Heat Transfer Lab

(0904446)
Short lab report

Faculty of Engineering & Technology

The University of Jordan, Amman – Jordan
Mechanical engineering department

Natural convection and radiation

By
Fadi Nabil Matanes 0140386
Adnan alshobaky 0140545
Mohamad jehad alakhras 0141586
Mahmoud emad Suleiman 0141780
Ma’mon alazazma 0142556
Moayad osama alhaj 0142572
Introduction:

To investigate:

a- The natural convection from a hot element enclosed in a calm space at different pressures.

b- The radiation heat transfer and the surface emissivity of the hot elements.

Notations:

α: heat transfer coefficient (W/m2oC)

Nu: Nusselt number

V,I: Volt and Amps respectively

θE ,θV: Temperature of Element and vessel respectively ( oC)

TE , TV : Temperature of Element and vessel (K)

h: absolute pressure (mmHg)

Data observed:

Barometer ha = 690 mmHg

Area (A) = 0.00328 m2 , diameter (d) = 6.27 mm

Table 1: data collected from apparatus

Line point 1 2 3 4
1 Volts V 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1
2 Amps 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71
3 Utube , mmHg -670 -581 -462 -294
4 θE 131 119 111 103
5 θV 25 25 25 25

Sample calculation:

Reading 1 taken as sample:

TE= θE + 273.15 = 131+273.15 = 404.15 K

TV = θV + 273.15 = 25+273.15 = 298.15 K

Qtotal = 0.96 VI -0.0017 (TE – TV) = 0.96*7.1*0.71 -0.0017 (404.15-298.15) = 4.66 W

Tm= (TE+TV)/2 = (404.15+298.15)/2 = 351.15 K

h = Utube + barometric = -670 + 690 = 20 mmHg

h¼ = 20¼ = 2.114743 mmHg

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 Figure 1: h¼ vs. TE-TV

From figure noticed that the equation of best fitting for data almost linear “y= -12X+130”

So if the heat lost by radiation totally needed to obtained, the temperature of element at zero pressure
computed, extrapolate the equation by putting the h¼ = 0, TE-TV = 130 oC .

QR = Q = 0.96 * VI – 0.0017 *(TE-TV) = 0.96 * 7.1*0.71 – 0.0017 (130) = 4.62 W

TE = 130+25 = 155 oC

QR 4.62
ε= = =0.97

[( ) ( ) ] [( ) ( )]
4 4 4 4
TE TV 155+273.15 25+273.15
Aσ − 0.00328∗5.67∗ −
100 100 100 100

ε actual ≅ 0.96 → error= |0.96−0.97

0.96 |
∗100 %=1.04 %

Qtotal = QC+QR

[( ) ( ) ] [( ) ]=3.39 W
4 4
TE T
) (
4 4
404.15 298.15
Q R= Aσε − V =0.00328∗0.97∗5.67∗ −
100 100 100 100

QC = Qtotal – QR = 4.66-3.39 = 1.27 W

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Air properties at Tm = 351.15 K “from heat transfer textbook”:

-ρ=0.992 kg/m3 , k= 30.09 * 10-3 W/m.K , μ = 208.7 *10-7 N.s/m , Cp =1.01 kJ/Kg . K

C p μ 1.01∗208.7∗10−7 −3
¿ Pr ¿ = =0.7∗10
K 30.09∗10−3

9.81∗1 3 2
3 2 ∗( 404.15−298.15 )∗0.00627 ∗0.992
g β ( T E −T V ) d ρ 351.15
¿ Gr= 2
= 2
=1649.2
μ ( 208.7∗10−7 )
0.25 −3 0.25
¿ Nu=0.47 ( Gr∗Pr ) =0.47 ¿ (1649.2∗0.7∗10 ) =0.487
−3
α∗d Nu∗k 0.487∗(30.09∗10 ) W
¿ Nu= →α= = =2.34 2 . K
k d 0.00627 m

Results and Graphs:

Table 2: Experimental results

line point 1 2 3 4
1 volts, V 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1
2 amps, I 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71
3 Utube, mmHg -670 -581 -462 -294
4 θ E , oC 131 119 111 103
5 θV, oC 25 25 25 25
6 TE, K 404.15 392.15 384.15 376.15
7 Tv, K 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15
8 Tm, K 351.15 345.15 341.15 337.15
9 h, mmHg 20 109 228 396
10 h¼ 2.114742527 3.231146 3.885829 4.460913
11 Q,W 4.65916 4.67956 4.69316 4.70676
12 QR 3.387310599 2.840661 2.503045 2.185875
13 QC 1.271849401 1.838899 2.190115 2.520885
14 ρ 0.992 1.01 1.02 1.04
15 k*10-3 30.09 29.64 29.35 29.05
16 μ*10-7 208.7 205.9 204 202.1
17 (Pr) 0.000700522 0.000702 0.000702 0.000703
18 (Gr) 1649.161808 1584.607 1523.929 1481.416
19 (Gr*Pr) 1.155273745 1.111786 1.069814 1.040923
20 (Nu) 0.487269338 0.482618 0.477997 0.474736
21 log10(Nu) -0.31223092 -0.3164 -0.32058 -0.32355
22 log10(Gr)(Pr) 0.062684904 0.046021 0.029308 0.017419
23 α 2.338426537 2.281465 2.237512 2.199536

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Figure 2: log10(Nu) vs. log10 (Gr)(Pr)

Figure 3: (TE-TV) vs. QR

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Source of error :

- For experimental reasons, the heat transfer by radiation is assumed fully pure at aero absolute pressure.
this is incorrect because there is some losses , this tend to some error in emissivity value.

- When properties of Air as working fluid are obtained, some approximation values calculated
by interpolation.

- Humans error in reading the data or apparatus error especially in thermocouple.

Discussion and conclusion:

- From figure 2, noticed that the relation between logarithm of both Nusselt number and multiplication of
grashof number and prandtl number is almost linear proportional since the scale is log.

- From figure 3, noticed that the relation between heat loss by radiation and temperature differences is
proportional from fourth degree and the y-intercept is origin point.

- When there is no any air, the Utube manometer head will be equal barometric head and the total heat will
be lost by radiation theoretically.

- Emissivity value is very close to that expected one , this mean that apparatus almost reached steady
state.

- When the air enters, the heat will be lost by radiation and convection together, and summation of both
must be equal the total heat come from rheostat theoretically .