]nt`e kf tce Wrkoeat

Qackk` Ldbdhelebt Qystel
Nbtrkmuatnkb dbm Kioeatnve kf tce Wrkoeat?
Xei idsem Qackk` Ldbdhelebt Qystels dre mesnhbem tk ldbdhe dbm stkreprkoeat nbfk rldtnkb
tcdt dre usem nb wei-idsem dpp`nadtnkbs. ]ce prkoeat ns
tnt`em" Q a c k k `   L d b d h e l e b t   Q y s t e l " .   ] c n s   p d a j d h e   k b a e   m e v e ` k p e m   w
n ` `   c e ` p   t c e sackk`nbstntute tk ldbdhe vdrnkus metdn`s pertdnbnbh tk nts
stumebts. ]cns wn`` ce`pdaakubts mepdrtlebt nb ldnbtdnbnbh tce metdn`s re`dtem tk tce fees
! idsna metdn`s`nje tcenr seaurnty mepksnts akbveydbae dbm eta nt wn`` d`sk ce`p ldbdhelebt kr weadb
sdy dmlnbnstrdtnkb mepdrtlebt nb ldnbtdnbnbh stumebt#s idsna metdn`s ds we``
dsj e e p n b h   d   a c e a j   k b   f e e s   m e t d n ` s .   ] c n s   p d a j d h e   n s   i d s n a d ` ` y   m e v e ` k p e m  
fk r   t c e d u t c k r n t n e s k f t c e s a c k k `  n b s t n t u t e t k l d j e t c e n r t d s j e d s n e r k r w e a d b
s d y t c n s pdajdhe dutkldte tcenr tdsjs `nje ldnbtdnbnbh stumebts perskbd` metdn`s ldrnbdtnbhadsc
metdn`s prnbtnbh kf reaenpts. ]cns pdajdhe ce`ps tce dmlnbnstrdtnve ! daakubtsmepdrtlebt nb ldnbtdnbnbh
tce stumebts perskbd` ! fees re`dtem metdn`s.
Beem kf tce Qystel?
] c e   p r k o e a t   Q a c k k `   L d b d h e l e b t   Q y s t e l   c d s   i e e b   m e v e ` k p e m   t k   c e ` p   t c e mepdrtlebt
ldnbtdnbnbh tce stumebt metdn`s edr`ner tce reakrms wcere ldnbtdnbemldbud``y wntc
tce ce`p kf tcns pdajdhe tce akbaerbem mepdrtlebts wn`` ie di`e tknlprkve tce prkmuatnvnty
remuae tce tnle akst fdatkrs dsskandtem wntc tce systel.]ce dutkldtnkb kf tce systel wn`` ce`p tce
krhdbn$dtnkb nb prkper ldnbtebdbae kf tce reakrm `ess ldbpkwer `ess ldb-mdys `ess akst
prkper ! daaurdte
fubatnkbnbh.] c e   i d s n a   b e e m   fk r   t c e   p d a j d h e   w d s   t k   d u t k l d t e   t c e   w c k ` e 
p r k a e m u r e   k f   ldnbtdnbnbh kf stumebt metdn`s edr`ner nt wds d`` mkbe ldbud``y.
%y meve`kpnbh tcnspdajdhe `kt kf iurmeb wds relkvem frkl tce mepdrtlebt wcnac wds
ldnbtdnbnbhstumebt#s metdn`s. &t nlprkvem tce effnanebay remuaem tce akst dbm remuaem tce tnle

 
beem tk mk tce wkrj ldbud``y. Xntc tce ce`p kf tcns pdajdhe tce pdst metdn`s kf tcestumebts adb dssessem
dbm repkrts adb ie heberdtem kb tcns
metdn`s.& b   i r n e f   w e   a d b   s d y   t c n s   s y s t e l   w d s   r e ' u n r e m   t k   d u t k l d t e   t c e   p r k a
e s s n b h   k f   stumebts metdn`s wcnac wds mkbe ldbud``y iefkre tce meve`kplebt kf tce pdajdhe.
( d r ` n e r   d ` `   t c e   n b fk r l d t n k b      m d t d   p e r t d n b n b h   t k   t c e   s t u m e b t s   w d s   l d n b
tdnbemldbud``y kr we adb sdy nt wds kb pdper
c e b a e   n t   a r e d t e m   d   p r k i ` e l   fk r   t c e krhdbn$dtnkb sackk` ckw tk ldbdhe nt
prkper`y. Xntc tce ce`p kf tcns systel tcekrhdbn$dtnkbsackk` ns di`e tk ldnbtdnb tce mdtd prkper`y !
daaurdte`y.
Xcy Qystel wds iun`m
•
(dr`ner mdtd pertdnbnbh tk stumebts wds ldnbtdnbem ldbud``y.
•
Ldbud` systel wds bkt effnanebt.
•
)kst kf ldnbtdnbnbh mdtd ldbud``y wds inhher kr cuhe.
•
*drhe ldbpkwer wds re'unrem.
•
]ce prkaemure wds errkr prkbe nt wds bkt daaurdte.
•
Ldbud` systel wds bkt suntem fkr e`eatrkbna e+acdbhe kf mdtd.
Qk`utnkb
]ce sk`utnkb fkr d`` tcns prki`el wds tk dutkldte tce systel dutkldtnkb kf tce stumebts mdtd ldnbtebdbae
wku`m remuae tce ldbpkwer ldb mdys wn`` resu`t nbdaaurdte mdtd ! dikve d`` nbaredse tce effnanebay kf
tce akbaerbem mepdrtlebt.

 
!edture kf tce Wrkoeat?
•
,k`e idsem `khnb systel
•
utcebtnadtnkb Leacdbnsl
•
),/ pp`nadtnkb fkr d`` tce ebtntnes
•
,k`e idsem daaess `eve`
•
,epkrts Ldbdhelebt
•
(lp`kyee *eve` 7n`ters &lp`elebtdtnkb

 
Kioeatnve kf tce Wrkoeat?
•
&lprkve kperdtnkbd` ! Qtredl`nbnbh kperdtnkbs
•
Ldnbtdnb d`` tce prkoeat elp`kyee prkoeat mdtdidse
•
Ldnbtdnb h`kid` stdbmdrms kf tce prkoeat meve`kplebt
•
, e m u a e   L d b p k w e r   d b m   l d b u d `   p d p e r   w k r j s   fk r   l d n b t d n b n b h   t c e   r e a k r m s kff`nbe
•
Ldnb tce daaurday nbtehrnty dbm akbsnstebay kf tce mdtd
•
4rkvnmnbh suac d leacdbnsl tk ldje tce ldb pkwer fdst tk ldnbtdnb d`` tcenbfkrldtnkb dikut tce prkoeat
•
&lprkvem ldbdhelebt dbm akbtrk` kf tce prkoeat prkoeat tnajets iuhs dbmtnlesceet

 
Lkmu`es kf tce Wrkoeat?
•
Qtumebt Ldbdhelebt Lkmu`e?
 sem fkr ldbdhnbh tce stumebt metdn`s.
•
!ees Ldbdhelebt Lkmu`e?
se fkr ldbdhnbh tce fees metdn`s kf tcestumebts.
 
"l#`kyee Lkmu`e ?
 sem fkr ldbdhnbh tce elp`kyee metdn`s
 
$ttebmdbae Lkmu`e ?
 sem fkr Ldbdhnbh tce dttebmdbae kf tce stumebts
 
%khnb Lkmu`e?
 sem fkr ldbdhnbh tce `khnb metdn`s
Qd`dry Lkmu`e ?
 sem fkr ldbdhnbh tce sd`dry kf tce elp`kyee
&e#krts kf tce Wrkoeat?
•
,epkrts fkr d`` Qtumebts
•
,epkrts fkr d`` tedacers
 
,epkrts fkr d`` dttebmdbae
 
,epkrts fkr d`` fees reakrms
 
,epkrts fkr d`` `khnb users
 
,epkrts fkr d`` sd`dry metdn`s
]ce skftwdre 'ud`nty #`db we wn`` use tce fk``kwnbh Q($ Qtrdtehy?
•
&b tce fnrst step we wn`` se`eat tce test fdatkrs dbm rdbj tcel. ]ce se`eatemtest fdatkrs suac ds re`ndin`nty
ldnbtdnbdin`nty pkrtdin`nty kr eta wn`` ie p`daemnb tce ldtrn+ daakrmnbh tk tcenr rdbjs.
•
]ce seakbm step ns fkr nmebtnfynbh tce pcdses kf tce meve`kplebt prkaess.]ce pcdse scku`m ie reakrmem nb
tce ldtrn+.
•
]ce tcnrm step ns tcdt nmebtnfynbh tce iusnbess rnsjs kf tce skftwdreme`nverdi`es. ]ce rnsjs wn`` ie rdbjem
nbtk tcree rdbjs suac ds cnhc lemnuldbm `kw.]ce `dst step ns tcdt meanmnbh tce test pcdse kf dmmressnbh
tce rnsjs. &b tcns step wewn`` meanme tcdt wcnac rnsjs wn`` ie p`daem edac meve`kplebt pcdse.

 
]kk`s)W`dtfkrl* +drmwdre dbm Qkftwdre &e'unrelebt s#eanfnadtnkbs?Qkftwdre &e'unrelebts?
Bdle kf ak
 
l # k b e b t Q # e a n f n
a d t n k b
K#erdtnbh Qystel
Xnbmkws 91 Xnbmkws =4 Xnbmkws5 *nbu+
%dbhudhe
6dvd 8 ,ubtnle (bvnrkblebt
,dtdidse
LyQ3* Qerver
-rkwser
by kf Lk$n``d >perd )crkle eta
Xei Qerver
]kladt5
Qkftwdre ,eve`k#lebt .nt
6dvd 6/? :.5 kr ikve
Qarn#tnbh %dbhudhe "bdi`e
6Q4 06dvd Qerver 4dhes<
,dtdidse /,-7 ,rnver
LyQ3* 6)kbbeatkr
+drmwdre &e'unrelebts?
B d l e   k f   a k l # k b e b
t Q # e a n f n a d t n k b Wrkaess
kr
4ebtnul &&& 2;GLD$
&$L
:81 L%
+drm mns4
8G I%
Lkbntkr
:AM ak`kr lkbntkr
.eyikdrm
:88 jeys
 
Q9Q]"L $B$%9QNQ
NB]&K,17]NKB ]K Q9Q]"L $B$%9QNQ
Qystel dbd`ysns ns d prkaess kf hdtcernbh dbm nbterpretnbh fdats mnd
h b k s n b h prki`els dbm tce nbfk rldtnkb tk reakllebm nlprkvelebts kb tce systel. &t ns dprki`el
sk`vnbh datnvnty tcdt re'unres nbtebsnve akllubnadtnkb ietweeb tce systelusers dbm systel meve`kpers.
Qystel dbd`ysns kr stumy ns db nlpkrtdbt pcdse kf dby systel meve`kplebt prkaess. ]ce systel ns
stumnem tk tce lnbutest metdn` dbmdbd`y$em. ]ce systel dbd`yst p`dys tce rk`e kf tce nbterrkhdtkr dbm
mwe``s meep nbtktce wkrjnbh kf tce presebt systel. ]ce systel ns vnewem ds d wck`e dbm tce
nbputt k tce systel dre nmebtnfnem. ]ce kutputs frkl tce krhdbn$dtnkbs dre trdaem tk
tcev d r n k u s   p r k a e s s e s .   Q y s t e l   d b d ` y s n s   n s   a k b a e r b e m   w n t c   i e a k l n b h   d w d r e   k f   t c e p
rki`el nmebtnfynbh tce re`evdbt dbm meansnkbd` vdrndi`es db
d`y$nbh dbmsybtcesn$nbh tce vdrnkus fdatkrs dbm meterlnbnbh 
d b   k p t n l d `   k r   d t   ` e d s t   d sdtnsfdatkry sk`utnkb kr prkhrdl kf datnkb.  metdn`em stumy kf tce
prkaess lust ieldme iy vdrnkus teacbn'ues `nje nbtervnews 'uestnkbbdnres eta. ]ce
mdtd ak``eatemiy tcese skuraes lust ie sarutnbn$em tk drrnve tk d akba`usnkb. ]ce akba`usnkb ns
dbu b m e r s t d b m n b h   k f   c k w   t c e
s y s t e l   f u b a t n k b s .   ] c n s   s y s t e l   n s   a d ` ` e m   t c e   e + n s t n b h systel. Ekw tce e+nstnbh systel ns
suioeatem tk a`kse stumy dbm prki`el dreds drenmebtnfnem. ]ce mesnhber bkw fubatnkbs ds d prki`el sk`ver
dbm trnes tk skrt kut
tcem n ff n a u ` t n e s   t c d t   t c e   e b t e r p r n s e   f d a e s .   ] c e   s k ` u t n k b s   d r e   h n v e b   d s   p r k p k s d ` s .   ]
c e prkpksd` ns tceb wenhcem wntc tce e+nstnbh systel dbd`ytnad``y dbm tce iest kbe
nsse`eatem. ]ce prkpksd` ns presebtem tk tce user fkr db ebmkrselebt iy tce user. ]ceprkpksd` ns
revnewem kb user re'uest dbm suntdi`e acdbhes dre ldme. ]cns ns `kkptcdt ebms ds skkb ds
tce user ns sdtnsfnem wntc prkpksd`. 4re`nlnbdry stumy ns tceprkaess kf hdtcernbh dbm
nbterpretnbh fdats usnbh tce nbfkrldtnkb fkr furtcer stumneskb tce systel. 4re`nlnbdry stumy ns prki`el
sk`vnbh datnvnty tcdt re'unres nbtebsnveakllubnadtnkb ietweeb tce systel users dbm systel
meve`kpers. &t mkes vdrnkusfedsnin`nty stumnes. &b tcese stumnes d rkuhc fnhure kf tce
systel datnvntnes adb iekitdnbem frkl wcnac tce meansnkb dikut tce strdtehnes tk
ie fk ``kwem fk r eff eatnvesystel stumy dbm dbd`ysns adb ie tdjeb.

 
"=nstnbh Qystel
&b tce e+nstnbh systel tce e+dls dre mkbe kb`y ldbud``y iut nb prkpksem systelwe cdve tk
aklputern$e tce e+dls usnbh tcns dpp`nadtnkb.
•
*daj kf seaurnty kf mdtd.
•
Lkre ldb pkwer.
•
]nle akbsulnbh.
•
)kbsules `drhe vk`ule kf pdre wkrj.
•
Eeems ldbud` ad`au`dtnkbs.
•
Ek mnreat rk`e fkr tce cnhcer kffnand`s
Wrk#ksem Qystel
]ce dnl kf prkpksem systel ns tk meve`kp d systel kf nlprkvem
fdan`ntnes. ]ceprkpksem systel adb kverakle d`` tce `nlntdtnkbs kf tce e+nstnbh s
y s t e l .   ] c e systel prkvnmes prkper seaurnty dbm remuaes tce ldbud` wkrj.
•
Qeaurnty kf mdtd.
•
(bsure mdtd daaurday#s.
•
4rkper akbtrk` kf tce cnhcer kffnand`s.
•
Lnbnln$e ldbud` mdtd ebtry.
•
Lnbnlul tnle beemem fkr tce vdrnkus prkaessnbh.
•
Iredter effnanebay.
•
%etter servnae.
•
ser frnebm`nbess dbm nbterdatnve.
•
Lnbnlul tnle re'unrem.

 
!"$QN-N%N]9 Q]1,9
7edsnin`nty stumy ns ldme tk see nf tce prkoeat kb aklp`etnkb wn`` serve tce purpksekf tce krhdbn$dtnkb
fk r tce dlkubt kf wkrj effk rt dbm tce tnle tcdt spebm kb
nt.7 e d s n i n ` n t y   s t u m y   ` e t s   t c e   m e v e ` k p e r   fk r e s e e   t c e   f u t u r e   k f   t c e   p r k o e a
t   d b m   t c e usefu`bess.  fedsnin`nty stumy kf d systel prkpksd` ns daakrmnbh tk nts
wkrjdin`ntyw c n a c   n s   t c e   n l p d a t   k b   t c e   k r h d b n $ d t n k b    d i n ` n t y   t k   l e e t   t c e n
r   u s e r   b e e m s   d b m eff eatnve use kf reskuraes. ]cus wceb d bew dpp`nadtnkb ns prkpksem
nt bkrld``yhkes tcrkuhc d fedsnin`nty stumy .]ce mkaulebt prkvnme tce fedsnin`nty kf tce prkoeattcdt ns
ienbh mesnhbem dbm `nsts vdrnkus dreds tcdt were akbsnmerem very
adrefu``ym u r n b h   t c e   f e d s n i n ` n t y   s t u m y   k f   t c n s   p r k o e a t   s u a c   d s   ] e a c b n a d `   
( a k b k l n a   d b m >perdtnkbd` fedsnin`ntnes. ]ce fk``kwnbh dre nts fedturesF
]"7+BN7$% !"$QN-N%N]9
]ce systel lust ie evd`udtem frkl tce teacbnad` pknbt kf vnew fnr
s t .   ] c e dssesslebt kf tcns fedsnin`nty lust ie idsem kb db kut`nbe mesnhb kf tce
systelre'unrelebt nb tce terls kf nbput kutput prkhrdls dbm prkaemures. Ddvnb
h nmebtnfnem db kut`nbe systel tce nbvestnhdtnkb lust hk kb tk suhhest tce type
kf e'unplebt re'unrem letckm meve`kpnbh tce systel kf rubbnbh tce systel kbae ntcds ieeb mesnhbem.
]eacbnad` nssues rdnsem murnbh tce nbvestnhdtnkb dre?
•
 /kes tce e+nstnbh teacbk`khy suffnanebt fkr tce suhhestem kbeH
•
 )db tce systel e+pdbm nf
meve`kpemH] c e   p r k o e a t   s c k u ` m   i e   m e v e ` k p e m   s u a c   t c d t   t c e   b e a e
s s d r y   f u b a t n k b s   d b m perfk rldbae dre dacnevem wntcnb tce akbstrdnbts. ]ce
prkoeat ns meve`kpem wntcnb`dtest teacbk`khy. ]crkuhc tce teacbk`khy ldy ieakle kisk`ete dfter skle
pernkmk f   t n l e    m u e   t k   t c e   f d a t   t c d t   b e v e r   v e r s n k b   k f   s d l e   s k ft w d r e   s u p p k r
t s   k ` m e r versnkbs tce systel ldy stn`` ie usem. Qk tcere dre lnbnld` akbstrdnbts
nbvk`vemw n t c   t c n s   p r k o e a t .   ] c e   s y s t e l   c d s   i e e b   m e v e ` k p e m   u s n b h   6 d v d   t c e 
p r k o e a t   n s teacbnad``y fedsni`e fkr meve`kplebt.

 
"7KBKLN7 !"$QN-N%N]9
]ce meve`kpnbh systel lust ie oustnfnem iy akst dbm iebefnt. )rnternd tk ebsure tcdteffkrt ns akbaebtrdtem kb
prkoeat wcnac wn`` hnve iest returb dt tce edr`nest. >be kf t c e f d a t k r s  w c n a c d ff e a t t c e
meve`kplebt kf d bew systel ns tce akst nt
w k u ` m re'unre.] c e   fk ` ` k w n b h   d r e   s k l e   k f   t c e   n l p k r t d b t   f n b d b a n d `   ' u e s t
n k b s   d s j e m   m u r n b h pre`nlnbdry nbvestnhdtnkbF
•
]ce aksts akbmuat d fu`` systel nbvestnhdtnkb.
•
 ]ce akst kf tce cdrmwdre dbm skftwdre.
•
]ce iebefnts nb tce fkrl kf remuaem aksts kr fewer akst`y errkrs.Qnbae tce systel ns meve`kpem ds pdrt
kf prkoeat wkrj tcere ns bk ldbud` akst tkspebm fkr tce prkpksem systel. `sk d`` tce reskuraes dre
d`redmy dvdn`di`e nt hnvedb nbmnadtnkb kf tce systel ns eakbklnad``y pkssni`e fkr meve`kplebt.

 
568 W&K,17] W"&QW"7]N3"
Xei trdffna adb ie dbd`y$em iy vnewnbh tce trdffna stdtnstnas fkubm nb tce wei server`kh fn`e db
dutkldtnad``y-heberdtem `nst kf d`` tce pdhes servem.  cnt ns heberdtemwceb dby fn`e ns
servem. ]ce pdhe ntse`f ns akbsnmerem d fn`e iut nldhes dre d`skfn`es tcus d pdhe wntc A
nldhes aku`m heberdte 2 cnts 0tce A nldhes dbm tce pdhentse`f<.  pdhe vnew ns heberdtem
wceb d vnsntkr re'uests dby pdhe wntcnb tce weis n t e C d v n s n t k r w n ` ` d ` w d y s h e b e r d t e
d t ` e d s t k b e p d h e v n e w 0 t c e l d n b p d h e < i u t aku`m heberdte ldby lkre.. Xei ]rdffna bd`y$er
ns dnlem tkwdrms tce vebmkrs wckwdbt tk redac kut tk tce ld+nlul arkss-seatnkb kf austkler dbm
akllkb pekp`ewck adb ie pktebtnd` austkler. ]cns prkoeat ebvnsdhes irnmhnbh tce hdp ietweeb tcese``er
tce retdn`er dbm tce austkler. Xei ]rdffna bd`y$er scku`m ie user-frnebm`y N'unaj tk `edrb# dbm re`ndi`e
skftwdre fkr tce dikve purpkse. >QL ns nbtebmem tk ie dstdbm-d`kbe prkmuat dbm scku`m bkt mepebm kb tce
dvdn`din`nty kf ktcer skftwdre. &tscku`m rub kb iktc E&= dbm Xnbmkws idsem p`dtfkrl.
565 W&K,17] !1B7]NKBQ
Xei trdffna ns tce dlkubt kf mdtd sebt dbm reaenvem iy vnsntkrs tk d wei snte. &t ns d`drhe pkrtnkb kf
&bterbet trdff na. ]cns ns meterlnbem iy tce bulier kf vnsntkrs dbmtce bulier kf pdhes tcey
vnsnt. Qntes lkbntkr tce nbaklnbh dbm kuthknbh trdff na tksee wcnac pdrts kr pdhes kf tcenr
snte dre pkpu`dr dbm nf tcere dre dby dppdrebtt r e b m s  s u a c d s k b e s p e a n f n a p d h e
i e n b h v n e w e m l k s t ` y i y p e k p ` e n b d p d r t n a u ` d r akubtry. ]cere dre ldby wdys tk lkbntkr tcns
trdffna dbm tce hdtcerem mdtd ns usemtk ce`p struature sntes cnhc`nhct seaurnty prki`els kr
nbmnadte d pktebtnd` `daj kf i d b m w n m t c   O   b k t   d ` `   w e i
t r d ff n a   n s   w e ` a k l e .   Q k l e   a k l p d b n e s   k ff e r   d m v e r t n s n b h saceles tcdt nb returb fkr nbaredsem
wei trdffna 0vnsntkrs< pdy fkr sareeb spdae kbt c e s n t e .   Q n t e s d ` s k k ft e b d n l t k   n b a r e d s e
t c e n r w e i t r d ff n a t c r k u h c n b a ` u s n k b k b sedrac ebhnbes dbm tcrkuhc Qedrac ebhnbe
kptnln$dtnkb.
56> 1Q"& 7+$&$7]"&NQ]N7Q

 
Xe cdve 5 `eve`s kf users
•
ser lkmu`eF ]cns ns d bkrld` `eve` kf user wck wn`` ie very few bulier kf fubatnkbd`nty fkr
weisnte
•
mlnbnstrdtnkb lkmu`eF ]cns user ns db dmlnb type wck cds fu`` rnhcts kb tcesystel.
56 :"B"&$% 7KBQ]&$NB]Q
]ce dlkubt kf trdffna seeb iy d wei snte ns d ledsure kf nts pkpu`drnty. %y dbd`ysnbhtce stdtnstnas kf
vnsntkrs nt ns pkssni`e tk see sckrtaklnbhs kf tce snte dbm `kkj tknlprkve tckse dreds. &t ns d`sk
pkssni`e tk nbaredse 0kr nb skle adses mearedse< tcepkpu`drnty kf d snte dbm tce bulier kf pekp`e tcdt vnsnt
nt.
560 $QQ1LW]NKBQ $B, ,"W"B,"B7N"Q
 ` `   t c e   m d t d   e b t e r e m   w n ` `   i e   a k r r e a t   d b m   u p   t k   m d t e .   ] c n s   s k ft w d r e   p d a
j d h e   n s meve`kpem usnbh 6Q4 ds frkbt ebm wcnac ns suppkrtem iy dpdace Qerver
systel.LyQ3* ds tce idaj ebm wcnac ns suppkrtem iy Xnbmkw 5.

 
;.:.: ser &bterfdae
•
D]L* cds ieeb usem fkr meve`kpnbh tce ser *dykut fkr tce systel
•
6 d v d Q a r n p t   c d s   i e e b   u s e m   fk r   a r e d t n b h   d ` `   t c e   v d ` n m d t n k b s   d b m   a ` n e b t  
s n m e sarnptnbh fubatnkbd`nty
•
)QQ cds ieeb usem fkr mesnhbnbh tce wei pdhes kf tce systel;.:.8 D,/X,( &E](,7)(F
•
4rkaesskr F &bte` 4ebtnul &J kr lkre
•
,dl F A:8 L% kr lkre
•
)dace F : L%
•
Ddrm /nsj F :G I% reakllebmem;.:.; Qkftwdre &bterfdaeF
•
)`nebt kb &bterbetF Xei %rkwser >perdtnbh Qystel 0dby<
•
Xei QerverF >perdtnbh Qystel 0dby< pdace 8
•
/dtdidseF LyQ3*
•
Qarnptnbh *dbhudheF 6Q4 6dvdQarnpt 63uery;.:.@ )kllubnadtnkb 4rktkak`7k``kwnbh prktkak`s dre re'unrem tk ie
perlnttem kb tce server snme
•
D]]4 nbaklnbh re'uest;.8 7ubatnkbd` ,e'unrelebts
•
] c e s y s t e l r u b s k f d p d a c e s e r v e r s k n t n s b e e m e m t c d t s e r v e r l u s t c d v e dpdace server
versnkb 8.G dvdn`di`e

 
•
Xe cdve usem 6Q4 fkr server snme sarnptnbh sk tce aurrebt versnkb kf 6Q4 lustie dvdn`di`e kb tce server
•
LyQ3* mdtdidse cds ieeb usem fkr stkrnbh tce mdtd kf tce weisnte
•
D]L* cds ieeb usem fkr aredtnbh tce `dykut kf tce wei dpp`nadtnkb
•
)QQ cds ieeb usem fkr aredtnbh tce mesnhbnbh kf tce weipdhes
•
6 d v d Q a r n p t   s a r n p t n b h   ` d b h u d h e   c d s   i e e b   n l p ` e l e b t e m   k b   t c e   s y s t e l   fk r perfkrlnbh d``
kf tce )`nebt Qnme Qerver Jd`nmdtnkb.;.@. )`dsses dbm >ioeats kf tce 4rkoeat
•
*khnb )`dssF sem fkr perfkrlnbh d`` tce kperdtnkbs kf tce `khnb fubatnkbd`nty.
•
4dhe )`dssF )`dss fkr ldbdhnbh d`` tce kperdtnkbs kf tce pdhe.
•
]rdffna )`dssF )`dss fkr ldbdhnbh tce trdffna kf tce weisnte
•
&4 )`dssF &t cds ieeb usem fkr stkrnbh d`` tce &4s wcnac cnts tce weisnte
•
sers )`dssF )`dss fkr ldbdhnbh d`` tce user kperdtnkbs
•
4erlnssnkb )`dssF ]cns a`dss cds ieeb usem fkr ldbdhnbh d`` tce perlnssnkbs`eve` kpedtnkbs.;.A. Ekb-
7ubatnkbd` ,e'unrelebts
•
4erfk rldbaeF Qystel scku`m ie di`e cdbm`e lu`tnp`e users dt d tnle usnbhdby kf tce wei irkwsers.
•
,e`ndin`ntyF /dtdidse upmdtnbh scku`m fk ``kw trdbsdatnkb prkaessnbh tk dvknmmdtd
nbakbsnstebay.
•
vdn`din`ntyF ]ce prkoeat wn`` ie mep`kyem kb d pui`na scdrem server sk nt wn``ie dvdn`di`e
d`` tce tnle dbm wn`` ie daaessni`e dbywcere kf tce wkr`m usnbhnbterbet.
•
QeaurntyF Xe cdve nlp`elebtem d `kt kf seaurnty leacdbnsl tk dvknm tk cdajtce systel iy kuter wkr`m.

 
•
Ldnbtdnbdin`ntyF &t ns very edsy tk ldnbtdnb tce systel. ]ce systel cds
ieebm e v e ` k p e m   k b   6 Q 4   s k   d b y k b e   w c k   c d s   t c e   j b k w ` e m h e   k f   6 Q 4    a d b   e d s
n ` y ldnbtdnb tce systel
•
4krtdin`ntyF es tcns systel ns pkrtdi`e dbm we adb swntac tce servers veryedsn`y.
•
%rkwser )klpdtnin`ntyF ]ce prkoeat ienbh wei idsem re'unrem aklpdtnin`ntywntc dt `edst tce
pkpu`dr wei irkwsers. Lnarkskft Xnbmkws =4 dbm
dikve* n b u +   d b m   L d a n b t k s c   i e n b h   t c e   a u r r e b t   p k p u ` d r   k p e r d t n b h   s y s t e l   d
b m Lnarkskft &bterbet (+p`krer Lk$n``d 7nrefk+ >perd Qdfdrn dbm
Ikkh`e )crklei e n b h   t c e   a u r r e b t ` y  
p k p u ` d r   w e i   i r k w s e r .

 
Qeaurnty ]estnbh kf tce Wrkoeat
]estnbh ns vntd` fk r tce suaaess kf dby skft wdre. bk systel mesnhb ns ever perfeat.]estnbh ns
d`sk adrrnem nb twk pcdses. fnrst pcdse ns murnbh tce skftwdre
ebhnbeernbht c d t   n s   m u r n b h   t c e   l k m u ` e   a r e d t n k b .   s e a k b m   p c d s e   n s   d ft e r   t c e  
a k l p ` e t n k b   k f   s k ft w d r e .
t c n s   n s   s y s t e l   t e s t n b h   w c n a c   v e r n f n e s   t c d t   t c e   w c k ` e   s e t   k f   p r k h r d l s cdbhem tkhetcer.
Xcnte -k= ]estnbh?
&b tcns teacbn'ue tce a`kse e+dlnbdtnkb kf tce `khnad` pdrts tcrkuhc tce skft wdredre testem
iy adses tcdt e+eranse speanes sets kf akbmntnkbs kr `kkps. d`` `khnad` pdrtskf tce skftwdre aceajem kbae.
errkrs tcdt adb ie akrreatem usnbh tcns teacbn'ue dretypkhrdpcnad` errkrs `khnad` e+pressnkbs
wcnac scku`m ie e+eautem kbae ldy iehett nbh e+eautem lkre tcdb kbae dbm errkr resu`tnbh
iy usnbh wrkbh akbtrk`s dbm`kkps. Xceb tce ik+ testnbh tests d`` tce nbmepebmebt pdrt wntcnb d lkmu`e
d `khnad`meansnkbs kb tcenr true dbm tce fd`se snme dre e+eransem  d`` `kkps dbm ikubms wntcnbtcenr
kperdtnkbd` ikubms were e+eransem dbm nbterbd` mdtd struature tk ebsure tcenrvd`nmnty were e+eransem
kbae.
-`da4 -k= ]estnbh?
]cns letckm ebdi`es tce skft wdre ebhnbeer tk mevnae sets kf nbput teacbn'ues tcdtfu``y
e+eranse d`` fubatnkbd` re'unrelebts fkr d prkhrdl. i`daj ik+ testnbh tests tcenbput tce kutput dbm tce
e+terbd` mdtd. nt aceajs wcetcer tce nbput mdtd ns akrreatdbm wcetcer we dre hettnbh tce mesnrem kutput.
$`#cd ]estnbh?
aaeptdbae testnbh ns d`sk skletnles ad``em d`pcd testnbh. %e spkje systels
drem e v e ` k p e m   fk r   d   s n b h ` e   a u s t k l e r .   ] c e   d ` p c d   t e s t n b h   p r k a e e m s   u b t n `   t c e   s y s t e l
meve`kper dbm
t c e   a u s t k l e r   d h r e e   t c d t   t c e   p r k v n m e m   s y s t e l   n s   d b   d a a e p t d i ` e nlp`elebtdtnkb kf tce systel
re'unrelebts.
 
-etd ]estnbh?
>b tce ktcer cdbm wceb d systel nstk ie ldrjem ds d skft wdre prkmuat dbktcerp r k a e s s
a d ` ` e m i e t d t e s t n b h n s k ft e b a k b m u a t e m . / u r n b h i e t d t e s t n b h  d s y s t e l
n s me`nverem dlkbh d bulier kf pktebtnd` users wck dhree tk use nt. ]ce austklerstceb repkrt
prki`els tk tce meve`kpers. ]cns prkvnmes tce prkmuat fkr red` use dbmmeteats errkrs wcnac ldy bkt cdve ieeb
dbtnanpdtem iy tce systel meve`kpers.
1bnt ]estnbh?
(dac lkmu`e ns akbsnmerem nbmepebmebt`y. nt fk auses kb edac ubnt kf skft wdre
dsnlp`elebtem nb tce skurae akme. nt ns wcnte ik+ testnbh.
Nbtehrdtnkb ]estnbh?
&btehrdtnkb testnbh dnls dt akbstruatnbh tce prkhrdl struature wcn`e dt tce
sdlea k b s t r u a t n b h   t e s t s   t k   u b a k v e r   e r r k r s   d s s k a n d t e m   w n t c   n b t e r f d a n b h   t c e   l k m u ` e
s . lkmu`es dre nbtehrdtem iy usnbh tce tkp mkwb dpprkdac.
3d`nmdtnkb ]estnbh?
Jd`nmdtnkb testnbh wds perfkrlem tk ebsure tcdt d`` tce fubatnkbd` dbm perfkrldbaere'unrelebts dre let.
Qystel ]estnbh?
&t ns e+eautnbh prkhrdls tk aceaj `khnad`
acdbhes ldme nb nt wntc nbtebtnkb kf fnbmnbh
e r r k r s .   d   s y s t e l   n s   t e s t e m   fk r   k b ` n b e   r e s p k b s e    v k ` u l e   k f   t r d b s d a t n k b  reakvery frkl
fdn`ure eta. Qystel testnbh ns mkbe tk ebsure tcdt tce systel sdtnsfnesd`` tce user re'unrelebts.
 
Nl#`elebtdtnkb dbm Qkftwdre Q#eanfnadtnkb ]estnbhs
 
,etdn`em ,esnhb kf Nl#`elebtdtnkb
]cns pcdse kf tce systels meve`kplebt `nfe aya`e refnbes cdrmwdre dbm
skft wdres p e a n f n a d t n k b s    e s t d i ` n s c e s   p r k h r d l l n b h   p ` d b s    t r d n b s   u s e r s   d b m 
n l p ` e l e b t s e+tebsnve testnbh prkaemures tk evd`udte mesnhb dbm kperdtnbh speanfnadtnkbs
dbmkrprkvnme tce idsns fkr furtcer lkmnfnadtnkb.
]eacbnad` ,esnhb
]cns datnvnty iun`ms upkb speanfnadtnkbs prkmuaem murnbh bew systel mesnhb dmmnbhmetdn`em
teacbnad` speanfnadtnkbs dbm mkaulebtdtnkb.
]est Q#eanfnadtnkbs dbm W`dbbnbh
] c n s   d a t n v n t y   p r e p d r e s   m e t d n ` e m   t e s t   s p e a n f n a d t n k b s   fk r   n b m n v n m u d `   l
k m u ` e s   d b m prkhrdls oki stredls suisystels dbm fkr tce systel ds d wck`e.
Wrkhrdllnbh dbm ]estnbh
]cns datnvnty ebaklpdsses datud` meve`kplebt wrntnbh dbm testnbh kf prkhrdl
ubnts kr lkmu`es.
1ser ]rdnbnbh
]cns datnvnty ebaklpdsses wrntnbh user prkaemure ldbud`s prepdrdtnkb kf usert
rdnbnbh ldternd`s akbmuatnbh trdnbnbh prkhrdls dbm testnbh prkaemures.
$aae#tdbae ]est
 fnbd` prkaemurd` revnew tk melkbstrdte d systel dbm seaure user dpprkvd` iefkred systel ieakles
kperdtnkbd`.
 
Nbstd``dtnkb Wcdse
&b tcns pcdse tce bew )klputern$em systel ns nbstd``em tce akbversnkb tk
b e w prkaemures ns fu``y nlp`elebtem dbm tce pktebtnd` kf tce bew systel ns e+p`krem.
Qystel Nbstd``dtnkb
]ce prkaess kf stdrtnbh tce datud` use kf d systel dbm trdnbnbh user perskbbe` nb ntskperdtnkb.
&evnew Wcdse
]cns pcdse evd`udtes tce suaaesses dbm fdn`ures murnbh d systels
m e v e ` k p l e b t prkoeat dbm tk ledsure tce resu`ts kf d bew )klputern$em ]rdbsystel nb terls kf iebefnts dbm
sdvnbhs prkoeatem dt tce stdrt kf tce prkoeat.
,eve`k#lebt &ead#
 revnew kf d prkoeat nllemndte`y dft er aklp`etnkb tk fnbm suaaesses dbm pktebtnd`prki`els
nb future wkrj.
Wkst<Nl#`elebtdtnkb &evnew
 revnew akbmuatem dft er d bew systel cds ieeb nb kperdtnkb fk r skle tnle tkevd`udte
datud` systel perfk rldbae dhdnbst krnhnbd` e+peatdtnkbs dbm prkoeatnkbsfk r akst-
iebefnt nlprkvelebts. `sk nmebtnfnes ldnbtebdbae prkoeats tk ebcdbae krnlprkve tce systel.
]+" Q]"WQ NB ]+" QK!]X$&" ]"Q]NB:
]ce steps nbvk`vem murnbh bnt testnbh dre ds fk``kwsFd . 4 r e p d r d t n k b
k f   t c e   t e s t a d s e s . i.4repdrdtnkb kf tce pkssni`e
test mdtd wntc d`` tce vd`nmdtnkb aceajs.
 
a . ) k l p ` e t e a k m e   r e v n e w   k f   t c e   l k m u ` e . m .  a t u d `
t e s t n b h m k b e l d b u d ` ` y . e . L k m n f n a d t n k b s m k b e fk r   t c e
e r r k r s fk u b m   m u r n b h   t e s t n b h . f . 4 r e p d r e m   t c e t e s t
r e s u ` t s a r n p t s .
]ce ubnt testnbh mkbe nba`umem tce testnbh kf tce fk``kwnbh ntels?
: . 7 u b a t n k b d ` n t y   k f   t c e   e b t n r e   l k m u ` e  fk r l s . 8 . J d ` n m d t n k
b s   fk r   u s e r   n b p u t . ; . ) c e a j n b h k f t c e ) k m n b h s t d b m d r m s t k
ie ldnbtdnbem murnbh akmnbh.@. ]estnbh tce lkmu`e wntc d``
t c e   p k s s n i ` e   t e s t   m d t d . A. ]estnbh kf tce fubatnkbd`nty nbvk`vnbh
d`` type kf ad`au`dtnkbs eta.2 . ) k l l e b t n b h s t d b m d r m n b t c e
s k u r a e f n ` e s . fter aklp`etnbh tce bnt testnbh kf d`` tce lkmu`es tce wck`e systel ns
nbtehrdtemwntc d`` nts mepebmebanes nb tcdt lkmu`e. Xcn`e Qystel &btehrdtnkb Xe
nbtehrdtemt c e   l k m u ` e s   k b e   i y k b e   d b m
t e s t e m   t c e   s y s t e l   d t   e d a c   s t e p .   ] c n s   c e ` p e m   n b remuatnkb kf errkrs dt tce tnle kf tce
systel testnbh.
]ce ste#s nbvk`vem murnbh Qystel testnbh dre ds fk``kws?
•
&btehrdtnkb kf d`` tce lkmu`esfkrls nb tce systel.
•
4repdrdtnkb kf tce test adses.
•
4repdrdtnkb kf tce pkssni`e test mdtd wntc d`` tce vd`nmdtnkb aceajs.
•
atud` testnbh mkbe ldbud``y.
 
•
,eakrmnbh kf d`` tce reprkmuaem errkrs.
•
Lkmnfnadtnkbs mkbe fkr tce errkrs fkubm murnbh testnbh.
•
4repdrem tce test resu`t sarnpts dfter reatnfnadtnkb kf tce errkrs.
]ce Qystel ]estnbh mkbe nba`umem tce testnbh kf tce fk``kwnbh ntels?
:.7ubatnkbd`nty kf tce ebtnre
systel ds d wck`e.8 .  s e r   & b t e r f d a e
k f   t c e   s y s t e l . ; . ] e s t n b h   t c e   m e p e b m e b t   l k m u ` e s   t k h e
t c e r   w n t c   d ` `   t c e   p k s s n i ` e   t e s t   m d t d sarnpts.@ . J e r n f n a d t n
k b   d b m J d ` n m d t n k b t e s t n b h . A.]estnbh tce repkrts wntc
d`` nts
f u b a t n k b d ` n t y .  ft e r   t c e   a k l p ` e t n k b   k f   s y s t e l   t e s t n b h    t c e   b e + t  
fk ` ` k w n b h   p c d s e   w d s   t c e  a a e p t d b a e ] e s t n b h . ) ` n e b t s d t t c e n r e b m m n m
t c n s d b m d a a e p t e m t c e s y s t e l w n t c dppreandtnkb. ]cus we redacem tce fnbd` pcdse kf tce
prkoeat me`nvery.
]cere dre ktcer sn= tests* wcnac fd`` ubmer s#eand` adtehkry6 ]cey dre
mesarniem ie`kw?
•
4edj *kdm ]estF &t meterlnbes wcetcer tce systel wn`` cdbm`e tce vk`ule kf datnvntnes tcdt kaaur wceb
tce systel ns dt tce pedj kf nts prkaessnbh meldbm.7kr e+dlp`e test tce systel iy datnvdtnbh d``
terlnbd`s dt tce sdle tnle.
•
Qtkrdhe ]estnbhF &t meterlnbes tce adpdanty kf tce systel tk stk
r e trdbsdatnkb mdtd kb d mnsj kr nb ktcer fn`es.
•
4erfk rldbae ]nle ]estnbhF nt meterlnbes tce `ebhtc kf tnle systel usem
iyt c e   s y s t e l   t k   p r k a e s s   t r d b s d a t n k b   m d t d .   ] c n s   t e s t   n s   a k b m u a t e m  
prnkr tk
 
nlp`elebtdtnkb tk meterlnbe ckw `kbh nt tdjes tk het d respkbse tk db nb'unryldje d idajup akpy
kf d fn`e kr sebm d trdbslnssnkb dbm het d respkbse.
•
,eakvery ]estnbhF ]cns testnbh meterlnbes tce din`nty kf user tk reakver mdtdk r r e - s t d r t s y s t e l d ft e r
f d n ` u r e . 7 k r e + d l p ` e  ` k d m i d a j u p a k p y k f m d t d d b m resule prkaessnbh wntckut mdtd kr
nbtehrnty `kss.
•
4rkaemure ]estnbhF &t meterlnbes tce a`drnty kf mkaulebtdtnkb kb
kperdtnkbd b m   u s e s   k f   s y s t e l   i y   c d v n b h   u s e r s   m k   e + d a t ` y   w c d t   l d b u d ` s   r e ' u
e s t .   7 k r e+dlp`e pkwernbh mkwb systel dt tce ebm kf weej kr respkbmnbh tk pdper-kut`nhct kb prnbter.
•
Duldb 7datkrs ]estnbhF &t meterlnbes ckw users wn`` use tce systel wcebprkaessnbh mdtd kr
prepdrnbh repkrts.

 
Wrkoeat 7dtehkry
, e ` d t n k b d `   / d t d i d s e   L d b d h e l e b t   Q y s t e l   0 , / % L Q <   F   ] c n s   n s   d b   , / % L Q   i d s e m prkoeat
wcnac ns aurrebt`y usnbh LyQ3* fkr d`` tce trdbsdatnkb stdtelebts. LyQ3* nsdb kpebskurae ,/%LQ Qystel.
-rnef Nbtrkmuatnkb dikut &,-QL ?
 re`dtnkbd` mdtdidse ldbdhelebt systel 0,/%LQ< ns d mdtdidse ldbdhelebtsystel 0/%LQ< tcdt ns
idsem kb tce re`dtnkbd` lkme` ds nbvebtem iy (. 7. )kmm kf &%LBs Qdb 6kse ,esedrac *dikrdtkry. Ldby
pkpu`dr mdtdidses aurrebt`y nb use dreidsem kb tce re`dtnkbd` mdtdidse lkme`.,/%LQs cdve ieakle
d premklnbdbt acknae fk r tce stkrdhe kf nbfk rldtnkb nb
bewm d t d i d s e s   u s e m   fk r   f n b d b a n d `   r e a k r m s    l d b u f d a t u r n b h   d b m   ` k h n s t n a d `   n b fk r l
d t n k b  perskbbe` mdtd dbm luac lkre snbae tce :91Gs. ,e`dtnkbd` mdtdidses cdve
kft ebrep`daem `ehday cnerdracnad` mdtdidses dbm betwkrj mdtdidses ieaduse tcey dreedsner
tk ubmerstdbm dbm use. Dkwever re`dtnkbd` mdtdidses cdve ieeb acd``ebhemiy kioeat mdtdidses
wcnac were nbtrkmuaem nb db dtt elpt tk dmmress tce kioeat-re`dtnkbd` nlpemdbae lnsldtac
nb re`dtnkbd` mdtdidse dbm =L* mdtdidses.
 
Nlp`elebtdtnkb Letckmk`khy?
Lkme` Vnew Akbtrk``er kr LVA ds nt ns pkpu`dr`y ad``em, ns d skftwdre mesnhb pdtterb fkrmeve`kpnbh wei
dpp`nadtnkbs. D Lkme` Vnew Akbtrk``er pdtterb ns ldme up kf tcefk``kwnbh tcree pdrts?
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Lkme`
 - ]ce `kwest `eve` kf tce pdtterb wcnac ns respkbsni`e fkr ldnbtdnbnbh mdtd.
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Vnew
- ]cns ns respkbsni`e fkr mnsp`dynbh d`` kr d pkrtnkb kf tce mdtd tk tce user.
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Akbtrk``er 
 - kftwdre Akme tcdt akbtrk`s tce nbterdatnkbs ietweeb tce Lkme` dbmVnew.LVA ns pkpu`dr ds nt nsk`dtes tce
dpp`nadtnkb `khna frkl tce user nbterfdae `dyer dbmsuppkrts sepdrdtnkb kf akbaerbs. !ere tce
Akbtrk``er reaenves d`` re"uests fkr tcedpp`nadtnkb dbm tceb wkr#s wntc tce Lkme` tk prepdre dby mdtd
beemem iy tce Vnew. ]ceVnew tceb uses tce mdtd prepdrem iy tce Akbtrk``er tk heberdte d fnbd`
presebtdi`erespkbse. ]ce LVA distrdatnkb adb ie hrdpcnad``y represebtem ds fk``kws.
LVA (Lkme` Vnew Akbtrk``er F`kw) Mndhrdl
 
W Y K O E A ]
Q A C E M U
@ N B H
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a c d r t k r  
] n l e ` n b
e a c d r t   f
k r   t c e m e
v e ` k p l e b
t p ` d
b   n
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v e b  
ie`kw.]cep`db exp`dnbstcetdsjsversustcetnle(nb weejs)tceywn`` tdje
tk aklp`ete. OdbudryFeirudryLdracYequnrelebtHdtcernbh Dbd`ysnsMesnhbAkmnbh ]estnbhNlp`elebt X4 X9 X1 X= X4 X9 X1 X= X4 
X9 X1 X= X
n–
sdreweejskf tcelkbtcs, fkrn <4, 9, 1, =
 
,!,kfQackk`LdbdhelebtQystel
 
"&,ndhrdlQackk`LdbdhelebtQystel
 
7`dss ,ndhrdl kf Qackk` Ldbdhelebt Qystel
 
Nmebtnfnadtnkb kf Beem
]ce k`m ldbud` systel wds suff ernbh frkl d sernes kf mrdwidajs. Qnbae wck`e kf tce systel wds
tk ie ldnbtdnbem wntc cdbms tce prkaess kf jeepnbh
ldnbtdnbnbhd b m   r e t r n e v n b h   t c e   n b fk r l d t n k b   w d s   v e r y   t e m n k u s   d b m   ` e b h t c y .   ] c e   r e
akrms werebever usem tk ie nb d systeldtna krmer. tcere usem tk ie `kts kf
m n ff n a u ` t n e s n b dsskandtnbh dby pdrtnau`dr trdbsdatnkb wntc d pdrtnau`dr akbte+t. &f
dby nbfk rldtnkbwds tk ie fk ubm nt wds re'unrem tk hk tcrkuhc tce mnff erebt rehnsters
mkaulebtstcere wku`m bever e+nst dbytcnbh `nje repkrt heberdtnkb. ]cere wku`m d`wdys
ieubbeaessdry akbsulptnkb kf tnle wcn`e ebternbh reakrms dbm retrnevnbh reakrms.>be lkre
prki`el wds tcdt nt wds very mnff nau`t tk fnbm errkrs wcn`e ebternbh
tcer e a k r m s .   > b a e   t c e   r e a k r m s   w e r e   e b t e r e m   n t   w d s   v e r y   m n ff n a u ` t   t k   u p
m d t e   t c e s e reakrms. &b presebt wkrj mkbe nb tce e`eatrnanty ikdrm ns perfkrlem ldbud``y wcnacns
d hredt cedmdace fk r tce mepdrtlebt .]ce redskb iecnbm nt ns tcdt tcere ns `kt
kf n b fk r l d t n k b   t k   i e   l d n b t d n b e m   d b m   c d v e   t k   i e   j e p t   n b   l n b m   w c n ` e   r u b b
n b h   t c e iusnbess .7kr tcns redskb we cdve prkvnmem fedtures 4resebt systel ns
pdrtnd``ydutkldtem 0aklputern$em< datud``y e+nstnbh systel ns 'unte `dikrnkus ds kbe cds tkebter sdle
nbfkrldtnkb dt tcree mnfferebt p`daes.
!k``kwnbh #knbts scku`m ie we`` akbsnmerem?
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/kaulebts dbm repkrts tcdt lust ie prkvnmem iy tce bew systelF tcere adbd`sk ie few repkrts wcnac adb
ce`p ldbdhelebt nb meansnkb-ldjnbh dbm akstakbtrk``nbh iut snbae tcese repkrts mk bkt het
re'unrem dtt ebtnkb suac jnbm kf repkrts dbm nbfkrldtnkb were d`sk nmebtnfnem dbm hnveb re'unrem
dttebtnkb.
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/etdn`s kf tce nbfkrldtnkb beemem fkr edac mkaulebt dbm repkrt.
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]ce re'unrem fre'uebay dbm mnstrniutnkb fkr edac mkaulebt.
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4rkidi`e skuraes kf nbfkrldtnkb fkr edac mkaulebt dbm repkrt.
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X n t c   t c e   n l p ` e l e b t d t n k b   k f   a k l p u t e r n $ e m   s y s t e l    t c e   t d s j   k f   j e e p n b h reakr
ms nb db krhdbn$em ldbber wn`` ie sk`vem. ]ce hredtest kf d`` ns tce retrnevd`
 
kf nbfk rldtnkb wcnac wn`` ie dt tce a`naj kf tce lkuse. Qk tce prkpksem systelce`ps nb sdvnbh
tce tnle nb mnfferebt kperdtnkbs dbm ldjnbh nbfkrldtnkb f`kw edsyhnvnbh vd`udi`e repkrts.
,$]$ ,N7]NKB$&9?
]cns ns bkrld``y represebtem ds tce mdtd dikut mdtd. &t ns d`sk terlem
dsl e t d m d t d   s k l e   t n l e s   w c n a c   h n v e s   t c e   m d t d   d i k u t   t c e   m d t d   s t k r e m   n b   t c
e m d t d i d s e .   & t   m e f n b e s   e d a c   m d t d   t e r l   e b a k u b t e r e m   m u r n b h   t c e   d b d ` y s n s   d b m mes
nhb kf d bew systel. /dtd e`elebts adb mesarnie fn`es kr tce prkaesses.7k``kwnbh dre skle ldokr sylik`s usem
nb tce mdtd mnatnkbdry
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K e'unvd`ebt tk
•
W dbm
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TY entcer kr
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0< >ptnkbd` ebtry
! k ` ` k w n b h   d r e   s k l e   r u ` e s *   w c n a c   m e f n b e s   t c e   a k b s t r u a t n k b   k f   m d t d mnatnkbdry
ebtrnes?
:.Xkrms scku`m ie mefnbem tk ubmerstdbm fk r wcdt tcey beem dbm bkt tcevdrndi`e beem iy
wcnac tcey ldy ie mesarniem nb tce prkhrdl .8 . ( d a c w k r m l u s t i e u b n ' u e .
X e   a d b b k t c d v e t w k m e f n b n t n k b k f t c e sdle
a`nebt.; .  ` n d s e s k r s y b k b y l s d r e d ` ` k w e m w c e b t w k k r
l k r e e b t e r s s c k w s tce sdle ledbnbh. 7kr e+dlp`e d vebmkr bulier ldy d`sk ie ad``em
dsaustkler bulier.@ .    s e ` f - m e f n b n b h   w k r m s c k u ` m   b k t i e   m e a k l p k s e m .
& t   l e d b s   t c d t   t c e remuatnkb kf dby nbfk rldtnkb nb tk suipdrt scku`m ie mkbe kb`y nf nt
nsred``y re'unrem tcdt ns nt ns bkt edsy tk ubmerstdbm mnreat`y./dtd mnatnkbdry nba`umes nbfkrldtnkb
suac ds tce bulier kf reakrms nb fn`e tcefre'uebay d prkaess wn`` rub seaurnty fdatkr `nje pdss
wkrm wcnac user lustebter tk het e+aess tk tce nbfkrldtnkb.