THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Anaphy Lecture
DMD1-CAB4 | PROF. Ralph Joyce Cabug| SEM 2 2023
Integumentary System
● composed of the skin, hair, oil and
sweat glands, nails and sensory
receptors.
● helps maintain a constant body
temperature
● protects the body
● provides sensory information about
the surrounding environment
Dermatology
● is the medical specialty that deals with
the diagnosis and treatment of
integumentary system disorders.
Skin
● also known as the cutaneous
layer
● covers the external surface of the
body and is the largest organ of
the body in both surface and
weight
● in adults the skin covers an area of
about 2 square meters or 22
square feet and weights 4.5-5 kg
or 10-11 lb
● about 7% of total body weight
● the thickness on the eyelids is
0.5mm or 0.02inch
● 4.0 mm or 0.16 on the heels.
● 1-2 mm 0.04-0.08 thick over most
of the body.
Epidermis
● composed of keratinized stratified
squamous epithilium
● contains four principal types of
cells: keratinocuytes, melanocytes,
langerhans and merkel cells.
Keratinocytes
● 90% of epidermal cells
● arranged in 4-5 layers
● produce the protein keratin
● keratin- tough, fibrous protein that
helps protect the skin and
underlying tissues from abrasions,
heat, microbes, and chemicals.
● also produce lamellar granules
● lamellar granules- release a
water repellent sealant and
decreases water entry and loss
and inhibits the entry of foreign
materials.
Melanocytes
● 8% of the epidermal cells
● develop from the ectoderm of a
developing embryo
● produce the pigment of melanin
● their long slender projections
extend between the keratinocytes
and transfer melanin granules to
them
● melanin- yellow red or
brown-black pigment that
contributes to skin color.
- absorbs damaging
ultraviolet light.
- Once inside the
keratinocytes the melanin
granules cluster to form a
protective veil over the
nucleus, in this way they
shield the nuclear DNA
from damage by UV light.
Langerhans Cells
● also called epidermal dendritic
cells
● arise from the bone marrow and
migrate to the epidermis.
● participate in immune responses
mounted against microbes that
invade the skin
● easily damaged by the UV light
Merkel Cells
● least numerous of the epidermal
cells
● located in the deepest layer of the
epidermis
● they contact the flattened process
of sensory neuron call a merkel
disc
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THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Anaphy Lecture
DMD1-CAB4 | PROF. Ralph Joyce Cabug| SEM 2 2023
● merkel cells and their associated
merkel disc detect touch sensation
Epidermis contains five layers and these
are the stratum corenuem, stratum
lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum
spinosum and the strata basale
Stratum Basale
● deepest layer of the epidermis
● also known as stratum
germinativum
● composed of a single row of
cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes
● some cells in this layer are stem
cells that undergo cell division to
continually produce new
keratinocytes
● nuclei of keratinocytes in this
layers are large, and their
cytiplasm contains many
ribosomes, a small golgi complex,
a few mitochondria, and some
rough ER
● keratin intermediate filaments or
tonofilaments- cytoskeleton within
keratinocytes that includes
scattered intermidiate filaments
● this is were melanocyte and merkel
cell are located
Stratum Spinosum
● superficial to stratum basale
● consists of numerous keratinocytes
arranged in 8-10 layers
● the keratinocytes in this layers that
was produced by the stem cell in
the stratum basale have the same
organelles and some retain their
ability to divide.
● the keratinocytes of this layer
produce coarser bundles of keratin
intermediate filaments than those
of the basal layer.
● Langerhans cells and projections
of melanocytes are also present in
the stratum spinosum.
Stratum Granulosum
● about the middle of the epidermis
● consists of 3-5 layers of flattened
keratinocytes that are undergoing
apoptosis.
● apoptosis- programmed cell death
in which the nucleus fragments
before the cell die
● nucle and other organelles begin to
degenerate as they move farther
from their source of nutrition.
● keratin intermediate filaments are
no longer being produced by these
cells
● keratohyalin- a distinctive feature
that has the presence of darkly
staining granules of a protein
● lamellar granules- present in
keratinocytes that are membrane-
enclosed
- fuse with the plasma
membrane and release a
lipid-rich secretion.
● lipid- rich secretion- deposited in
the spaces between cells of lipid
granulosum, lucidum and corneum.
- acts as a water- repellent
sealant, retarding loss and
entry of water and foreign
materials.
● as their nuclei break down during
apoptosis, the keratinocytes of the
stratum granulosum can no longer
on vital metabolic reactions and
die.
Stratum Lucidum
● is present only in the thick skin of
areas such as the fingerprints,
palms, and soles.
● consists of 6 layers of flattened
clear, dead keratinocytes that
contain large amount of keratin
and thickened plasma membranes
● provides additional level of
toughness
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THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Anaphy Lecture
DMD1-CAB4 | PROF. Ralph Joyce Cabug| SEM 2 2023
Stratum Corneum
● consists of 25 to 30 layers of
flattened dead keratinocytes
● cells are extremely thin, flat,
plasma membrane-enclosed
packages of keratin that no longer
contain a nucleus or any internal
organelles
● final product of of the differentiation
process of keratinocytes
● plasma membranes of adjacent
cells are arranged in complex,
wavy folds that fit together like
pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.
● multiple layers of dead cells helps
the stratum corneum protect
deeper layers from injury and
microbial invasion
● callus- an abnormal thickening of
the stratum corneum. usually seen
in palms and sole
Keratinization and Growth of the
Epidermis
● keratinization- a process where in
the cells move from one epidermal
layer to the next, they accumulate
more and more keratin.
● they undergo apoptosis.
● dandruff- excessive amount of
keratinized cells shed from the skin
of the scalp
● this process is can be observe in
stratum basale
Psoriasis
● is a common and chronic skin disorder
in which keratinocytes divide and move
more quickly than normal from stratum
basale to the stratum corneum.
Dermis
● second deeper part of the skin
● composed of dense irregular
connective tissue containing
collagen and elastic fibers
● has the ability to stretch and recoil
● thicker than epidermis
● dried and treated dermis of
other animals - use in leather,
belts, shoes, baseball gloves, and
basketball
● blood vessels, nerves, glands, and
hair follicles are embedded in the
dermal layer.
● dermis, essential to the survival of
epidermis
● can be divided into a thin
superficial papillary region and a
thick deeper reticular region
Papillary region- makes about one-fifth of
the thickness of the total layer
- consists of thin collagen and fine
elastic fibers
- surface area is greatly increased
by dermal papillae
- dermal papillae- small, nipple
shaped structures that project into
the undersurface of the epidermis
- capillary loops- a blood vessels
that is present in dermal papillae
- meissner corpuscles- contain
tactile receptors. nerve endings=s
that are sensitive to touch
- free nerve endings- dendrites that
lack any apparent structural
specialization. initiate signals that
give rise to sensations of warmth,
coolness, pin, tickling, and itching.
Reticular Region - attached to the
subcutaneous layer
- consists of bundles of thick
collagen fibers, scattered
fibroblasts and various wandering
cells
- the more regular orientation of the
large collagen fibers helps the skin
resist stretching
- blood vessels, nerves, hair
follicles, sebaceous or oil glands,
sudoriferous or sweat glands
occupy the spaces between fibers
- combination of collagen a
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THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Anaphy Lecture
DMD1-CAB4 | PROF. Ralph Joyce Cabug| SEM 2 2023
● extensibility - the ability to stretch
● elasticity- the abilty to return to
original shape after stretching
Stretch Marks
● striae or stretch marks
● because of the collagenous, vascular
structure of the dermis
● a form of internal scaring, can result
from the internal damage to this layer
that occurs when the skin is stretched
too much
● appear reddish
● occur often in the abdominal skin during
pregnancy.
epidermal ridges- produced
during the third month of fetal
development as downward
projections of the epidermis to
dermis between the dermal
papillae of the papillary region
fingerprints or footprints- this
forms when ducts of sweat glands
open on the tops of the epidermal
ridges as sweat pores, and ridges
dermatoglyphics- study of the
pattern of epidermal ridges
Tension Lines
● or lines of cleavage
● can be seen in skin
● indication of predominant direction of
underlying collagen fibers.
● knowledge of tension lines is especially
important to plastic surgeons.
Structural Basis of Skin Color
● melanin, hemoglobin and carotene
are 3 pigments that impart a wide
variety of colors to skin.
● the amount of melanin causes the
skin colors to vary from pale-yellow
to reddish-brown to black
● phenomelanin- yellow to red
● eumelanin- brown to black
● because the number of
melanocytes is about the same in
all people, differences in skin color
are due mainly to the amount of
pigment of melanocytes produce to
transfer to keratinocytes.
● freckles- who are genetically
predisposed, melanin accumulates
patches.
- typically reddish or brown
- more visible in summer
● as a person ages, age or liver spot
may develop
- looks like freckles
- draker than freckles
- build up overtime due to
exposure to sunlight
- flat blemishes
● melanosome- synthesis that occur
in an organelle
● tyrosinase- an enzyme that use in
melanocytes synthesize melanin
from the amino acid tyrosine
Albinism and Vitiligo
● albinism- inherited inability of an
individual to produce melanin
● albinos- people affected by albinism
● have melanocytes that are unable to
synthesize tyrosinase
● melanin is missing in their hair, eyes,
and skin
● vitiligo- the partial or complete loss of
melanocytes from patches of skin
produces irregular white spots.
- loss of melanocytes may be
related to immune system
malfunction in which antibodies
attack the melanocytes
● dark skinned individuals have large
amounts of melanin in the
epidermis
● light skinned have little melanin in
the epidermis
● hemoglobin- red color
- oxygen carrying pigment in
red blood cells.
● carotene- a yellow orange pigment
that gives egg yolk and carrots
their color.
- a precursor of vitamin A
- used to synthesize
pigments needed for vision
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 THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Anaphy Lecture
DMD1-CAB4 | PROF. Ralph Joyce Cabug| SEM 2 2023
Skin Color as a Diagnostic Clue
➔ color of skin and mucous membranes
can provide clues of diagnosing certain
conditions
➔ cyanotic- when blood is not picking up
an adequate amount of oxygen, the
mucous membranes, nail beds, and
skin appear bluish
➔ jaundice- is due to buildup of the
yellow pigment bilirubin in the skin
- give a yellowish appearance to
the skin and the white of the
eyes, usually indicate liver
disease
➔ erythema- redness of the skin
- caused by engorgement of
capillaries in the dermis with
blood due to skin injury,
exposure to heat, infection,
inflammation, or allergic
reactions
➔ pallor- paleness of the skin
- occur in conditions such as
shock and anemia
These color changes are most easily to
observe in lightened color skin and more
difficult to discern with dark-colored skin.
Tattooing and Body Piercing
● tattooing- a permanent coloration
of the skin which a foreign pigment
is deposited with a needle into the
dermis.
● body piercing- insertion of jewelry
through an artificial opening
- practice employed by
egyptian and roman
soldiers.
Accessory Structures of Skin
● hair, skin glands, and nails
● develop from the embryonic
epidermis
Hair
● or pili
● present on most skin surfaces
except the palms, palmar surfaces
of the fingers, soles, and plantar
surfaces of the feet
● genetic and hormonal influences
largely determine the thickness
and the pattern of hair distribution
● also decrease heat loss from the
scalp
● eyebrows and eyelashes protect
the eyes from foreign particles
● touch receptors or hair root
plexuses with hair follicles are
activated whenever a hair is move
even slightly
● hair also function in sensing
touching light touch
Anatomy of a Hair
● each hair is composed of columns
of dead, keratinized epidermal
cells bonded together by
extracellular proteins.
● shaft- superficial portion of the hair
- projects above the surface
of the skin.
● root- portion of the hair deep to the
shaft that penetrates into the
dermis, and sometimes into the
subcutaneous layer
the shaft and root of the hair both consists
of three concentric layers of cells: medulla,
cortex and cuticle of the hair
● inner medulla- lack in thinner hair.
- composed of 2-3 rows of
irregularly shaped cell that
contain large amount of
pigments granules in dark
hair, small amount in gray
hair
● middle cortex- forms the major
part of the shaft and consists of
elongated cells
● cuticle of the hair- outermost
layer
- consists of a single layer of
thin, flat cells that are the
most heavily keratinized
- arranged like shingles on
the side of a house, with
their free edges pointing
toward the end of the hair.
● hair follicle- it surrounds the root
of the hair
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THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Anaphy Lecture
DMD1-CAB4 | PROF. Ralph Joyce Cabug| SEM 2 2023
- made up of an external root
sheath and an internal root
sheath
● epithelial root shoot - external
and internal root sheath
● external root sheath- downward,
continuation of the epidermis.
● internal root sheath- produced by
the matrix and forms a cellar
tubular sheath of epithelium
between the external root sheath
and the hair
● dermal root sheath - dense
dermis surrounding the hair follicle
● bulb- base of each hair follicle,
surrounds by the dermal root
Hair Removal, Alopecia, Chemotherapy and
sheath and is like an onion shaped
structure
● papilla of the hair- houses a
nipple shaped indentation
- contains areolar connective
tissue and many blood
vessels
● hair matrix- part of the bulb that
contains a germinal layer of cells.
● arrector pili- smooth muscle
- extends from the superficial
dermis of the skin to the
dermal root sheath around
the side of the hair follicle.
Under physiological or emotional stress,
such as cold or fright, autonomic nerve
endings stimulate the arrec- tor pili
muscles to contract, which pulls the hair
shafts perpendicular to the skin surface.
This action causes “goose bumps” or
“gooseflesh” because the skin around the
shaft forms slight elevations.
● hair root plexus- sensitive to
touch
- generate nerve impulses if
their hair shafts are moved.
Hair Growth
● each hair follicle goes through a
growth cycle, which consists of a
growth stage, a regression stage,
and a resting stage.
● growth stage- where cells of the
hair matrix divide
- while the cells of the hair
are being pushed upward,
they become keratinized
and die.
● regression stage- next to growth
stage
- This is where the cells of
the matrix stop diving and
hair follicles begin to shrink,
and hair will stop growing.
● resting stage- new growth cycle
begins
- old hair root falls out or is
pushed out of the hair
follicle and new hair begins
to grow in its place.
Hair Loss
➔ depilatory- substance that remove hair
- dissolves protein in the hair
shaft, turning into a gelatinous
mass, that can be wiped away.
- hair root is not affected
- regrowth of the hair occurs
➔ electrolysis- electric current is used to
destroy the hair matrix so that the hair
cannot regrow
➔ laser treatments- can also be used to
remove hair
➔ alopecia- partial or complete lack of
hair, may result from genetic factors,
aging, endocrine disorders,
chemotherapy, or skin disease.
➔ chemotherapy- treatment of disease,
usually cancer by means of chemical
substance or drugs.
- the drugs also affect other
rapidly dividing cells in the body,
such as the hair matrix
Types of Hair
● lanugo- it is where hair follicles
produce very fine, nonpigmented,
downy hairs during the 5th month
of development.
● terminal hairs- a long, coarse
heavily pigmented hairs.
-the lanugo of the eyebrows,
eyelashes, and scalp are shed and
replaced
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THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Anaphy Lecture
DMD1-CAB4 | PROF. Ralph Joyce Cabug| SEM 2 2023
● vellus hairs- where in the lanugo
and the rest of the body are
replaced
Hair Color
● the color of the hair is due primarily
to the amount and type of melanin
in its keratinized cells.
● dark colored hair contains mostly
eumelanin
● blond and red hair contain variants
of pheomelanin.
● white hair results of lack of melanin
and the accumulation of air
bubbles in the shaft.
● hair coloring- process that adds
oe removes pigments in the hair.
Hair and Hormones
➔ at puberty, when the testes begin
secreting significant quantity of
androgens
- masculinizing sex hormones.
➔ hirsutism- excessive body hair or body
hair in areas that usually are not hairy
➔ androgenic alopecia- most common
form of baldness
Skin Glands
● several kinds of exocrine glands
are associated with the skin:
sebaceous glands, sudoriferous
glands, and ceruminous glands.
Sebaceous Glands
● or oil glands
● simple, branched rounded glands
● they are connected to hair follicles
● secreting portion lies in the dermis
and usually opens into the neck of
a hair follicle.
● sebum- an oily substance that
sebaceous glands secrete
- mixture of triglycerides,
cholesterol, proteins and
inorganic salts.
- prevents excessive
evaporation of water from
the skin.
- keep the skin soft and
pliable. inhibits the growth
of some bacteria.
Acne
➔ an inflammation of sebaceous glands
that usually begins at puberty, when
they are stimulated by androgens.
➔ cystic acne- infection that can cause
cyst or sac of connective tissue to form,
which can destroy and displace
epidermal cells.
Sudoriferous ( sweat) Glands
● there are 3- 4 million sweat glads
in the body
● cells of these glands release sweat
or perspiration, into the hair
follicles or onto the skin through
pores.
● divided into two main types:
eccrine and apocrine
● eccrine sweat glands- simple,
coiled tubular glands that are more
common than apocrine glands
- distributed throughout the
skin especially in the
forehead, palms, and soles.
- the secretory portion of
eccrine sweat glands is
located mostly in the deep
dermis.
- the sweat produced by this
gland is consists of water,
ions, urea, uric acid,
ammonia, amino acids,
glucose, and lactic acid.
-thermoregulation- homeostatic
regulation of body temperature
- thermoregulatory sweating-
helping the body to achieve
thermoregulation through the
eccrine sweat glands
- insensible perspiration- sweat
that evaporates from the skin before it is
perceived as moisture.
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THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Anaphy Lecture
DMD1-CAB4 | PROF. Ralph Joyce Cabug| SEM 2 2023
- sensible perspiration- sweat
that is excreted in larger amounts
and is seen as moisture on the
skin.
- emotional sweating or cold
sweat- sweat in response to an
emotional stress such as fear or
embarrassment.
- start to function soon after birth
● appocrine sweat glands- are also
simple, coiled tubular glands
- found mainly in the skin of
axilla, groin, areolae of the
breast, breaded regions of
the face in adults males.
- secretion bia exocytosis
- secretory portion of these
sweat glands are located in
the lower dermis or upper
subcutaneous layer
- milky or yellowish in color
- odorless
- do not begin to function
until puberty
- secrete sweat during
sexual activities
- not active during
thermoregulatory sweating
- do not play a role in
thermoregulation
● ceruminous glands
- sweat glands in the
external ear
- produce a waxy lubricating
secretion
- secretory portions lie in the
subcutaneous layer, deep
to sebaceous glands
- cerumen- combined
secretion of the ceuminous
and sebaceous glands in a
yellowish material.
Nails
● are plates of tightly packed, hard,
dead, keratinized epidermis cells
that form a clear, solid covering
over the dorsal surfaces.
● each nail consists of a nail body,
free edge, and nail root
● about 10 weeks
● thick layer of epithelium called the
primary na field
● nail body- visible portion of the
nail.
- most of the nail body
appears pink because of
the blood flowing
● free edge- part of the nail body
that may extend past the distal end
of the digit.
- they are white because
there are no capillaries
● nail root- portion of the nail that is
buried in a fold of skin
● lunula- whitish, crescent-shaped
area of the proximal end of the nail
body
● hyponychium or nail bed-
beneath the free edge is a
thickened stratum corneum
● eponychium or cuticle- a narrow
band of epidermis that extends
from and adheres the margin of the
nail wall.
● nail matrix- proximal portion of the
epithelium deep to the nail root.
Functions of the Skin
● thermoregulation- homeostatic
regulation of body temperature
● blood reservoir- the dermis
houses an extensive network of
blood vessels that carry 8-10% of
the total blood flow in a resting
adult
● protection- keratin protects
underlying tissues from microbes,
abrasion, heat, and chemicals, and
teh tightly interlocked keratinocytes
resist invasion by microbes
- bactericidal chemicals-
substances that kill bacteria
● cutaneous sensations- are
sensations that arise in the skin,
including tactile sensations- touch,
pressure, vibration, and tickling, as
well as thermal sensation such as
warmth and coolness
● excretion and absorption-
- excretion- elimination of
substance in the body
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THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Anaphy Lecture
DMD1-CAB4 | PROF. Ralph Joyce Cabug| SEM 2 2023
- absorption- passage of
materials from the external
environment into the body
cells.
● synthesis of vitamin D
- requires activation of a
precursor molecule in the
skin by UV rays in sunlight
- calcitriol- produced by
enzymes in the liver and
kidneys then modify the
activated molecule
Transdermal Drug Administration
➔ enables a drug contained within an
adhesive skin patch to pass across the
epidermis and into the blood vessels of
the dermis.
Maintaining Homeostasis: Skin
Wound Healing
● skin damage sets in motion a
sequence of events that repairs the
skin to its normal structure and
function
Epidermal Wound Healing
● common types of epidermal
wounds include abrasions, and
minor burns
● contact inhibition- a cellular
response where in epidermal cells
encounter one another and stop
migrating
● epidermal growth factor- a
hormone the stimulates basal stem
cells to divide and replace the ones
that have move into the wound
Deep Wound Healing
● occurs when an injury extends to
the dermis and subcutaneous layer
● occurs in 4 phases: inflammatory
phase, migratory phase,
proliferative phase, and maturation
phase
● inflammatory phase- a blood clot
forms in the wound and loosely
unites the wound edges.
- inflammation- a vascular
and cellular response that
helps eliminate microbes,
foreign material, and dying
tissue in preparation for
repair.
● migratory phase- the clot
becomes a scab and epithelial
cells migrate beneath the scab to
bridge the wound.
- granulation process-
tissue filling the wound
● proliferative phase- characterized
by extensive growth of epithelial
cells beneath the scab, deposition
of fibroblasts of collagen in fibers in
random patterns, and continued
growth of blood vessels.
● maturation phase- scab sloughs
off once the epidermis has been
restored to normal thickness.
● fibrosis- process of scar tissue
formation
● hypertrophic scar- scar remains
within the boundaries of the
original wound
● keloid scar or cheloid scar-
extend beyond the boundaries into
normal surrounding tissue
Development of the Integumentary
System
● ectoderm- where the epidermis is
derived
- covers the surface of the
embryo.
● basal layer- beginning of the
seventh week
● periderm- oi divides and form a
superficial protected layer of
flattened cells
● vernix caseosa- peridermal cells
are continuously sloughed off, and
by the fifth month of development
secretions from sebaceous glands
mix with them and hairs to form a
fatty substance
● 11 weeks- basal layer forms an
intermediate layer of cells
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THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Anaphy Lecture
DMD1-CAB4 | PROF. Ralph Joyce Cabug| SEM 2 2023
● epidermal ridges- form along with
the epidermal layers
➔ squamous cell carcinomas- about
● melanoblasts- cells from the
ectoderm migrate into the dermis
and differentiate
● melanocytes- these cells enter the
epidermis and differentiate
● langerhans cell- first trimester of
➔ malignant melanomas- arise from
pregnancy, which arises from red
bone marrow, invades the
epidermis.
● merkel cells- appear in the
epidermis in the fourth to sixth
months
● mesoderm- where dermis arises
- located deep to the surface
ectoderm
● mesenchyme- a cell that
mesoderm give rise to loosely
organized embryonic connective
tissue
● hair follicles- develop at about 12
weeks as downgrowths of the
basal layer of the epidermis into
the deeper dermis
● hair buds- downgrowths
● nails- develops at about 10 weeks
Aging
● collagen fibers in the dermis begin
to decrease in number, stiffen,
break apart, and disorganized, into
a shapeless, matted tangle
● wrinkles- the skin forms the
characteristics crevices and
furrows
● Rosacea is a skin condition that
affects mostly light-skinned adults
between the ages of 30 and 60. It
is characterized by redness, tiny
pimples, and noticeable blood
vessels, usually in the central area
of the face.
● nails become more brittle with age
Skin Cancer
➔ excessive exposure to ultraviolet
radiation from the sun or tanning beds
➔ basal cell carcinomas- tumors arise
from cells in the stratum basale of the
epidermis an rarely metastasize
20% of all skin cancer
- arise from the stratum spinosum
of the epidermis, and they have
a variable tendency to
metastasize
melanocytes and account for about 2%
of all skin cancer
- identified by the acronym
ABCDE
- A for asymmetry
- B for border
- C for color
- D for diameter
- E for evolution
Burns
● a tissue damage caused by
excessive heat, electricity,
radioactivity, or corrosive
chemicals that break down
proteins in the skin
● it destroy the skins important
contribution to homeostasis
● first degree burn- involves only in
the epidermis
- characterized by pain and
erythema but no blisters
- healing will occur in 3-6
days
- one example is sunburn
● second degree burn- destroys the
epidermis and part of the dermis
- some skin functions are lost
- redness, blister formation,
edema and pain are some
results
- there is no infection
- heals without skin grafting
- 3-4 weeks but may result
scarring
● third degree burn- destroys the
epidermis, dermis, and
subcutaneous layer
- most skin function are lost
- There is marked edema,
and the burned region is
numb because sensory
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THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Anaphy Lecture
DMD1-CAB4 | PROF. Ralph Joyce Cabug| SEM 2 2023

nerve endings have been

de- stroyed
- skin grafting may required

● systemic effects of major burn

- a large loss of water,
plasma, and plasma
proteins causes shocks
- bacterial infection
- reduced circulation of blood
- decreased production of
urine
- diminished immune
responses

11