangra 1884 1072.08 1149362.60
Lahul&Spiti 19 -792.92 628716.89
Kullu 785 -26.92 724.51
 Mandi 913 101.08 10217.83
Hamirpur 349 -462.92 214291.87
Una 1014 202.08 40837.66
Bilaspur 228 -583.92 340958.71
Solan 2103 1291.08 1666896.09
Sirmaur 451 -360.92 130260.86
Shimla 1382 570.08 324994.97
Kinnaur 106 -705.92 498318.39
total 9743 0.00 5097338.92

Total value/ Number = 811.91

Maximum 2103
Minimum 19
Range 2084
The mean value for the Total Manufacturing MSMEs is 811.9167, and the standard deviation
has been calculated as follows :

Standard deviation =
√ ∑ of variation =
Total Number √ 5097338.92
12
= 651.75

The difference in mean and standard deviation have not been much affected by the value.

ANSWER 2

A tree diagram is a new management planning tool that depicts the hierarchy of tasks and
subtasks needed to complete and objective. The tree diagram starts with one item that
branches into two or more, each of which branch into two or more, and so on. The finished
diagram bears a resemblance to a tree, with a trunk and multiple branches.
It is used to break down broad categories into finer and finer levels of detail. Developing the
tree diagram helps you move your thinking step by step from generalities to specifics.
A tree diagram lets a user start at a single point and make mutually exclusive decisions or
experience mutually exclusive events to follow a path down the branches of the tree. Using a
tree diagram is simple once you assign the appropriate values to each node.

At first, three lines are drawn representing the three airlines A, B, and C. These lines are the
branches of the decision tree, and the value given is based on the scheduled fraction of each
of the airlines.
In the next stage, there is a representation of the probability that a flight of airline A is on
time and the other branch represents that it is not on time. The same is repeated for all other
case scenarios of flights A, B, and C.
We can see that the probability that Airline A will take off is 0.50 and airline B will take off
the probability is 0.30, and Airline C will take off the probability is 0.20.
The On-time rate is 80 %, 65 % and 40 % respectively.
Hence we have to calculate the joint probability for the taking off, and the joint probability
has been calculated, and the joint probability has been found as follows:
The Joint Probability that Airline A will take off on time is as follows
0.50 X 0.80 = 0.40 is the Joint Probability.

Answer 3 A

 A regression line is a straight line that describes how a response variable y changes as an

explanatory variable x changes. We often use a regression line to predict the value of y for
a given value of x.

The line of regression Y on X has to be estimated. The data set given reveals the rapeseed
and mustard production in Metric Tonnes as per districts. The value needs to be compared
with that of the Area in which it is cultivated. The Area is given in hectare and is considered
as the variable x that determines the amount of production which is possible. It has been
observed that there is a relation between the amounts of production, which is considered as
Y, to that of the Area available for the production of the seeds district-wise (X). This is
because the more the availability of land, the more the product amount will be. This needs to
be estimated based on regression analysis performed in MS Excel.

Here the dependent variable is the production output, and the Area is the independent
variable.
The Output depends on the Area; hence, the Output has been considered the dependent
variable, and the Output has been considered the dependent variable.
Part A :
Preparation of the Line of the regression Y on X is as follows:
Y – Y bar = bya ( X – X bar )

byx= N ∑ XY −¿¿ ¿ ¿ =

District Rapeseed & Rapeseed & Mustard

Mustard Area Production in Metric Tonnes
Hectare ( X ) (Y) XX XY
Uttar kashi 873 437 762129 381501
Chamoli 407 193 165649 78551
Rudra Prayag 325 154 105625 50050
Tehri 848 466 719104 395168
Gardhwal
Dehradun 226 139 51076 31414
Sum 2679 1389 1803583 936684

5 X 936684−(2679 X 1389)
byx= N ∑ XY −¿¿ ¿ ¿ = = 9622789 / 1840874 = 5.22729
5 X 1803583−2679 X 2679
Y bar = 1389 /5 = 277.8
X bar = 2679 /5 = 535.80
Y – 277.8 = 5.2273 X ( X – 535.80 )
Y – 277.8 = 5.2273X – 2800.79
Y = 5.2273 X – 2522.99

ANSWER 3 B

 The coefficient of determination is a statistical measurement that examines how differences

in one variable can be explained by the difference in a second variable, when predicting the
outcome of a given event. In other words, this coefficient, which is more commonly known as
R-squared (or R2), assesses how strong the linear relationship is between two variables, and
is heavily relied on by researchers when conducting trend analysis. To cite an example of its
application, this coefficient may contemplate the following question: if a woman becomes
pregnant on a certain day, what is the likelihood that she would deliver her baby on a
particular date in the future? In this scenario, this metric aims to calculate the correlation
between two related events: conception and birth.

The coefficient of determination is a complex idea centered on the statistical analysis of

models for data.
The coefficient of determination is used to explain how much variability of one factor can be
caused by its relationship to another factor.
This coefficient is commonly known as R-squared (or R2), and is sometimes referred to as
the "goodness of fit."
This measure is represented as a value between 0.0 and 1.0, where a value of 1.0 indicates
a perfect fit, and is thus a highly reliable model for future forecasts, while a value of 0.0
would indicate that the model fails to accurately model the data at all. 

R2 is helpful since it may determine the likelihood of future occurrences occurring within the
projected outcomes. For example, if more samples are added, the Coefficient will represent
the likelihood of a new point falling on the line.
Even if the two variables have a strong relationship, determination does not imply causation.
A study of birthdays, for example, might reveal that a substantial percentage of birthdays
occur within one or two months.
We want to calculate the Coefficient of the determination, and the following formula has
calculated the Coefficient of the determination, and the formula is as follows:

r = N ( ∑ XY )−( ∑ X ) ¿ ¿

District Rapeseed & Rapeseed & Mustard

Mustard Area Production in Metric
Hectare ( X ) Tonnes (Y) XX XY YY
Uttar kashi 873 437 762129 381501 190969
Chamoli 407 193 165649 78551 37249
Rudra 325 154 105625 50050 23716
Prayag
Tehri 848 466 719104 395168 217156
Gardhwal
Dehradun 226 139 51076 31414 19321
Sum 2679 1389 1803583 936684 488411

5 X 936684−2679 X 1389
r= ¿
√( 5 X 1803583 )−2679 X 2679 ¿(5 X 488411)−1389 X 1389
= 962289 / √ 1840874 X 512734 =
= 962289 / 971534.19 = 0.99
Hence the correlation coefficient is + 0.99.
Hence this shows that there is a positive correlation coefficient is there.
Hence the coefficient of the determination = 0.99 X 0.99 = 0.98.
The regression coefficients are a statistical metric used to determine the average functional
connection between two variables in a given situation. One variable is the dependent variable
in a regression analysis, while the other is the independent variable. Furthermore, it assesses
the degree to which one variable is dependent on another (s).
In its original use, the regression coefficient was employed to quantify the link between the
heights of father and their sons. Coefficients of regression are often referred to as the slope
coefficients. This is because it influences the slope of a line, which indicates how much of a
change in the independent variable there is for every unit change in the independent variable.