VI.

EVAPORATOR DESIGN
Evaporator is a heat-exchanger device for evaporating liquids. In thermal
power engineering, the evaporator is used to produce a distillate that compensates for
losses of condensate in steam power plants. A tube vertical evaporator is usually
heated by the steam coming from the turbine and passing through the space between
the tubes. The evaporating water, which is softened in advance, passes within the
tubes. There are also evaporators that are heated by flue gases emerging from boiler
units. The steam produced in such evaporators may be used both to compensate for
losses of condensate and to provide heat. High-capacity evaporators find application
in atomic power plants located near seas and oceans for the distillation of seawater.
Evaporators, which are sometimes called distillers, are installed on oceangoing
vessels. They are the principal components of refrigeration units, in which the
refrigerating agent used to provide direct (or using brine) cooling of refrigeration
chambers is evaporated. Evaporators are also devices used to increase the
concentration of various solutions.

DESIGN DATA:
Single Effect (Submerged type)
Temperature of Entering Water . 32 ℃
Heating Efficiency . . . 97 %
Percent Blowdown . . . 2.5%

From equation:
Q R= AUθ
Where;
( t hi−t wo ) −( t ho−t wi )
θ =
ln
[ ]
( t hi−t wo )
( t ho−t wi )
Where:
thi = steam inlet temperature; t33 = 181.038 °C
tho = condensate leaving temperature; t31 = 135.093 °C
twi = entering water temperature; t37 = 32.0 °C
two = leaving water temperature; t29 = 135.098 °C

Thus,
( 181.038° C−135.09 8 ° C )−( 135.093 ° C−32 ° C )
θ =
ln
[
( 181.038 °C−135.09 8 ° C )
( 135.093 ° C−32 ° C ) ]
θ = 70.708 °C=159.274 ° F

293 | Evaporator Design

 From Potter, fig 8-34 p. 391 (for heat head of 70.708 °C=159.274 °F a
motivating steam saturation temperature = 135.093 °C = 275.17 °F, Coefficient of
Heat transfer)

90 100
MSST U MSST U
250 460 250 430
275.17 U90 =480.14 275.17 U100 = 450.14
300 500 300 470
2
273.318 BTU 1.0 5 5 kJ ( 3.28 ft ) hr kW 1.8 ℉
U= × × × × ×
2
hr−ft −℉ BTU m
2
3600 s kJ ℃
s
2
U =1.551kW /m −℃

Heat dissipated by steam:

Heat needed to raise water temperature from 32°C to 181.038°C
QT1 =m37 c p ∆ t=1.067 ( 4.187 )( 181. 038−32 )
QT1 =665.832 kW
Heat needed to vaporize the mass of 1.067 kg/s
QT2 =m37 ×latent heat of vaporization=0.710× 2 004.3
QT2 =2138.59 kW
Thus,
QT =QT1 +QT 2=665.832+ 2138.59 kW
QT =2804.422 kW

The required tube surface area of an evaporator

Q R= AUθ
2804.422 kW =A ( 1.551kW /m −℃ ) ( 70.708 ° C )
2

2
A=25.55 m

294 | Evaporator Design

 Volume flow rate of steam:
V =m v f @ 135.093 ° C =1.067 kg/ s ( 1.0 747 ×10−3 m3 /kg )
V =1.147× 10−3 m3 /s
Use 4 m length and Do = 2.22 cm = 0.0222 m
Q
=A tube surface U θ
tube
Q
=π ( 0.0222 m )( 4 m ) ( 1.551 kW /m2 −℃ ) ( 7 0.708 °C )
tube
Q kW
=30.5945
tube tube

1. Number of Tube
2804.422 kW
no . of tubes=
kW
30.5945
tube
no . of tubes=91. 658 ≈ 92 tubes

2. Length of Tube
QT / n 2804.422 kW /9 2 tubes
L= =
πDUθ π (0.0222)(1.551 kW /m2−℃)(70.708° C)
Actual Length=3.9 85 m

3. Diameter of Shell
Distance between tube∧shell=80 mm=0.08 m
Distance between steam pipe∧tube=60 mm=0.06 m
Distance of tubes=0.0222 m× 92=2.0424 m
Diameter of steam inlet pipe=0.1143m
Diameter of make−up water pipe=0.02667 m
Distance between tubes=2 × D o × 32=2 ×0.0222 ×9 2=4.0848 m
Allowance ¿ make−up water pipe ¿ shell=0.24 m
Thus,
Ds =( .08+.06+2.0424+ .1143+ .02667+4.0848+.24 ) m
D s =6.65 m
⸫Use diameter of shell = 7 m

295 | Evaporator Design