1

CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Cupcakes are mini cakes frequently baked in a small, thin paper or aluminium

cup. It is mostly made of wheat flour infused with organic ingredients like native fruits,

grains, nuts, herbs, and vegetables like malunggay. Cupcakes have become a pop culture

trend and in the culinary world. They have spawned dozens of bakeries devoted entirely

to them. As of today we are noticing that most of the individuals do not involve

themselves eating vegetables frequently for many reasons regardless whether these are

valid or not based on their recommended diet. Some are eating various vegetables but

usually depends on the taste these vegetables are in favor of the consumer’s appetite

preference (Ferrer, 2010).

Nowadays, people would choose an artificially made food product that has less

healthy nutritional content over the conventional foods that is said to be “good for healthy

lifestyle”. The researchers come up with the idea to explore sweet potato as a substitute

flour for making malunggay cupcake where malunggay leaves are the most important

part of this recipe. It provides lots of nutrients that we can benefit from and gives cupcake

a unique taste. Malunggay has long been hailed as a nutrient-filled vegetable in the

Philippines.

The researcher vested an interest is to explore new recipe of malunggay cupcake

with the objective of exploring sweet potato as substitute flour for malunggay cupcake

that the main ingredients of the said product are significant sources of required nutrients

needed by individuals.
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A study for a specific alternative with presence of attracting the Fsm students and

faculty members in relation to their taste and preferences and looking for strategy to help

the consumers to find healthy food that considers convenience, low cost but the product

has infused with healthy ingredients for increasing health benefits. The researcher wants

to serve the value of the new product dishes that they can offer as a healthy food that will

enjoy not only for adults but also for the young ones. This will study also on how to

promote a product out of combined vegetables as the main ingredients that will meet the

satisfaction of the consumers. Subsequently, the study will also consider the acceptability

the taste of vegetables like Sweet Potato and Malunggay or also known as Miracle

Vegetable, turns into cupcake.

According to (Hopkins, 2013) the Malunggay tree is one of the most

nutritious trees in the world. The Malunggay can supply almost all of the nutritional

needs of a human being it provides cures to many illnesses.

For this reasons, Malunggay (Moringa Oleifera) tree is recognized as “The

Miracle Tree”. Other than that, Malunggay tree is also named as “Tree of Life” and

“Tree of Paradise” because of alternative vitamins and essential nutrients almost

every part of the Malunggay tree is safe to be eaten or taken. Its leaves are most the

time, added to soup or eaten raw.

This malunggay plant tree is not only useful but it is the most nutritional

vegetable and an herbal plant. Its flowers, leaves, young pods and roots are being utilized.

It has also been used as herbal medicine because of its nutritional values. It contains
 3

amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. Malunggay cupcake aiming healthy lifestyle they

will provide lots of nutrients that we can benefit from and which can give more delicious

and nutritious cupcake made of malunggay.

Sweet potatoes (Ipomoea Batatas) are a staple food in many parts of the world.

They are a good source of fiber, potassium, vitamins, and other essential nutrients. A

sweet potato is high in vitamin A, particularly in the form of beta-carotene. Eating just

one of them baked in the skin will give you more than four times the recommended Daily

Value of the nutrient, making it one of the richest plant sources of the vitamin there is.

Vitamin A is important to the health of your vision, cells, and immune system, as well as

embryonic growth. Sweet potatoes are also great sources of vitamin C, a powerful

antioxidant that plays key roles in immune system health, connective tissue development,

and wound healing. Look to tubers like sweet potatoes for vitamin B6, potassium, and

dietary fiber (Salomon, 2019).

Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam.), is an important economic crop in many

countries. In terms of annual production, sweet potato ranks as the fifth most important

food crop in the tropics and the seventh in the world food production after wheat, rice,

maize, potato, barley, and cassava. Sweet potato roots have high nutritional value and

sensory versatility in terms of taste, texture, and flesh color white, cream, and yellow,

orange, purple (El‐Sheikha, 2017).

In Midsayap North Cotabato, Malunggay is most common vegetable it is

nutritious than other vegetables, Malunggay leaves is healthy as a good source of the

main ingredients used in baking cupcake, herbal medicine and one of the most popular
 4

vegetable in the Philippines because of a very high nutritional value. The researchers

were inspired to conduct a study on malunggay cupcake to know the advantages as well

as the health benefits that we obtain of malunggay leaves.

Objectives of the Study

This study aimed to determine the Exploring Sweet Potato as a Substitute

Flour for Malunggay Cupcake. Specifically, it aimed to:

1. To determine the good benefits of exploring sweet potato as a

substitute flour for malunggay cupcake.

2. To produce new recipe for malunggay cupcake to provide best and

nutritious malunggay cupcake to the customers.

3. To test the potential and the good quality of malunggay cupcake in

terms of taste, texture, and consistency of the said product.

Significance of the Study

This study will be a significant endeavour in promoting “Exploring the Sweet

Potato as substitute flour for Malunggay Cupcake”. Considering that the main

ingredients of the said product are significant sources of required nutrients needed by

individuals.
 5

Fsm Students. This study may help enlighten the students about the

significance of the exploring sweet potato as substitute flour for malunggay cupcake.

This also serves as their preference for their future studies.

Entrepreneurs. The result of this study may be great help among

entrepreneurs for generating income of the people in Midsayap North Cotabato.

Consumers. The end product of this study may give variations of condiments

choices to the consumers.

Future researchers. This study would provide additional information and

new insights to the malunggay cupcake especially to pursue a more thorough

undertaking to go abreast with the program in terms of development.

Scope and Delimitations of the Study

This study is limited to test the potential of malunggay as the main ingredients

in making cupcake. Sweet potato will serve as substitute for flour upon exploring the

unique taste of the cupcake because of its nutritious tuberous roots.

The researcher focuses on the specific alternative with presence of attracting the

Fsm students and faculty members in relation to their taste and preferences. They are also

looking for strategy to help the consumers to find healthy food that considers

convenience, low cost but the product has infused with healthy ingredients for increasing

health benefits. The researcher wants to serve the value of the new product dishes that

they can offer as a healthy food that will enjoy not only for adults but also for the young
 6

ones. The study will also consider the acceptability the taste of vegetables like Sweet

Potato and Malunggay or also known as Miracle Vegetable, turns into cupcake.

Operational Definitions of Terms

The following terms are defined operationally and for better understanding of

the study.

Malunggay. Is the main ingredient in making cupcake basically the main ingredients

in conducting this study.

Cupcake. It is the outcome or the finish product to be tasted by the consumers.

Sweet Potato. It is a large thick sweet, and nutritious tuberous root of the sweet

potato and a substitute flour for making malunggay cupcake

Flour. It is a smooth and fine powder that mixed to other ingredients for cupcake.

Texture. It is the smoothness or roughness of the malunggay cupcake.

Consistency. Is a degree of firmness of malunggay cupcake. It determines how smooth or

soft the product is.

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Conceptual Framework

This study focuses on exploring the sweet potato as substitute flour for

malunggay cupcake in pastry making. The input shows the combined ideas coming

from the researchers. The process consists of the steps in making the product. It

includes constructing, testing and revising if ever there is a failure. Lastly, the

researcher came up with the output an operational and complete one to conceptualize

the Exploring Sweet Potato as a Substitute Flour for Malunggay Cupcake.

Input Process Output

Ideas in experimenting Process

Materials and Experimenting Exploring Sweet Potato
Ingredients
Designing as a Substitute Flour for
Tools and Equipment
Constructing Malunggay Cupcake
Testing and Revising

Figure 1. Schematic Paradigm showing the conceptual framework of the study.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the literature and studies which are related to this research.

These pertinent readings are synthesized by the researchers in order to establish a link

between the present and the previous studies made.

Malunggay Leaves

All Moringa food products have a very high nutritional value. You can eat the

leaves, especially young shoots, young pods, flowers, roots, and in some species even the

bark. Leaves are low in fats and carbohydrates and rich in minerals, iron and vitamin B. It

is particularly useful as a human food because the leaves appear towards the end of the

dry season when few other sources of green leafy vegetables are available. The leaves of

malunggay are emphasized because these will be needed in making the newly innovated

product (Ferrer, 2010).

The “miracle vegetable,” as some scientists called it, has been promoted by no

less than the World Health Organization (WHO) as a low-cost health enhancer in poor

countries around the globe. The “natural nutrition for the tropics” is how the Florida-

based Education Concerns for Hunger Organization described malunggay. Malunggay

can also be used as a weapon against poverty and malnutrition in the Philippines. It must

be recalled that during the administration of Ferdinand E. Marcos Sr., there was a craze
 9

about malunggay as a solution to the malnutrition problem in the countryside. Marcos

himself was a malunggay addict, consuming soup littered with green leaves in every meal

in addition to the legendary saluyot and labong (bamboo shoots) as his main fare.

Malunggay is also rich in vitamin A (higher than red and green mung beans, radish or

eggplant), thus helping prevent exophthalmia, a disease of the eye. Adults are urged to

eat malunggay leaves as its vitamin C content is higher than those of ampalaya leaves.

Vitamin C may protect against declining mental ability and stroke. In studies with elderly

people, researchers found that low vitamin C levels contributed to slower reasoning

skills, which was a strong factor in their dying from stroke (Tacio, 2018).

Moringa Oleifera serves as an extremely valuable food source its use in human

nutrition as well as in development of balanced diet. It is reportedly an excellent

indigenous source of highly digestible protein, calcium, iron, potassium, vitamins,

essential amino acids, antioxidants, and carotenoids suitable for combating malnutrition

(Alegbeleye 2017).

Moringa trees are known to

overcome protein deficiency
in developing countries as the
leaves and other parts of
the tree contain high amount of
crude proteins and amino
 10

acids compared with soy bean.

Moringa is an excellent non-
animal source of protein for
vegans and vegetarians.
Moringa trees are known to
overcome protein deficiency
in developing countries as the
leaves and other parts of
the tree contain high amount of
crude proteins and amino
acids compared with soy bean.
Moringa is an excellent non-
animal source of protein for
vegans and vegetarians.
Moringa trees are known to
overcome protein deficiency
in developing countries as the
leaves and other parts of
 11

the tree contain high amount of

crude proteins and amino
acids compared with soy bean.
Moringa is an excellent non-
animal source of protein for
vegans and vegetarians.
Moringa trees are known to
overcome protein deficiency
in developing countries as the
leaves and other parts of
the tree contain high amount of
crude proteins and amino
acids compared with soy bean.
Moringa is an excellent non-
animal source of protein for
vegans and vegetarians.
Moringa trees are known to
overcome protein deficiency
 12

in developing countries as the

leaves and other parts of
the tree contain high amount of
crude proteins and amino
acids compared with soy bean.
Moringa is an excellent non-
animal source of protein for
vegans and vegetarians.
Moringa trees are known to
overcome protein deficiency
in developing countries as the
leaves and other parts of
the tree contain high amount of
crude proteins and amino
acids compared with soy bean.
Moringa is an excellent non-
animal source of protein for
vegans and vegetarians
 13

Moringa trees are known to

overcome protein deficiency
in developing countries as the
leaves and other parts of
the tree contain high amount of
crude proteins and amino
acids compared with soy bean.
Moringa is an excellent non-
animal source of protein for
vegans and vegetarians.
Moringa trees are known to
overcome protein deficiency
in developing countries as the
leaves and other parts of
the tree contain high amount of
crude proteins and amino
acids compared with soy bean.
Moringa is an excellent non-
 14

animal source of protein for

vegans and vegetarians.
Moringa trees are known to overcome protein deficiency in developing countries

as the leaves and other parts of the tree contain high amount of crude proteins and amino

acids compared with soy bean. Moringa is an excellent non-animal source of protein for

vegans and vegetarians. Moringa leaves contain all of the essential amino acids, which

are the building blocks of proteins. It is very rare for a vegetable to contain all of these

amino acids and Moringa contains these amino acids in a good proportion, so that they

are very useful to our bodies (Dhakar, 2011).

The Moringa leaves are an excellent source of vitamin A, the raw leaves are rich

in vitamin C and they also have vitamin B and other minerals. These vitamins and

minerals are required for body building, energy as well as blood coagulation and

production. The Moringa leaves rank among the best of perennial tropical vegetables as a

source of nutrients and vitamins. In many developing tropical countries, Moringa is used

to combat malnutrition among infants and nursing mothers and reducing nutritional

deficiency in human body (Srikanth, 2014).

The most used part of Malunggay tree which is used as herbal medicine is its

leaves. Many people cultivates malunggay tree and take its leaves to heal the illness such

as headache, diabetes, allergy, eye-strain and even wellness. Some people traditionally

cultivate it as teas in which they can consume every time. Malunggay leaves contain a

compound pterygospermin and it is known as antimicrobial or antibacterial. The

nutritional contents of malunggay leaves are vitamin C, provitamin A as beta-carotene,

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vitamin K, manganese, amino essentials and protein. The calcium in malunggay leaves is

bound as crystals of calcium oxalate and it can be compared with level 1/25th to 1/45th of

that found in spinach (Carbon, 2010).

Malunggay is widely believed to contain high value nutrients and consumption of

which promotes general well-being. Malunggay is also called a "miracle tree" primarily

for the various health benefits it can provide for almost all kinds of diseases and medical

conditions. More over almost all of its parts have use - from its roots, pods, barks, flowers

and leaves (Fuglie LJ 2000).

Health Benefits of Malunggay

According to (Alexiz Malelo, 2016) malunggay helps to normalized blood sugar

level ( diabetes), combating, malnutrition anti-infections, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-

cancer, anti-inflammatory, produce more milk for breast feeding , strengthen the immune

system, helping to restore skin condition, relieves headache, strengthen eye muscles,

prevent the intestinal worms. Increase semen count, relax and promote good night sleep,

treat common rheumatism, hypocholestemia or high cholesterol.

Some of the benefits of staying active and healthy as you get older include

increasing well-being and participation, recovering from illness more quickly, reducing

the risk of getting chronic disease, and preventing falls. In Australia, more and more

people are living full and productive lives well into their 80s and 90s. Research shows

that if you start living a healthy lifestyle earlier in life, you have better chances of staying

healthy as you get older. Staving physically active, eating well, socializing and improving
 16

your health can help you live a healthy, happy and active life as you get older (Olson,

2020).

As adults age, they need fewer total calories, but higher amounts of some

nutrients especially calcium and vitamin D. In terms of nutrition, you need to focus on

quality not quantity. For both optimal physical and mental health, older adults truly need

to make every calorie count. For a healthy eating plan, choose a variety of foods that can

help your healthy lifestyle regularly. The golden years definitely are not the time for

extreme diets or drastic weight loss. Your goal should be eat better while staying within

your calorie needs. Fad diets frequently eliminate entire food groups, which can lead to

serious nutrient gaps. Rapid weight loss often leads to a loss of lean body mass, exactly

the opposite of what older people need for good health (Ellis 2020).

Eating well as you age is about more than just the quality and variety of your

food. It’s also about the pleasure of eating, which increases when a meal is shared. Eating

with others can be as important as adding vitamins to your diet. A social atmosphere

stimulates your mind, makes meals more enjoyable, and can help you stick to your

healthy eating plan (Robinson, et al 2021).

(Conant,2016) mentioned that for humans to be able to perform their entire

physical task and their brain to remain healthy and active, they must fulfill the needs of

their body by eating right combination of foods such as fresh vegetables and fruit

products. A healthy diet is essential for good health and nutrition. It protects you against

many chronic non-communicable diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes and cancer.

Eating a variety of foods and consuming less salt, sugar, and saturated and industrially-
 17

produced Trans fats are essential for healthy diet. In our life we must always remember

that healthy eating is important in our life.

This fact related with that an Indian-born American physician and writer say,

“Life is like a tree, and its root is consciousness. Therefore, once we tend the root, the

tree as a whole will be healthy (Deepak 1977).

Sweet Potato

Sweet Potato is known to be a good source of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and certain B

vitamins that are considered essential to human health. Besides the commonly consumed

root of the plant, certain tissues in sweet potato are also edible and high in nutritional

value. Although studies have confirmed that water-soluble vitamin exist in sweet potato

roots and leaves, there has been limited information about how these vitamins are

actually distributed in the plants. Sweet potatoes are an excellent source of beta carotene,

vitamin C, and potassium. They are also a decent source of many other vitamins and

minerals (Barvera et.al, 2015).

The sweet potato, also known as the Ipomoea Batatas, not only contains many

nutrients, but it is also packed with medicinal benefits. Most sweet potatoes are orange in

color, but there are others that come in purple, yellow, white, pink, and red. The

following are some of the health benefits that you can accrue from including sweet

potatoes in our regular diet (Marino, 2017).

Health Benefits of Sweet Potato

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Sweet potato is especially effective in the fight against cancer. This variation of

the sweet potato has elements that are able to inhibit growth of specific cancers that

include breast cancer, gastric cancer, and colon cancer by inducing the cell death of these

cancer cells. The vegetable’s high anthocyanin content is believed to be the reason behind

the sweet potato’s anti- cancer activity when it comes to gastric and breast cancers. From

different parts of the sweet potato can also induce cell death in prostate cancer cells,

ensuring that the cancer does not grow and spread to other parts of the prostate. The

presence of carotenoids such as beta-carotene in sweet potatoes has also been reported as

having a significant effect on reducing the risk of men becoming affected with prostate

cancer. Beta- carotene has also been found to be effective in preventing and reducing the

risks of individuals developing colorectal cancer (Agric, 2018).

Sweet potatoes can help in controlling blood pressure because they are rich in

both magnesium and potassium. Higher intake of potassium results in a decrease in blood

pressure, which then significantly reduces the chance of an individual developing a stroke

or a coronary problem. Magnesium is also considered an effective dietary component in

the prevention of hypertension, as well as its reduction in both pregnant and non-pregnant

patients. In addition, other studies have found that magnesium deficiency in the body

increase the risk factors for the development of hypertension (Houston, 2008).

Vitamin A deficiency is a serious issue especially in developing nations around

the world. The health repercussions of a vitamin A deficiency are grave and can include

decreased morality for both pregnant and lactating women and their children. Sweet

potatoes are an extremely important source of vitamin A because they contain high levels
 19

of beta-carotene. Beta-carotene is transformed into vitamin A in our livers, with every

molecule of beta-carotene producing two molecules of vitamin A (Nyangasa, 2012).

Sweet potatoes contain a significant amount of vitamins, most of which have

powerful anti-inflammatory properties. The purple sweet potatoes have conclusively

shown that the extracts from the vegetable variant had the capability of inhibiting the

production of active inflammatory components in the body. Furthermore, sweet potatoes

have a high concentration of choline, which is very versatile nutrient. One of the main

benefits of choline is that it reduces inflammatory responses in the body resulting in less

inflammation (Saini, et al. 2015).

CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the materials and equipment, bill of materials, tools and

equipment needed, labor cost, project cost, project design, functional block diagram,

schematic diagram, construction schedule, procedure of construction, testing and

revising, operating procedures, safety and control measures.

Materials and Equipment

The table 1 shows the tools and ingredients needed in the experiment. In

experimenting of the project, the researcher has come up with the bill of the materials

needed in the experiment making with the total bill of ingredients amounting to the

Three Hundred Seventy-Eight Pesos (Php 378.00).

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Table 1. Materials and Equipment

Tools and Equipment

Cupcake Molder Spatula

Measuring cup Blender

Measuring spoon Electric mixer

Mixing bowl Oven

Cupcake liner Wooden Spoon

Bill of Materials

This study presents the bill of materials, materials and equipment, tools

equipment needed, labor cost, project cost, project design, functional block diagram,

schematic diagram, construction schedule, procedure of construction, testing and

revising, operating procedures, safety and control measures.

Table 2. Bill of Materials

Ingredients Needed Total Price

1kl. Sweet potato 35.00

½ cup Malunggay leaves 5.00

1 tbsp. Baking powder 18.00

1 cup Sugar 51.00

2 tsp. Vanilla extract 19.00

8 Eggs 60.00
 21

½ cup Vegetable oil 30.00

½ cup Fresh milk 35.00

½ cup Butter 43.00

½ tsp. Food coloring 35.00

1 tsp. Cream of Tartar 47.00

Total: 378.00

Tools and Equipment Needed

The tools and equipment needed in experimenting of exploring the sweet potato

as substitute flour for malunggay cupcake with its function shown in table 2.

Table 3. Tools and Equipment Needed

Tools and Equipment Uses

Cupcake tray or mold which cupcake is
Cupcake Molder baked. The pan typically will have 6 or 12
individual round holders connected to the
tin and formed in the shaped of cupcakes.
Used primarily to measure the volume of
Measuring cup liquid or bulk solid cooking ingredients
such as flour and sugar?
Used to measure an amount of ingredients,
Measuring spoon either liquid or dry ingredients when
cooking. They are available in many sizes,
including the teaspoon and tablespoon.
Used for mixing ingredients or whipping
Mixing bowl cream using the electric mixer.
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Used to contain butter poured into cupcake

Cupcake liner tins. Cupcake liner made of paper or foil;
they are usually corrugated and are often
decorative.
Used to mix, spread and lift material
Spatula including foods, dry’s, plastered and paints.
Used to mix, crush, pure or emulsify ford
Blender and other substances
Used as kitchen appliances for roasting and
baking. Foods normally cooked in the
Oven manner include meat, casseroles and baked
good.
Used to beat, whip, and combine
ingredients. All requiring a smooth
Electric Mixer functioning set of blades that turn easily
and consistently during the mixing process.

Project Cost

This study shows the project cost amounting of Two Hundred-Fifty Pesos (Php

250.00) for merienda and lunch when the baking process of a malunggay cupcake

experiment.

Table 4. Cost of the Project

Item Amount (Php)

Total Cost of Material 378.00

Miscellaneous Expenses 400.00

Total Php 778.00

 23

Design of the Project

Figure 2 shows the finished product of exploring the sweet potato as substitute

flour for malunggay cupcake.

Functional Block Diagram

The exploring the sweet potato as a substitute flour for making malunggay

cupcake that consists of many ingredients in conducting experiment and process to make

it perfect.

Figure 3. Functional Block Diagram

Preparing All First peeling: Peeling Slicing and draining

Ingredients sweet potato sweet potato

Mixing and blending Drying the sweet potato

Sweet potato and Smashing
Malunggay leaves
 24

Checking the Molding

smoothness of
Finished Product
malunggay and sweet
potato

Figure 4. Shows the Schematic diagram

 25

Construction Schedule
 26

Table 5 shows the schedule of the planning, preparing materials needed, process

and experimenting product testing of number of hours and days. The planning, preparing

of materials needed of this study took 2 days, experimenting a product 2 days and testing

revising for 3 hours.

Table 5. Construction Schedule

Number of Hours/Days

Activity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A
B
C
D

Legend
Activity:
A- Planning
B- Preparing of Materials
C- Experimenting of the Products
D- Testing and Revising

Construction Procedure

1. Complete all equipment and materials needed for the experiment

2. Prepare all ingredients for baking process

3. Combine sweet potato flour, baking powder, and salt

4. Mix butter and sugar until combined. Add eggs and vanilla extract

5. Add sweet potato to the mixing ingredients.

6. Stir milk and add blended malunggay leaves

 27

7. Pour into cupcake liners about ¾ full and bake for 20-22 minutes

Testing and Revising

This study focus on the testing and revising procedure for making malunggay

cupcake to determine the exact measurements of ingredients and to get the good taste,

texture, and consistency of the product.

Operating Procedure

The steps of the operating procedures to be followed when preparing all

ingredients in making Malunggay cupcake.

1. The first step, boiled sweet potato until cooked. Then transfer to a bowl and

remove the peel and smash the sweet potato until softer.

2. Blend 1 cup of malunggay leaves and put ¼ cup of fresh milk at least 5 minutes.

3. Next is put the butter into a bowl and add 1 cup of sugar and mixed. Add 2 tsp.

vanilla extract, ¼ cup vegetable oil.

4. Mixed sweet potato and malunggay leaves. Add 1 tbsp. baking powder and mixed

well.

5. Last step is pre heat the oven to 350 degree and prepare the cupcake molder.

Baked the cupcake in the oven about 15-20 minutes. They should be well risen,

golden brown and spring back to the touch.

Safety and Control Measures

 28

In preparing ingredients for experimenting, safety and control measures must be

considered.

1. Make sure you wash your hands with soap or dishwashing liquid tools and

equipment before using them.

2. Prepare and clean all of the tools and equipment such as measuring cups, spoon,

mixing bowl, molder etc.

3. Use hairnet and apron to keep clean and comfortable in experimenting the

product.

4. Use hand gloves to protect your hands and to avoid possible bacterial

contamination.

5. Don’t talks if you are conducting experiment if you are not wearing face mask to

avoid falling saliva while conducting an experiment to prevent food

contamination.

Maintenance

1. Make certain that you can clean all of the equipment and tools that you used

after the experimentation before leaving the area.

2. Clean the kitchen area and check the gas stove to see if it is closed or open to

avoid a fire.

LITERATURE CITED
 29

Agric, J. (2018). Anti-breast-Cancer Activity Exerted by β-Sitosterol- D-glucoside from

Sweet Potato via Upregulation of MicroRNA-10a and via the PI3K–Akt
Signaling Pathway.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03305

Alegbeleye O.P. (2017). Nutritional Properties of Moringa Oleifera, Review of Its

Nutritive, Medical and Socioeconomic Potential.
https://do.org 110.17749814.

Barvera, W., et al. (January 14, 2015).Sweet Potato a Good Source of Vitamin:
Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Tuskegee/NASA Center for
Food and Environmental Systems for Human Exploration of Space (CFESH)
Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama 36088
http//www.ashs.org/news/210737/Sweet-potato-a-good-source-of-
vitamins.htn.

Cardinal, H. (2010). The Miracle Nutrients of Malunggay: Miracle Tree: A Review on

Multi-purposes of Moringa oleifera and Its Implication for Climate Change
MitigationMekonnen Daba*bOromia Agriculture Research Institutes, Bako
Agricultural Research Center, P. O. Box 03, Bako, West Shoa, Oromia,
Ethiopia.
Conant, D. (2016). The Importance of Eating Nutritious Foods.Socio-economic
disparities in the consumption of vegetables, fruit and energy-dense foods: the
role of motive priorities, Cambridge University Press: Retrieve from
omicsonline.org/open-access/miracle-tree-a-review-on-multipurposes-of-
moringa-oleifera-and-itsimplication-for-climate-change-mitigation-2157-7617-
1000366.php?aid=77982
Deepak, C. (2018). The Important Of Healthy Eating Health Essay. Published Oct. 27,
2018. Venture House,Cross Arnold, Nothingghamshire. Retrieved from
https://nursinganswers.net/essays/the-important-of-healthy-eating-health-
essay.php.
Dhakar, R. (2011). Moringa: The herbal gold to combat malnutrition. Bako Agricultural
Research Center. Bako, West Shoa, Oromia, Ethiopia: Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/216463190.

Ellis, E. (2020). Healthy Lifestyle for Healthy Older Adults. Retrieved from
https://www.eatright.org/food/nutrition/dietary-guidelines-and-myplate/
healthy-weights-for-healthy-older-adults
El‐Sheikha A.F, Ray RC (2017). Potential impacts of bioprocessing of sweet potato: The
Potential of Sweetpotato as a Functional Food in Sub-Saharan Africa and Its
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