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External covering of the body; largest skin

skin compromises how many percent of 15 to 20
layer of skin Derived from the epidermis
layer
layer of skin derived from variable
that contains mesoderm dermis
amounts of adipose tissue arranged
into lobules separated
equivalent to the by connective tissue
hypodermissepta
subcutaneous fasci hypodermis
also
havecalled stratum germinativum
less cytoplasm than the cells in the stratum basale=
layer above
nuclei are more
Basophilic due toclosely spaced
the closely stratum
spaced nuclei andbasale
basophilic
epidermal layer with Keratinocytes that basale
cytoplasm of the cells stratum are larger than those of the stratum
basale
are attached to the processes of adjacent cells bystratum spinosum
desmosomes spinosum
desmosome appears
Cells in this layer as a called
are also slight thicken
pricklenode
cells of duebizzozero
to its
appearance spinosum
most superficial layer of the nonkeratinized portion of
the epidermis
considered a subdivision of the stratum granulosum
corneum by some
histologists lucidum
often haseosinophilic
contains a refractile appearance
cells in whichand thelucidum
process of
keratinization is well advanced
No nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles and become lucidum
filled almost
fingerlike entirely with
connective tissuekeratin filaments
protrusions corneum
projecting into
the
epidermal protrusions that project intodermal
undersurface of the epidermis the dermispapillaeand
complements
each individual and is reflected in the appearance of ridges
the dermal papillae epidermal / rete
epidermal
dermis layer grooves and ridges onof
that consists the surface
dermal
loose of
ridges
connectivethe skin
tissue immediately beneath the
epidermis papillary
papillary layer collagen networ type i and iii
elastic fibers
contains nerve of processes
this dermal layer
that are terminate
either papillary in the dermis or
penetrate the basal lamina to enter the papillary
epithelial compartment
contains
Has thick,blood vessels
irregular that serve
bundles but type
of mostly papillary
I collagen and by
coarser elastic fibers reticular
reticular
serves aslayer form
a major energy storage regularsite
lineslanger's
and lines
also provides
insulation
produces the erection of hairs and puckering hypodermis of skin
called “goose flesh”
thin layer of striated muscle deep to the arrector pili
subcutaneous
fascia in most
constitutes theanimals
platysma muscle and the panniculus carnosus
other muscles
of facial expression
Separation of the organism from its panniculus carnosus
external
Predominant cell type of the epidermiskeratinocytes
environment originating from
the stratum basale keratinocytes
produce keratins (cytokeratins), major heteropolymeric
structural
Upper partproteins
of stratumof the epidermis
spinosum keratinocytes
keratohyaline granules
are synthesized by
Keratohyalin granules contain the two major keratinocytes
intermediate
organelles andfilament–associated
the plasma membrane proteins:
filaggrin,
is thick; pH and trichohyalin
decreases from pH 7.17 to? pH 4.5 to 6
physiological
Prograssively serine
releasesprotease
KLKs atinhibitorlymphoepithelial
lower pH allowing degradation kazal-type inhibitor (lekti)
of desmosomes and the release of thelymphoepithelialkeratinocytes Kazal-type inhibitor (LEKTI)
Rare genetic disorder associated with
Produced by cells in the stratum spinosum as they netherton syndrome
begin
to produce keratohyalin granules lamellar
intercellular spaces between the stratum granulosum bodies
and stratum
envelope, corneum of cornified cells,
desquamation lamellarand bodies
antimicrobial defenses in the skin lamellar bodies
essential for layer
15-nm-thick mammalian “dry”proteins
of insoluble epithelepidermal
depositedwater on thebarrier
inner surface of the plasma membranecell envelope
total CE protein mass; has the highest glycine content of any
known
ratio ofprotein
melanocytes in the to
body
keratinocytes or loricrin
their precursors
in the basal layer ranges from 1:4 to 1:10
produce
keratinocytesand secrete the pigment
by phagocytosis meltips
of the melanocytes
of the
melanocyte processes
dendritic-appearing, by keratinocytespigment
antigen-presenting cells indonation
the
epidermis
encounter and process antigens entering through the langerhans' cells
skin
do not form desmosomes with neighboring langerhans' cell
keratinocytes
Cannot be distinguished in H&E staining; langerhans' cell stains
nucleus
heavily with hematoxylin
Most abundant in skin where and sensory
cytoplasm langerhans'
is clear iscell
perception
acute such
contain as the fingertips
intermediate (keratin) filaments merkel's
in theircells
cytoplasm
nucleus is lobed; cytoplasm is somewhat densercells merkel's than
that of melanocytes and Langerhans’ merkel's
cells cells
best characterized by the presence of 80-nm densecored neurosecretory granules that resemble those
found in the adrenal medulla and carotid merkel's
body cells
rare but highly
develops whenaggressive
Merkel cells type of skinuncontrolled
undergo MERKEL CELL CARCINOMA (MCC)
proliferation
starts most often in areas of skin exposed MERKELto theCELLsun,CARCINOMA (MCC)
such as the head, neck, and upper and
endowed with sensory receptors of various types that MERKEL
lower limbs
CELL CARCINOMA (MCC)
are
alsoperipheral
well supplied terminals of sensory
with motor nervenervesnerve supply
endings to the
blood vessels,
detect pressurearrectorchanges piliand
muscles, and
vibrations nerve
sweat
appliedsupply
glands
on the
skin surface
deep pressure receptors for mechanical and vibratory pacinian corpuscles
pressure
composed of a myelinated nerve ending pacinian
surroundedcorpuscles
by
ainner
capsule structure
core is made up of tightly packed, flattened pacinian corpuscles
Schwann
Each lamella cell islamellae
separated from its neighbor pacinianby acorpuscles
narrow
space containing lymphlike fluid
correspond to the cells of the endoneurium outside the pacinian corpsucles
capsule
Sparse collagen fibrils and occasional capillaries pacinian corpuscle
are
also present in between the lamellae
displacement of the capsule lamellae = depolarizes the pacinian corpuscles
axonpalmar and volar surfaces, particularly
the pacinian
thosecorpsucles
of the
fingers and toes)
their long axis and are oriented perpendicular to the meissner's corpuscles
skin surface meissner's corpuscles
responsible for sensitivity to light toucmeissner's
endings of myelinated nerve fibers follow spiral paths corpuscles
in the corpuscle
cellular component consists of flattened meissner's
Schwanncorpuscles
cells
that form several irregular lamellae meissner's corpuscles
sensitive
respond to tomechanical
skin stretchdisplacement
and torque ofruffini's adjacent corpuscles
collagen
consist offibers
a thin connective tissue capsule ruffini's
thatcorpuscles
encloses a
fluid-filled
dense space of fine axonal endings,
arborization ruffini's
eachcorpuscles
terminating
in a small knoblike bulb
receptors (phasic receptors) that generate short actionruffini's corpuscles
potentials at the beginning and end ofruffini's a stimulus
derived corpuscles
from downgrowths of epidermal epithelium
epidermal skin appendages during
extends from the surface opening of the follicle to the level of development
the
partopening of its sebaceous
of the pilosebaceous canal = routeinfundibulum
gland for the discharge of the
oily substance sebum infundibulum
extends from the infundibulum to the level of insertion of the
arrector pili muscle
In the growing follicle = nearly uniformisthmus diameter
except at its base, where it expands
single or double layer of flattened cells that form to inferior
form thesegment
bulb
the middle
plate of
outer the internal
single root sheath
layer of cuboidal huxley's
cells; in direct layer with the outermost part of the hair follicle =
contact
downgrowth
arrector pili muscleof the and
epidermis
the origin= theofexternal
henle's
the root
layersheath
sebaceous
gland andcells
epithelial glandcalled
fromthe
thefollicular
wall of the follicular
bulgeexternal
whichcanalroot
is a sheath
hair follicles (the internal root sheath, cortex, and sheath
niche of epidermal stem (ES) cells external root
medulla)
Where hair as and
wellinternal
as sebaceous
root sheathglandsare epidermal
keratinized stem cells
after
leaving the matrix keratogenous zone
hair layer where central part of the sh medulla
located
containsperipherally
squamous cells to the medulla
that form theancortex
outermost layer of the
hair
hair follicle, usually producing several glands cuticle per
of the hair shaft
follicle
produces an oily substance called sebum sebaceous glands
by holocrine
secretion
Infundibulum of the hair follicle with the sebaceous
short ductglands
of the
gland Pilosebaceous
distributed over the entire body surface except for the canal
lips and part
Arranged as aofblind-ended,
the externalsimple,
genitalia ECCRINE
coiled tubularSWEAT GLAND
structure
segment of sweat gland deep in the dermis or in the glands
eccrine swear upper part of
the hypodermis secretory segment
segmentthat
cooling of sweat
resultsgland
fromthat is less coiductofsegment
the evaporation water from
sweat on the body surface
protein and contains varying amounts of sodium eccrine
chloride, urea, uric acid, and ammoniaeccrine
cell
cell types
types ofof secretory
secretory segment
segment that clear cells
that is characterized by abundant rER and secretory granules and
large golgi apparatus and secretes glycoprotein
dark cells
transversally to the tubule and contraction is responsiblefor rapid expression of sweat from
the gland coiled tubular glands associated with hair
large-lumen
follicles
develop from the same downgrowths of apocrine
epidermis that
give rise to hair follicles apocrine
follicle; located just above the entry of the sebaceouis
duct or, more commonly, in the upper
dermis apocrine
region of the
hypodermis apocrine
Secretory portion has wider lumen than that of eccrine glands and is composed of a
single cell type apocrine
Secretory portion, apical part of the ceapocrine
lipid, and certain organic compounds that may color the
secretion apocrine
secretion is milkyfluid
When secreted, andisslightly viscous
odorless iapocrinean acrid
but develops
odor due to bacterial action on the
become functional at puberty and development surface
apocrine depends on
the sex hormones
Consists apocrinewith the
of epithelial cells that are continuous
stratuminbasale
buried a fold and stratum spinosum
of epidermis and covers nail
ofthe
the
bedepidermis
cells of the
germinative zone, or matrix nail
Contains stem cells, epithelial cells, melanocytes, root
Merkel’s cells, and Langerhans’ cells GERMINATIVE ZONE OR MATRIX
crescent-shaped white area near the ro lunula
edge of theepidermal
thickened skin fold covering
layer thatthe rooteponychium
secures the free edge / cuticle
of
the nail plate at the fingertip HYPONYCHIUM
ermal epithelium
sion of sweat from