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11/24/222 At the end of the Topic -Anemia 30-mins Anemia: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment. (n.d.-c). 1. It is a
1:30 -2:00 discussion, the level 3 Introduction Lecture condition
pm students will be able to; Red blood cells are disc- Cleveland Clinic. in which
shaped blood cells that carry you lack
1.Conceptualiz oxygen to the organs and https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/3929 enough
e the disease tissues of your body. healthy red
process of Anemia happens when the -anemia blood cells
anemia number of healthy red blood to carry
2.Identify the cells in your body is too low. https://www.healthline.com/health/anemia adequate
signs and Every part of your body oxygen to
symptoms, risk needs a sufficient supply of your body's
factors and oxygen to function tissues.
causes of effectively. Many of the Anemia
anemia. symptoms of anemia, such as 2. give 2
3.Familiarize fatigue types of
the medical and shortness of breath, are anemia
treatment and caused by decreased oxygen Aplastic
nursing delivery to your body’s vital anemia
management of organs and tissues. Red Iron
anemia. blood cells contain an iron- deficiency
rich protein called anemia
hemoglobin. Sickle cell
Hemoglobin binds to oxygen anemia
in your lungs, allowing red Thalassemi
blood cells to carry and a
deliver it throughout your Vitamin
body. deficiency
There are many different anemia
types and causes of anemia.
Some 3. give 3
types of anemia are mild and Signs and
can be easily treated, while symptoms,
others can cause potentially if they do
serious health complications. occur,
might
include:
Iron-deficiency anemia is Fatigue
the most common type of Weakness
anemia and happens when Pale or
you’re not getting enough yellowish
iron. It’s estimated that 50 skin
percent of all anemias are due Irregular
to a deficiency in iron. heartbeats
Different Types of Anemia Shortness
Vitamin-deficiency anemia of breath
• Vitamin-deficiency anemia Dizziness
is caused by having lower or
than normal levels of folate or lightheade
vitamin B12. This type of dness
anemia is typically due to low Chest pain
dietary intake of these Cold hands
nutrients. Pernicious anemia and feet
is a specific type of anemia Headaches
that’s caused by low levels of
vitamin B12. Individuals with 4. This
pernicious anemia often lack a most
protein that’s made in the common
stomach called intrinsic type of
factor. Intrinsic factor anemia is
helpsyour body absorb caused by
vitamin B12 from your diet. a shortage
In some instances, the small of iron in
intestine also has trouble your body
absorbing vitamin B12. Iron
Hemolytic anemia deficiency
• In hemolytic anemia, red Anemia
blood cells are destroyed 5. What
faster than your body can medication
replace them. is used for
Aplastic anemia anemia
• Aplastic anemia happens 7. a type
when your bone marrow does of anemia
not produce enough red blood in which
cells. It’s caused by damage to rbc are
stem cells inthe bone marrow destroyed
that would normally go on to faster tham
develop into red blood cells. your body
Because of this damage, can replace
fewer red blood cells are them.
made. 8. Bonus
Anemia of inflammation or
chronic disease
• Anemia of inflammation or
chronic disease happens
because of underlying health
conditions that cause
inflammation in the body.It’s
believed that the effects of
this inflammation may change
the way your body works.
What causes Anemia?
Factors that decrease red
blood cell production
• When red blood cell
production is lower than
normal, more red blood cells
are leaving your body than
entering circulation. This can
potentially lead to anemia.
Factors that decrease red
blood cells production can be
divided into two categories –
acquired and inherited.
Acquired factors that can
decrease RBC production
include:
• inadequate dietary intake of
nutrients important for red
blood cells production, such
as iron, vitamin B12, or folate
kidney disease
• some types of cancer, such
as leukemia, lymphoma, and
multiple myeloma
• autoimmune diseases like
lupus or rheumatoid arthritis
• certain kinds of infections,
such as HIV and tuberculosis
• hypothyroidism
• inflammatory bowel disease
(IBD) like ulcerative colitis
and Crohn’s disease
• aplastic anemia
• certain types of medications
or treatments, particularly
chemotherapy and radiation
therapy for cancer
• exposure to toxins, such as
lead
Factors that increase red
blood cell destruction or loss
On the other hand, anything
that causes destruction or loss
of red blood cells at a rate
faster than they’re made can
also cause anemia. Factors
that increase the destruction
of red blood cells can also be
either acquired or inherited.
• Some acquired factors that
may lead to increased red
blood cell destruction or loss
are:blood loss, which can
happen due to:
• accidents or injuries
medication side effects
• surgery exposure to toxins•
heavy menstrual bleeding
enlarged spleen
• childbirth liver disease, such
as hepatitis or cirrhosis
• endometriosis infections like
malaria
• gastrointestinal lesions, such
as ulcers or those due to IBD
or cancer
• heavy nosebleeds
• frequent blood donation
• hemolysis, which is when
red blood cells break down
too soon due to things like:
• autoimmune activity
• certain infections

Signs and Symptoms

• fatigue
• weakness
• lightheadedness or
dizziness, especially when
active or standing up
• headache
• shortness of breath
• pale skin, gums, or nails
• cold hands and feet
• a heartbeat that’s very quick
or irregular
• chest pains
• fainting

Diagnostic Test
• Complete blood count
(CBC). The CBC blood test
measures your hemoglobin
levels and can show the
number and size of red blood
cells. It can also
indicate if levels of other
blood cells like white blood
cells and platelets are normal.
• Reticulocyte count. A
reticulocyte count is a blood
test that measures levels of
immature red blood cells
called reticulocytes. It can
help your doctor
determine if your bone
marrow is producing enough
new red blood cells.
• Serum iron levels. A serum
iron test is a blood test that
measures the total amount of
iron in your blood. It can
show if iron deficiency is the
cause of
anemia.
• Ferritin test. A ferritin test
is a blood test that analyzes
iron stores in your body.
• Vitamin B12 test. The
vitamin B12 test is a blood
test that measures your
vitamin B12 levels and helps
your doctor determine if these
levels are too low.
• Folic acid test. A folic acid
test is a blood test that
measures your folate levels
and can indicate if this level is
too low.
• Coombs test. The Coombs
test is a blood test that looks
for the presence of
autoantibodies that are
targeting and destroying your
own red blood cells.
• Fecal occult blood test.
This test applies a chemical to
a stool specimen to see if
blood is present. If the test is
positive, it means that blood is
being lost
somewhere in the
gastrointestinal tract. Health
conditions like stomach
ulcers, ulcerative colitis, and
colon cancer can cause blood
in stool.
• Bone marrow tests. Testing
of a bone marrow aspirate or
biopsy can help your doctor
see if your bone marrow is
functioning normally. These
types of
tests can be very helpful if
conditions like leukemia,
multiple myeloma, or aplastic
anemia are suspected.
Medical Intervention
• Iron therapy. Oral ferrous
iron salts are the most
economical and effective
medication for the treatment
of iron deficiency
anemia; of the various iron
salts available, ferrous sulfate
is the one most commonly
used.
• Management of
hemorrhage. Surgical
treatment consists of stopping
hemorrhage and correcting
the underlying defect
so that it does not recur; this
may involve surgery for
treatment of either neoplastic
or nonneoplastic disease of
the
gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the
genitourinary (GU) tract, the
uterus, and the lungs.
• Diet. The addition of
nonheme iron to national diets
has been initiated in some
areas of the world.
Pharmacologic Management
Medications for iron
deficiency anemia include:
• Iron products. These agents
are used to provide adequate
iron for hemoglobin synthesis
and to replenish body stores
of
iron.
• Parenteral iron. Reserve
parenteral iron for patients
who are either unable to
absorb oral iron or who have
increasing
anemia despite adequate
doses of oral iron; it is
expensive and has greater
morbidity than oral
preparations of iron.

Nursing Interventions
Administer prescribed
medications, as ordered:
• Administer IM or IV iron
when oral iron is poorly
absorbed.
• Perform sensitivity testing
of IM iron injection to avoid
risk of anaphylaxis.
• Advise patient to take iron
supplements an hour before
meals for maximum
absorption; if gastric distress
occurs, suggest taking the
supplement with meals —
resume to between-meals
schedule if symptoms
subside.
• Inform patient that iron salts
change stool to dark green or
black.
• Advise patient to take liquid
forms of iron via a straw and
rinse mouth with water.
Reduce fatigue
• Assist the client/caregivers
in developing a schedule for
daily activity and rest.
• Stress the importance of
frequent rest periods.
• Monitor hemoglobin,
hematocrit, RBC count, and
reticulocyte counts.
• Educate energy-
conservation techniques.
• Encourage patient to
continue iron therapy for a
total therapy time (6 months
to a year), even when fatigue
is no longer present.
Educate the client and
caregivers about iron
deficiency anemia:
• Explain the importance of
the diagnostic procedures
(such as complete blood
count), bone marrow
aspiration and a possible
referral to a hematologist.
• Explain the importance of
iron
replacement/supplementation
.
• Educate the client and the
family regarding foods rich in
iron (organ and other meats,
leafy green vegetables,
molasses, beans).
Prevent infection
• Assess for local or systemic
signs of infection, such as
fever, chills, swelling, pain,
and body malaise.
• Monitor WBC count;
anticipate the need for
antibiotic, antiviral, and
antifungal therapy.
• Instruct the client to avoid
contact with people with
existing infections.
Prevent bleeding
• Monitor platelet count;
instruct the client/caregivers
about bleeding
precautions.
• Anticipate the need for a
platelet transfusion once the
platelet count drops to
a very low value.
• Assess the skin for bruises
and petechiae