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1. To introduce 1 min INTRODUCTION Lecture LCD What do you
the topic mean by
endocarditis?
Infective endocarditis is an infection in the
heart valves or endocardium. The endocardium
is the lining of the interior surfaces of the
chambers of the heart. This condition is usually
caused by bacteria entering the bloodstream and
infecting the heart. Bacteria may originate in
the:

 mouth
 skin
 intestines
 respiratory system
 urinary tract

When this condition is caused by bacteria, it’s

also known as bacterial endocarditis. In rare
cases, it can also be caused by fungi or other
microorganisms.

Infective endocarditis is a serious condition that

requires prompt medical treatment. If left
untreated, the infection can damage your heart
valves. This can lead to problems including:

 stroke
 damage to other organs
 heart failure
 Death

This condition is rare in people with healthy

hearts. People who have other heart conditions
are at higher risk
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2. To define 2 DEFINITION
endocarditis mins  Infective endocarditis, also called
bacterial endocarditis, is an infection
caused by bacteria that enter the
bloodstream and settle in the heart
lining, a heart valve or a blood vessel.
 Infective endocarditis is an infection in
the heart valves or endocardium. 

3. To explain the 3 Lecture LCD What are the

causes mins
CAUSES causes of
infective
This condition is usually caused by bacteria endocarditis?
entering the bloodstream and infecting the
heart. Bacteria may originate in the:

 mouth
 skin
 intestines
 respiratory system
 urinary tract

When this condition is caused by bacteria, it’s

also known as bacterial endocarditis. In rare
cases, it can also be caused by fungi or other
microorganisms.Infective endocarditis is a
serious condition that requires prompt medical
treatment. If left untreated, the infection can
damage your heart valves. This can lead to
problems including:
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 stroke
 damage to other organs
 heart failure
 death

This condition is rare in people with healthy

hearts. People who have other heart conditions
are at higher risk. Lecture LCD

You may need to take antibiotics before certain

medical and dental procedures if you’re at high
risk for infective endocarditis. Antibiotics help
stop bacteria from entering your bloodstream
and causing infection..
4. To list out the 5
symptoms mins
SYMPTOMS

Symptoms vary from person to person. In some

people, symptoms come on suddenly, while
others develop symptoms more slowly. Talk to
your doctor if you experience any of the
symptoms listed below. People at high risk of
endocarditis should take particular care.

Symptoms may include:

 fever
 chest pain
 weakness
 blood in urine
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 chills
 sweating
 red skin rash
 white spots in mouth or on tongue
 pain and swelling in joints
 muscle aches and tenderness
 abnormal urine color Lecture LCD
 fatigue
 cough
 shortness of breath
 sore throat
 sinus congestion and headache
 nausea or vomiting
 weight loss

Infective endocarditis can be life threatening if

not treated promptly. Unfortunately, signs of
infective endocarditis can resemble many other
illnesses. Talk to your doctor immediately if
you experience any of the symptoms listed
above.
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5. To explain the 5 RISK FACTORS Explain the risk

risk factors mins factors of
People may be at risk for this condition if you endocarditis
have:

 artificial heart valves

 congenital heart disease Lecture LCD
 heart valve disease
 damaged heart valves
 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
 a history of endocarditis
 history of illegal drug use
 mitral valve prolapse and valve
regurgitation (leaking) and/or thickened
valve leaflets

The risk of infective endocarditis is higher after

procedures that allow bacteria access to the
bloodstream. These include:

 dental procedures involving the gums

 insertion of catheters or needles
 procedures to treat infections
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6. To explain the 3 DIAGNOSIS
diagnosis mins To diagnose endocarditis, a health care provider
does a physical exam and asks questions about
your medical history and symptoms. Tests are
done to help confirm or rule out endocarditis.
Tests
Tests used to help diagnose endocarditis
include:

 Blood culture test. This test helps Lecture LCD

identify germs in the bloodstream.
Results from this test help determine the
antibiotic or combination of antibiotics to
use for treatment.
 Complete blood count. This test can
determine if there's a lot of white blood
cells, which can be a sign of infection. A
complete blood count can also help
diagnose low levels of healthy red blood
cells (anemia), which can be a sign of
endocarditis. Other blood tests also may
be done.
 Echocardiogram. Sound waves are used
to create images of the beating heart. This
test shows how well the heart's chambers
and valves pump blood. It can also show
the heart's structure. Your provider may
use two different types of
echocardiograms to help diagnose
endocarditis.
In a standard (transthoracic)
echocardiogram, a wandlike device
(transducer) is moved over the chest area.
The device directs sound waves at the
heart and records them as they bounce
back.
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 Electrocardiogram (ECG or
EKG). This quick and painless test
measures the electrical activity of the
heart. During an ECG, sensors
(electrodes) are attached to the chest and
sometimes to the arms or legs. It isn't
specifically used to diagnose endocarditis,
but it can show if something is affecting
the heart's electrical activity.
Lecture LCD
 Chest X-ray. A chest X-ray shows the
condition of the lungs and heart. It can
help determine if endocarditis has caused
heart swelling or if any infection has
spread to the lungs.
 Computerized tomography (CT) scan
or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). 
need scans of your brain, chest or other
parts of the body if that infection has
7. To discuss the 3 spread to these areas.
treatment mins
TREATMENT

Many people with endocarditis are successfully

treated with antibiotics. Sometimes, surgery
may be needed to fix or replace damaged heart
valves and clean up any remaining signs of the
infection.

Medications

The type of medication you receive depends on

what's causing the endocarditis
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High doses of IV antibiotics are used to treat
endocarditis caused by bacteria. If you
receive IV antibiotics, you'll generally spend a
week or more in the hospital so that care
providers can determine if the treatment is
working.

Once your fever and any severe symptoms have

gone away, you might be able to leave the Lecture LCD
hospital. Some people continue IV antibiotics
with visits to a provider's office or at home with
home care. Antibiotics are usually taken for
several weeks.

If endocarditis is caused by a fungal infection,

antifungal medication is given. Some people
need lifelong antifungal pills to prevent
endocarditis from returning.
Surgery or other procedures
Heart valve surgery may be needed to treat
persistent endocarditis infections or to replace a
damaged valve. Surgery is sometimes needed to
treat endocarditis that's caused by a fungal
infection.
Depending on your specific condition, your
health care provider may recommend heart
valve repair or replacement. Heart valve
replacement uses a mechanical valve or a valve
made from cow, pig or human heart tissue
(biologic tissue valve).
BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Heart inflammation. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/heart-inflammation. Accessed April 12,
2022.
2. Loscalzo J, et al., eds. Infective endocarditis. In: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 21st ed. McGraw Hill; 2022.
https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com. Accessed April 12, 2022.
3. Chu VH, et al. Native valve endocarditis: Epidemiology, risk factors, and microbiology. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed
May 6, 2022.
4. Chu VH, et al. Clinical manifestations and evaluation of adults with suspected left-sided native valve endocarditis.
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed May 6, 2022.
5. Spelman D, et al. Complications and outcome of infective endocarditis. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed May 6, 2022.
6. Sexton DJ, et al. Antimicrobial therapy of left-sided native valve endocarditis. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed May 6,
2022.
 CLASS TEACHING
ON
INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
DIMPAL SAHU
MSC (N) 2ND YEAR