THE REMAINDER

AND
FACTOR THEOREM
 Remainder Theorem
If a polynomial P(x) is divided by x – c, then the remainder is P(c).
Example:
What is the remainder when is
divided by ?
Solution:
By Remainder Theorem, c = 2
Remainder

Verification:

Remainder

Therefore, the remainder if D(x) is divided by D(x) is -3.

The Remainder and Factor Theorem 2

 Remainder Theorem: Exercises
Use the remainder theorem. Verify your answer using synthetic division.

1. What is the remainder when

is divided by ?
2. What is the remainder when
is divided by ?

3. What is the remainder when

is divided
by ?

The Remainder and Factor Theorem 3

 Remainder Theorem: Exercises
1. What is the remainder when
is divided by ?
Solution:
By Remainder Theorem,

Remainder

Verification:

Remainder

Therefore, the remainder if D(x) is divided by D(x) is -25.

The Remainder and Factor Theorem 4

 Remainder Theorem: Exercises
2. What is the remainder when
is divided by ?
Solution:
By Remainder Theorem,

Remainder
Verification:

Remainder

Therefore, the remainder if D(x) is divided by D(x) is 10.

The Remainder and Factor Theorem 5

 Remainder Theorem: Exercises
3. What is the remainder when
is divided
by
Solution: ?
By Remainder Theorem,

Remainder

The Remainder and Factor Theorem 6

 Remainder Theorem: Exercises
Cont. 3. What is the remainder when
is divided
by ?
Verification:

Remainder

Therefore, the remainder if D(x) is divided by D(x) is -11.

The Remainder and Factor Theorem 7

 Factor Theorem
A polynomial P(x) has a factor x – c if and only if P(c) = 0.
Example 1:
Is x + 1 a factor of
?
Solution:
By Factor Theorem, since x + 1 = x – (-1), c = -1

Since P(-1) = 0, x + 1 is a factor of P(x).

The Remainder and Factor Theorem 8

 Factor Theorem
A polynomial P(x) has a factor x – c if and only if P(c) = 0.
Example 2:
Is x – 2 a factor of ?

Solution:
By Factor Theorem, since x – 2, c = 2

Since P(2) = 0, x – 2 is a factor of P(x).

The Remainder and Factor Theorem 9

 Factor Theorem
A polynomial P(x) has a factor x – c if and only if P(c) = 0.
Example 3:
Is x + 1 a factor of
?
Solution:
By Factor Theorem, since x + 1 = x – (-1), c = -1

Since P(-1) = 0, x + 1 is a factor of P(x).

The Remainder and Factor Theorem 10

 Factor Theorem: Exercises

Use the Factor Theorem to answer the following.

1. Is x – 3 a factor of
2. Is x + 2 a factor of ?

3. Is x – 1 a factor of ?
?

The Remainder and Factor Theorem 11

 Factor Theorem: Exercises
1. Is x – 3 a factor of
?
Solution:
By Factor Theorem, since x – 3, c = 3

Since P(3) = 0, x – 3 is a factor of P(x).

The Remainder and Factor Theorem 12

 Factor Theorem: Exercises
2. Is x + 2 a factor of
?
Solution:
By Factor Theorem, since x + 2 = x – (-2), c = -2

Since P(-2) = 0, x + 2 is a factor of P(x).

The Remainder and Factor Theorem 13

 Factor Theorem: Exercises
3. Is x – 1 a factor of
?
Solution:
By Factor Theorem, since x – 1, c = 1

Since P(1) ≠ 0, x – 1 is not a factor of P(x).

The Remainder and Factor Theorem 14

 Factor Theorem
Example:
For x – 4 to be a factor of , what
must be the value of k?
Solution:
By Factor Theorem,
x – 4 is a factor of P(x)
if P(4) = 0.

Thus, x – 4 is a factor of P(x) if k = 24.

The Remainder and Factor Theorem 15
 Factor Theorem
Example:
For x – 4 to be a factor of , what
must be the value of k?
Thus, x – 4 is a factor of P(x) if k = 24.
Verification:
k = 24

By Factor Theorem, x – 4 is a factor of P(x) if P(4) = 0.

The Remainder and Factor Theorem 16

 Factor Theorem: Exercises

Use the Factor Theorem to answer the following.

1. For x + 3 to be a factor of
,
what must be the value of k?
2. For x + 5 to be a factor of
,
what must be the value of k?

3. When the polynomial is divided by x – k,

the remainder is 5. What value/s of k satisfy the given condition?

The Remainder and Factor Theorem 17

 Factor Theorem: Exercises
1. For x + 3 to be a factor of
,
what must be the value of k?
Solution:
By Factor Theorem,
x + 3 is a factor of P(x)
if P(-3) = 0.

-30 + k = 0
k = 30
Thus, x + 3 is a factor of P(x) if k = 30.
The Remainder and Factor Theorem 18
 Factor Theorem: Exercises
2. For x + 5 to be a factor of
,
what must be the value of k?
Solution:
By Factor Theorem,
x + 5 is a factor of P(x)
if P(-5) = 0.

20 + k = 0
k = -20
Thus, x + 5 is a factor of P(x) if k = -20.
The Remainder and Factor Theorem 19
 Factor Theorem: Exercises
3. When the polynomial is
divided by x – k,
the remainder is 5. What value/s of k satisfy the given condition?
Solution:
Since x – k, c = k By Remainder Theorem,

k=0 k=4 k = -2
Thus, the remainder is 5 when P(x) is divided by x + k
if the values of k are 0, 4, and -2.
The Remainder and Factor Theorem 20