Air Quality Impact

12/29/22, 2:13 AM 3
3. AIR QUALITY IMPACT

3.1 Introduction
3.1.1.1 Air quality is considered as one of the key environmental issues of
concern during both construction and operational phases of the proposed
project. During the construction phase, there will be potential dust impacts
on existing and future sensitive receivers from the construction activities
undertaken at the project sites. During the operational phase, potential odour
emissions from the proposed expanded San Wai STW and Ha Tsuen Pumping Station
on nearby sensitive receivers would be a major environmental issue of concern.
3.1.1.2 This section presents the assessments on construction phase dust
impacts and the operational phase odour emission impacts.
3.2 Environmental Legislation, Policies, Plans, Standards and Criteria
3.2.1.1 The air quality impact assessment criteria make reference to the Air
Pollution Control Ordinance (APCO) (Cap.311), and Annex 4 of the Technical
Memorandum on Environmental Impact Assessment Process (EIAO-TM).
3.2.1.2 For construction dust, Annex 4 of EIAO-TM specifies a total suspended
particulates (TSP) limit in air over an 1-hour period of 500 µgm-3. The
maximum acceptable TSP concentration averaged over 24-hour and annual periods
is 260 µgm-3 and 80 µgm-3 respectively as defined in the Air Quality
Objectives (AQOs) encompass by the APCO.
3.2.1.3 The Air Pollution Control (Construction Dust) Regulation specifies
processes that require special control. Contractors and site agents are
required to inform EPD before commence "notifiable work" and adopt dust
reduction measures while carrying out "notifiable work" or "regulatory work"
as defined under the regulation. "Notifiable work" includes site formation,
reclamation, demolition of a building, construction of the foundation or
superstructure of a building, road construction work, etc. "Regulatory work"
includes road opening or resurfacing work, slope stabilisation work, handling
or transfer of dusty materials, etc
3.2.1.4 Amendment to the APCO (1993) has included objectionable odour as an
air pollutant, but with no quantitative criteria. The EIAO-TM stipulates an
odour nuisance limit of 5 odour units (OU) based on an averaging time of 5
seconds. An OU is defined as the dilution factor required for samples of
odorous gases to be diluted with clean odour-free air to the detection
threshold.
3.3 Description of the Environment
3.3.1.1 The vicinity of the western part of the study area is mostly rural in
nature (and with some container storage areas) and become more urbanised in
the eastern part. Existing air quality in the area is influenced by emissions
from:
· Road network within and around the study area; and
· Construction activities within and around the study area.
3.3.1.2 There is currently no EPD-operated air quality monitoring station
located within the study area. Historical air quality monitoring data from the
nearest station, namely the rooftop Yuen Long station operated by EPD are
taken to examine the historical trend of the air quality condition in the
vicinity of the study area.
3.3.1.3 The last three published years of TSP monitoring data, namely 1998,
1999 and 2000 at Yuen Long station are tabulated in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1 EPD’s TSP Monitoring Data at Yuen Long Station, 1998 to 2000
https://www.epd.gov.hk/eia/register/report/eiareport/eia_0862002/EIA main report/section3.htm#3. AIR QUALITY IMPACT 1/29

12/29/22, 2:13 AM 3
Highest 2 Daily
Year Annual Average
Average
1998 198 / 189 97
1999 301 / 241 102
2000 288 / 194 95
Note: Monitoring results exceeded AQO are shown as bold characters.
3.3.1.4 As shown by the monitoring results in Table 3.1 for the rooftop Yuen
Long station, it is observed that the TSP concentrations in the Yuen Long area
remained high during the last few years and exceedance of the annual average
AQO for TSP was recorded for the last three years. The reasons may be largely
due to dust emissions from the construction activities and traffic emissions
from road network.
3.3.1.5 As shown in Figure 1.8, the proposed Deep Bay Link will encroach upon
the southwestern corner of the existing San Wai STW in the form of a viaduct.
With reference to the Environmental Impact Assessment Report for Agreement No.
CE109/98 Deep Bay Link Investigation and Preliminary Design (July 2002), the
modelling results showed exceedance of the 24-hour average AQO for nitrogen
dioxide at 10m above ground at the existing San Wai STW under the worst-case
scenario. The predicted exceedance is at 10m above ground level and covers an
area within about 50m from the southwestern corner of the existing San Wai
STW. Since there is no sensitive use located at the area of exceedance within
the existing and the future San Wai STW, adverse air quality impact is
therefore not expected.
3.4 Air Sensitive Receivers
3.4.1.1 In accordance with the definition stipulated in Annex 12 of EIAO-TM,
air sensitive receiver (ASR) is defined as:
· Any domestic premises, hotel, hostel, hospital, clinic, nursery, temporary
housing accommodation, school, educational institution, office, factory, shop,
shopping centre, place of public worship, library, court of law, sports
stadium or performing arts centre; and
· Any other premises or place with which, in terms of duration or number of
people affected, has a similar sensitivity to the air pollutants as the above
listed premises and places.
3.4.1.2 The Assessment Area for air quality impact assessment includes an area
500m from the boundary of the works areas. Figures 3.1 and 3.2 show
respectively the Assessment Area around the proposed expanded San Wai STW and
Ha Tsuen Pumping Station. Existing land uses within the Assessment Area of San
Wai STW include mainly agricultural land, container storage areas, and
scattered village houses. Whereas the existing land uses around the Ha Tsuen
Pumping Station are mainly public and private residential housing estates with
a number of schools.
3.4.1.3 Future ASRs around the proposed expanded San Wai STW and Ha Tsuen
Pumping Station include the planned sensitive land uses of the HSKNDA and HSK
North NDA as shown in Figure 1.9. Immediately to the southwest of the proposed
San Wai STW is the proposed Deep Bay Link. The road users of the proposed Deep
Bay Link might be susceptible to the future odour impacts from the operation

12/29/22, 2:13 AM 3
of San Wai STW. For reference purpose, the closest point of San Wai STW to
Deep Bay Link is taken as an air quality assessment point (A41) of the
operational phase odour impact assessment for San Wai STW.
3.4.1.4 Existing and future representative ASRs within the Assessment Area
likely to be affected by the construction and/or operation of the San Wai STW,
Ha Tsuen Pumping Station, and emergency bypass culvert are identified as
assessment points for this assessment. The selected assessment points are
summarised in Tables 3.2 to 3.4 and are shown in Figures 3.1 to 3.3. With
reference to Section 1.2 of this report, the proposed emergency bypass will be
constructed in the form of box culvert and will only be used for conveying
treated effluent from San Wai STW. The major air quality impact of the
proposed emergency bypass culvert would be associated with the construction
activities.
Table 3.2 Identified Air Quality Assessment Points Around the San Wai STW
Distance
from the
Subject to
Boundary Subject to
Assessment operational
Location of construction
Point phase
Expanded phase impact
impact
San Wai
STW
Tseung
A15 443m ü ü
Kong Wai
Tseung
A16 450m ü ü
Kong Wai
Tseung
A17 368m ü ü
Kong Wai
Villa
A31 483m ü ü
Oasis
San Wai
A37 village 208m ü ü
house
San Wai
house
San Wai
house
A40 San Wai 270m ü ü

village
12/29/22, 2:13 AM 3
house
Deep Bay
Link
(closest
A41 0m ü
point to
San Wai
STW)
Area 5a
of
A42 HSKNDA 213m ü
(future
ASR)
Table 3.3 Identified Air Quality Assessment Points Around the Ha Tsuen Pumping
Station
Distance
from the
Subject to
Boundary Subject to
Assessment operational
Location of construction
Point phase
Expanded phase impact
Impact
Ha Tsuen
PS
Ho Ming
A1 Primary 134m ü ü
School
Pui Shing
Catholic
A2 170m ü ü
Secondary
School
Ho Tak Sum
A3 Primary 173m ü ü
School
QE School
Old
Students'
A4 Association 344m ü ü
Branch
Primary
School
A5 Tang Siu 222m ü ü

Tong
12/29/22, 2:13 AM 3
Secondary
School
Tin Shing
A6 99m ü ü
Court
Tin Shing
A7 126m ü ü
Court
Tin Shing
A8 153m ü ü
Court
Tin Oi
A9 470m ü ü
Court
Home for
Aged at Sha
A11 183m ü ü
Chau Lei
Road
Sha Chau
A12 225m ü ü
Lei Tsuen
HSK North
NDA
Residential
A43 124m ü
Area
(future
ASR)
HSK North
NDA
Residential
A44 57m ü
Area
(future
ASR)
HSK North
NDA
Residential
A45 56m ü
Area
(future
ASR)

A46 HSK North 55m ü
NDA
Educational
Land Use
12/29/22, 2:13 AM 3
(future
ASR)
HSK North
NDA
Educational
A47 57m ü
Land Use
(future
ASR)
HSK North
NDA
Residential
A48 32m ü
Area
(future
ASR)
HSK North
NDA
Residential
A49 36m ü
Area
(future
ASR)
HSK North
NDA
Residential
A50 56m ü
Area
(future
ASR)
HSK North
NDA
Commercial
A51 128m ü
Area
(future
ASR)
Table 3.4 Identified Air Quality Assessment Points Around the Emergency Bypass
Culvert
Distance from Emergency

Bypass Culvert
Assessment
Location
Point Alternative
1 2 3 4

12/29/22, 2:13 AM 3
Home for
Aged at Sha
A11 >500m >500m 322m >500m
Chau Lei
Road
Sha Chau
A12 476m >500m 274m >500m
Lei Tsuen
Sik Kong
A14 462m >500m 445m >500m
Wai
Tseung Kong
A15 >500m >500m 423m 92m
Wai
Tseung Kong
A16 466m >500m 386m 159m
Wai
Tseung Kong
A17 415m >500m 328m 132m
Wai
San Sang
A21 249m 148m 455m >500m
Tsuen
San Lee Uk
A22 >500m 123m >500m >500m
Tsuen
San Lee Uk
A23 >500m 238m >500m >500m
Tsuen
San Uk
A24 139m 409m 110m >500m
Tsuen
San Uk
A25 228m 478m 147m >500m
Tsuen
Shek Po
A26 349m 420m 235m >500m
Tsuen
Shek Po
A27 340m 402m 268m >500m
Tsuen

12/29/22, 2:13 AM 3
Kau Lee Uk
A28 25m 32m 245m >500m
Tsuen
Kau Lee Uk
A29 14m 147m 121m >500m
Tsuen
Kau Lee Uk
A30 8m 238m 38m >500m
Tsuen
A31 Villa Oasis 485m >500m 408m 182m
A32 Villa Oasis 448m >500m 372m 246m
Sunny
A33 >500m >500m >500m 255m
Villas
Sunny
A34 >500m >500m >500m 187m
Villas
King's
A35 >500m >500m 491m 270m
Garden
King's
A36 >500m >500m 471m 278m
Garden
San Wai
A37 village 335m >500m 263m 181m
house
San Wai
A38 village 287m >500m 212m 163m
house
San Wai
A39 village 322m >500m 236m 193m
house
San Wai
A40 village 441m >500m 401m 37m
house
3.5 Enhancement Measures to Control Emergency Discharge

12/29/22, 2:13 AM 3
3.5.1 General
3.5.1.1 With reference to Section 1.2 of this report, in order to reduce the
chance of discharging raw sewage into Tin Shui Wai Drainage Channel and hence
Deep Bay, an emergency bypass culvert will be constructed in the form of box
culvert from San Wai STW to nearby drainage channel as part of this project.
3.5.1.2 Four alternative alignments of the proposed emergency bypass culvert
were considered and are shown in Figure 3.4. Figure 3.4 also indicates the
extent of the construction works areas associated with the four alternative
alignments.
3.5.2 Construction Phase Impact
3.5.2.1 In general, the construction works areas for the emergency bypass
culverts would be a 10m wide strip along the culvert alignment from the
expanded San Wai STW up to the connection point with the existing Ting Shui
Wai Drainage Channel for Alternatives 1, 2, and 3, and with the existing Lo Uk
Tsuen Drainage Channel for Alternative 4. A summary of the length and the
total construction works areas for the four alternatives is shown in Table
3.5.
Table 3.5 Length and Total Construction Works Area for the Four Alternatives
of the Proposed Emergency Bypass Culvert
Alternative Length Works Area
1 1300m 13,000m2
2 1600m 16,000m2
3 1350m 13,500m2
4 600m * 6,000m2
* The length of Alternative 4 requiring construction (600m) is from San Wai

STW to the existing Lo Uk Tsuen drainage channel only.
3.5.2.2 It is expected that the works related to the construction of the
emergency bypass culvert would be carried out section by section. The dust
generated from each section of the culvert construction works would be of
small scale, localised, and short-term. By comparing the length and works area
associated with the four alternatives, Alternative 4 would involve the
shortest length and the smallest works area. The dust emissions associated
with the construction of Alternative 4 would thus be the lowest among the four
alternatives.
3.5.2.3 With the implementation of proper dust control and suppression
measures stipulated in the Air Pollution Control (Construction Dust)
Regulation and described in Section 3.9 below, adverse dust impact from the
construction activities of the proposed emergency bypass culvert is not
expected.
3.5.3 Operational Phase Impact

12/29/22, 2:13 AM 3
3.5.3.1 All the four alternatives of the emergency bypass culvert will be
constructed in the form of box culvert up to the connection point with the
existing Ting Shui Wai Drainage Channel for Alternatives 1, 2, and 3, and with
the existing Lo Uk Tsuen Drainage Channel for Alternative 4. The existing
drainage channels will then convey the effluent to the Deep Bay.
3.5.3.2 With reference to the discussion in Section 1.2, the proposed
emergency bypass culvert will only be used for conveying treated effluent from
San Wai STW under the emergency event when the NWNT effluent tunnel or the
Urmston Road outfall is out of operation. Since the residual sulphide content
in the treated effluent would be minimal if any. Hydrogen sulphide emission
from treated effluent flowing along the proposed emergency bypass culvert and
the existing open drainage channels would thus not be expected. Odour impact
at the nearby existing and future ASRs (including Tin Shui Wai New Town,
HKSNDA and HSK Norht NDA) from the operation of the proposed emergency bypass
culvert is therefore not anticipated.
3.5.3.3 Other than the scenario described above with the break down of the
NWNT effluent tunnel or the Urmston Road outfall, the other emergency
discharge scenarios for the existing and the future arrangements are the same
and would result in the discharge of raw sewage. Nonetheless, the chance of
discharging raw sewage into the Tin Shui Wai Drainage Channel is in fact very
remote and has not happened since the commissioning of the existing San Wai
STW, the Ha Tsuen Pumping Station, and the NWNT effluent tunnel and Urmston
Road outfall for more than 10 years. Besides routine monitoring, inspection,
and maintenance to ensure satisfactory working condition of the system, the
following have been and will be applied to the Ha Tsuen Pumping Station to
further reduce the chance of system failure:
Standby pumps and screens to facilitate maintenance and repair of
equipment;
Back-up power in the form of dual power supply;
24-hour manned pumping station; and
Hand-cleaned bar screen at overflow bypass to prevent discharge of
floating solids.
3.5.3.4 A contingency plan would also be developed at the detailed design
stage to deal with the emergency discharges that may occur during the
operational stage of the project. It is recommended to include the following
items in the contingency plan:
Locations of the sensitive receivers in the vicinity of the emergency
discharges at Deep Bay and Urmston Road;
A list of relevant government bodies to be informed and to provide
assistance in the event of emergency discharges. Information on key
contact persons and telephone numbers should be included;
Reporting procedures required in the event of emergency discharges; and
Procedures listing the most effective means in rectifying the breakdown of
San Wai STW, Urmston Road Tunnel or Ha Tsuen Pumping Station in order to
minimise the discharge duration.
3.6 Assessment Methodology
3.6.1 Construction Phase Assessment
3.6.1.1 Construction dust impacts are assessed by determining dust-generating
activities and recommending corresponding dust control and suppression
measures. Details of dust-generating construction activities, including the
site area and the construction program were reviewed.
3.6.1.2 The construction works involved in this project include works
associated with the construction of the proposed expanded San Wai STW, the
expanded Ha Tsuen Pumping Station, and the emergency bypass culvert.
Emission Inventories

12/29/22, 2:13 AM 3
3.6.1.3 The major potential air quality impacts during the construction phase
of the proposed expanded San Wai STW and the expanded Ha Tsuen Pumping Station
would result from dust arising from construction activities including:
· Site clearance and preparation;
· Excavation and filling;
· Open site erosion;
· Construction of foundation and superstructure; and
· Handling and transportation of construction and demolition material.
3.6.1.4 With reference to Section 1.3 of this report, apart from the
construction of this project, there are a number of major projects planned in
the vicinity of the study area which might cause cumulative construction phase
impacts to the environment. These projects include YLKTSSD Stage 1, YLKTSSD
Stage 2, Deep Bay Link, and the HSKNDA. Concurrent construction activities
identified within 500m from the San Wai STW and the Ha Tsuen Pumping Station
are shown in Figures 3A.1 and 3A.2 in Appendix 3A. For the purpose of this
assessment, it was assumed that all these construction activities, together
with the construction of preferred Alternative 4 of the proposed emergency
bypass culvert, would occur at the same time. All these construction
activities were included in the dust modelling to predict the worst-case
cumulative dust impacts at the assessment points. Details of the construction
dust emissions calculation are presented in Appendix 3A.
3.6.1.5 The prediction of dust emissions was based on typical values and
emission factors from United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)
Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors (AP-42), 5th Edition. A ten-hour
working day was assumed during construction phase of the Project. References
of the calculations of dust emission factors for different dust generating
activities are listed in Table 3.6.
Table 3.6 References of Dust Emission Factors for Different Activities
Activities References (AP-42, 5th

Edition)
Dust emissions due to

truck loading and Table 11.9-4
unloading
Dust emissions due to

Table 11.9-2
bulldozing of overburden
Dust emission due to

vehicle traffic on unpaved Section 13.2.2
site roads
Wind erosion of open site Table 11.9-4
3.6.1.6 In this assessment, dust suppression measures and estimated mitigation

efficiencies were incorporated into the dust emission calculations. With
reference to Section 11.2.4.4 of AP-42 4th Edition, dust emissions from
construction areas could be reduced by 50% by twice daily watering with
complete coverage of active construction areas. Dust generated from vehicle
traffic on unpaved site roads would be reduced by lowering the vehicle
travelling speed. The percentage dust reduction is estimated in accordance

12/29/22, 2:13 AM 3
with Section 13.2.2.2 of AP-42 5th Edition.

Dispersion Modelling
3.6.1.7 The USEPA approved Industrial Source Complex Short-Term 3 (ISCST3)
model was used to model dust dispersion. The model assumed the algorithm for
the "rural" mode, with the dry depletion and gradual plume rise options. The
minimum Monin-Obukhov length of 1 metre suggested in ISC3 Model User's Guide
for rural area was taken in the ISCST3 model for the dry deposition algorithm.
3.6.1.8 For the purpose of this assessment, it is considered that dust
emissions from vehicles moving on unpaved site areas would constitute the
major dust source for the general works areas. Since no site specific
information is available relating to particle size distribution, and the
unpaved road emission equation from AP-42 5th Edition is applicable for
different geographical conditions, the particle size distribution used in the
ISCST3 model is estimated based on the particle size multipliers for the
unpaved road emission equation (Equation (1) of Section 13.2.2 of AP-42 5th
Edition). With particle size classes of 0-2.5 µm, 2.5-10 µm and 10-30 µm, the
percentage in each class is estimated to be 3.8%, 22.2% and 74% respectively.
3.6.1.9 During daytime working hours (8am to 6pm), it was assumed that dust
emissions would be generated from all dust generating activities and site
erosion. During nighttime non-working hours (6pm to 8am of the next day), it
was assumed that dust emissions would only be generated from site erosion.
Concentration Calculations
3.6.1.10 The worst-case 1-hour average TSP concentrations and the worst-case
24-hour average TSP concentrations are calculated at the assessment points at
height of 1.5m above ground, 1.5m is the average height of human breathing
zone. Since all the dust generating sources are at ground level, this
assessment height would represent the height with the worst-case impact.
3.6.1.11 Historical wind data from Lau Fau Shan meteorological station for
year 1996 to 2000 are used in the calculation of the worst-case 1-hour and
worst-case 24-hour average concentrations. For each hour of a year, the wind
direction from the historical data was taken at 10-degree resolution. Calm
hours (hours with wind speed less than 1ms-1) were disregarded in accordance
with Section 9.3.4 of the Guideline on Air Quality Models, USEPA. For wind
speed less than 2ms-1, the wind speed was conservatively converted to 1ms-1 in
the model. For wind speed equal to or larger than 2ms-1, the wind speed was
conservatively converted to 2ms-1 in the model.
3.6.1.12 The hourly average concentration for each assessment point is then
calculated as described above based on the converted wind direction and wind
speed. The maximum 1-hour average and 24-hour average concentrations over the
five years are then taken as the worst-case concentrations for the assessment
points.
3.6.1.13 After all, background TSP concentration of 87 µgm-3 is added to the
results calculated above to produce the worst-case concentrations. The
background concentration is derived from EPD's monitoring data for rural area.
3.6.2 Operational Phase Assessment
3.6.2.1 Odour would be one of the key environmental concerns during the
operational phase of the project. Potential odour sources within the proposed
expanded San Wai STW include the fine screen, the detritors, the sludge
holding tanks, the solid handling house, the sludge dewatering house, the
rapid mix and flocculation tank, and the primary sedimentation tanks. Whereas
the major odour sources for the expanded Ha Tsuen Pumping Station would be the
existing and the future wet wells of the pumping station.
3.6.2.2 The odour is mainly due to the presence of hydrogen sulphide (H2S)
that is a major odorous gas in sanitary sewer systems, particularly in places
12/29/22, 2:13 AM 3
with relatively warm climate such as Hong Kong. Sulphide generation would be
promoted under anaerobic conditions in sewage conveyance system. H2S is often
detectable when all odour components have been diluted to below their
detection thresholds. H2S is therefore adopted as the main parameter for
assessing odour impact in this study.
3.6.2.3 The odour impact assessment for this study is carried out by first
estimating the H2S emission rates using well-recognised equations and then
predicting the worst-case H2S concentrations at the assessment points using
computer dispersion modelling. As discussed in Section 3.2 above, the EIAO-TM
stipulates an odour nuisance limit of 5 odour units (OU) based on an averaging
time of 5 seconds. An OU is defined as the dilution factor required for
samples of odorous gases to be diluted with clean odour-free air to the
detection threshold.
3.6.2.4 Therefore, in order to convert the predicted H2S concentration at the
assessment points to OU for compliance checking with the EIAO-TM odour
nuisance limit, it is required to correlate the H2S concentration with OU, or
in simple term, to determine the detection threshold (i.e. one OU) of H2S for
those potential odour sources of concern in this assessment. For the purpose
of this assessment, a conservative detection threshold for H2S of 0.0005ppm or
0.00076 mgm-3 is adopted (Source: Woodfield M. and Hall D. (1994). Odour
Measurement and Control - An Update. AEA Technology and National Environmental
Technology Centre).
Odour Emission Estimation
3.6.2.5 The generation of sulphide in sewerage systems is predominantly an
anaerobic microbiological reaction involving sulphate and sulphate-reducing
bacteria. The bacteria are concentrated in slimes that form on the walls of
sewers and associated facilities. Although sulphide is also produced in the
wastewater, these slimes are generally responsible for the majority of
sulphide generated in sewerage systems. Apart from the need to have anaerobic
conditions, the following factors may also influence the rate of sulphide
generation:
Ø Liquid velocity
Ø Soluble electron donor concentration (which effectively is the soluble
biochemical oxygen demand concentration)
Ø Sulphate concentration
Ø Temperature
3.6.2.6 Several predictive equations (e.g. Pomeroy, Thistlethwayte) are
available for estimating the build-up of sulphide in sewerage systems. These
equations were derived empirically from measurements taken on a large number
of operating systems. Although different equations and different coefficients
adopted in these equations may result in different predictions, in most cases,
these equations should provide a reasonable basis for developing sulphide
control strategies.
3.6.2.7 Having said that, Thistlethwayte equation has been reported to
overestimate the sulphide flux when excess sulphate was available in sewage
(USEPA, 1985). The use of the Thistlethwayte equation is also not recommended
for low sewage velocity (say less than 0.5m/s) (Technological Standing
Committee on Hydrogen Sulphide Corrosion in Sewage Works, 1989a). It is
recommended in the Hydrogen Sulphide Control Manual (Technological Standing
Committee on Hydrogen Sulphide Corrosion in Sewage Works, 1989a), one of the
most comprehensive guidelines available today, that the Pomeroy equation be
used because of its simplicity and reliability in predicting sulphide flux
over a wider range of velocities.
Prediction of Sulphide Build-up in Pumping Mains

12/29/22, 2:13 AM 3
3.6.2.8 The equation suggested by Pomeroy to predict the sulphide flux from
wall slimes (Technological Standing Committee on Hydrogen Sulphide Corrosion
in Sewage Works, 1989a) is:
G = M[BOD5]1.07T-20
where G sulphide flux from wall

slimes, g/m2h
[BOD5] 5-day biochemical oxygen

demand
T temperature, oC
M coefficient, m/h
3.6.2.9 A value of 1x10-3 m/h for M was recommended by Pomeroy for normal pressure mains. High
values of M (around 2.9x10-3) were obtained by Pomeroy from two systems where the wastewater
contained a significant proportion of seawater and where anaerobic corrosion of iron produced a very
rough inside surface of the pipe, which promote slime growth.
3.6.2.10 The sulphide generated in the wastewater itself may also form a portion of the total sulphide build-
up. The build-up in sulphide concentration by bacteria activity in both slime and wastewater is given by the
following equation which was derived by performing a mass balance over the length of the pipeline
(Technological Standing Committee on Hydrogen Sulphide Corrosion in Sewage Works, 1989a):
Cs = 4G(1 + 0.4D)t / D
where Cs sulphide concentration build-up, mg/l
D diameter of tunnel or sewer, m
t retention time, hour
G sulphide flux, g/m2h
Prediction of Sulphide Build-up in Gravity Sewers
3.6.2.11 With reference to the Hydrogen Sulphide Control Manual (Technological Standing Committee on
Hydrogen Sulphide Corrosion in Sewage Works, 1989), one of the most comprehensive guidelines
available today, the equation below presented by Pomeroy and Parkurst is taken to estimate the sulphide
concentration for the gravity sewers:
S2 = {(aS1 – b)e-at + b} / a
where S1 sulphide concentration at start of section, mg/L
S2 sulphide concentration at end of section, mg/L
a = N(SV)3/8 / dm
b = M’[BOD5]1.07T-20/r
t flow time through the section of sewer, h
S total energy head gradient
V sewage velocity, m/s

12/29/22, 2:13 AM 3
dm mean hydraulic depth, m
[BOD5] 5-day biochemical oxygen demand
T temperature, oC
r hydraulic radius, m
M’ specific sulphide flux for partially filled pipes, m/h
N constant used in sulphide build-up equation
3.6.2.12 A value of 0.32x10-3 m/h for M' and 0.96 for N recommended by Pomeroy and Parkurst for
median or "average" sulphide generation condition are adopted in this assessment in the above equation.
3.6.2.13 Details of the hydrogen sulphide build-up calculations for this assessment are presented in
Appendix 3B.
Hydrogen Sulphide Gas Release
3.6.2.14 The odour problem associated with hydrogen sulphide is caused by the release of molecular
hydrogen sulphide gas. The rate of release is dependent on many factors, including pH, temperature,
turbulence, ventilation conditions, etc.
3.6.2.15 The concentration of molecular hydrogen sulphide in wastewater is dependent on the pH value
and the temperature. Figure 3.5 shows this relationship and indicates that pH is more important than
temperature in the release of molecular hydrogen sulphide in wastewater, particularly when the pH drops
below 8 (towards a more acidic condition). When pH is constant, the release of molecular hydrogen
sulphide would increase with decreasing temperature.
3.6.2.16 The major potential odour emission sources within the proposed expanded San Wai STW are
shown in Figure 3.6 which include:
· the inlet chamber;
· the fine screen;
· the detritors;
· the sludge holding tanks;
· the solid handling house;
· the sludge dewatering house;
· the rapid mix and flocculation tank;
· the primary sedimentation tanks; and
· the connection channels.
3.6.2.17 For the proposed expanded Ha Tsuen Pumping Station, the major odour sources would be the
existing and future wet wells of the pumping station.
3.6.2.18 The H2S emission flux from potential odour sources was estimated as a free surface sewage flow
with the following equation (Design Manual on Odor and Corrosion Control in Sanitary Sewerage Systems
and Treatment Plants, 1985):
f = 0.69(SV)3/8 j [DS]
where f hydrogen sulphide surface flux, g/m2h
S total energy head gradient
V sewage velocity, m/s
j proportion of dissolved sulphide present in molecular form (see Figure 3.5)
[DS] dissolved sulphide concentration in the wastewater, mg/L

12/29/22, 2:13 AM 3
3.6.2.19 The H2S emission flux from the wet wells of the proposed expanded Ha Tsuen Pumping Station
was calculated in accordance with Chapter 4.3 (Waste Water Collection, Treatment and Storage) of
USEPA Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors (AP-42), 5th Edition for wastewater sump tank.
3.6.2.20 Details of the H2S emission flux calculations for the major odour sources are presented in
Appendix 3B.
Odour Dispersion Modelling
3.6.2.21 The USEPA approved ISCST3 model was used to simulate odour dispersion. Mixing height of
500m and ambient temperature of 298K were taken in the model.
3.6.2.22 To ascertain the worst-case condition, the dispersion modelling considered 5940 predefined
separate meteorological conditions. The resolution on the wind direction is set to 2-degree increments.
The following stability class and wind speed taken by USEPA for screening purpose were taken in this
assessment:
Stability Class A : 1,2,3 m/s

B : 1,2,3,4,5 m/s
C : 1,2,3,4,5,8,10 m/s
D : 1,2,3,4,5,8,10,15,20 m/s
E : 1,2,3,4,5 m/s
F : 1,2,3,4 m/s
3.6.2.23 Odour assessment was based on a 5-second averaging time due to the short exposure period
tolerable by human receptors. However, the shortest averaging time for ISCST3 is one hour, which is also
the limitation of most other dispersion models. Conversion of model-computed hourly average results to 5-
second values is therefore necessary. The hourly concentration was first converted to a 3-minute average
value according to a power law relationship that is stability dependent (Duffee, O'Brien and Ostojic, 1991).
Another conversion factor (10 for unstable conditions and 5 for neutral to stable conditions) was then
applied to convert the 3-minute average to 5-second average (Keddie, 1980). The odour threshold of
hydrogen sulphide was taken as 0.5ppb or 0.76mgm-3. The conversion factors for different stability
classes are summarised in Table 3.7.
Table 3.7 Factors for Converting Hourly Average Odour Values to 5-second Average Odour Values
Factors to Convert
1-hr average
Concentration
3
concentration
Stability (m g/m ) from Concentration (m g/m3)
Class 1-hr average
(m g/m3) to directly to
to
Odour Unit 5-second
5-second
(B) Odour Unit
average
(OU)
(A)
(A x B)
A 44.7 1.32 59.0

12/29/22, 2:13 AM 3
B 44.7 1.32 59.0
C 27.1 1.32 35.8
D 9.1 1.32 12.0
E 8.3 1.32 10.9
F 8.3 1.32 10.9
3.7 Identification of Environmental Impacts

of this project would result from dust arising from construction activities
including:
· Site clearance and preparation;
· Excavation and filling;
· Open site erosion;
· Construction of foundation and superstructure; and
· Handling and transportation of construction and demolition material.
3.7.1.2 There would likely be cumulative dust impacts during the construction
phase of this project arising from concurrent construction activities of other
major projects in the vicinity of the study area. These projects include
YLKTSSD Stage 1, YLKTSSD Stage 2, Deep Bay Link, and the HSKNDA.
3.7.1.3 During operational phase of the project, major air quality impacts
would be related to the potential odour emissions from the activities
associated with the proposed expanded San Wai STW and the expanded Ha Tsuen
PS.
3.8 Prediction and Evaluation of Environmental Impacts
3.8.1 Construction Phase Impacts
Proposed Expanded San Wai STW
3.8.1.1 The modelling results at the selected assessment points for the
mitigated and unmitigated scenarios are presented in Table 3.8. The assessment
height is 1.5m above local ground level. All the results presented in the
table included the background concentration. For the mitigated scenario, 50%
dust reduction by twice daily watering with complete coverage is assumed for
the active construction areas of this project. It is also assumed that the
construction vehicle travel speed on unpaved site areas of this project would
be limited to not more than 10 km per hour.
Table 3.8 Predicted Construction Phase Dust Impacts at Assessment Points

Around San Wai STW for Unmitigated and Mitigated Scenarios

12/29/22, 2:13 AM 3
Unmitigated
Mitigated Scenario
Scenario
Assessment Worst- Worst- Worst- Worst-

Point case 1- case 24- case 1- case 24-
hour hour hour hour
Average Average Average Average
TSP TSP TSP TSP
(µgm-3) (µgm-3) (µgm-3) (µgm-3)
A15 306 161 222 127
A16 282 161 187 127
A17 325 178 200 133
A31 274 155 179 125
A32 280 156 196 128
A33 241 135 165 116
A34 265 143 166 120
A35 235 139 173 119
A36 252 143 175 121
A37 515 250 298 170
A38 577 271 330 180
A39 453 221 257 155
A40 476 255 416 224
Highest 577 271 416 224

12/29/22, 2:13 AM 3
% AQO /
Guideline 115% 104% 83% 86%
level
3.8.1.2 As shown by the modelling results, without any dust suppression

measures for the construction sites of this project, exceedance of the TSP 1-
hour average guideline level of 500 µgm-3 and/or the 24-hour average AQO of
260 µgm-3 would be expected at some existing village houses at San Wai
(assessment points A37 and A38) in close proximity to the works areas.
3.8.1.3 With the implementation of dust suppression measures, exceedance of
the TSP guideline level and AQO would not be expected. The modelling results
showed that the worst-case dust impacts at the assessment points are on
average reduced by about 33% and 21% respectively for the 1-hour average TSP
level and the 24-hour average TSP level.
3.8.1.4 The predicted worst-case hourly and daily average TSP concentration
contours at 1.5m above ground around the proposed expanded San Wai STW for the
unmitigated and mitigated scenarios are shown in Figures 3.7 to 3.10. No air
sensitive use is identified within the areas with predicted exceedance of the
hourly and daily TSP guideline level / AQO during the construction period
under the mitigated scenario.
construction activities of the proposed expanded San Wai STW is not expected.
Proposed Expanded Ha Tsuen Pumping Station
3.8.1.6 The modelling results at the selected assessment points for the
mitigated and unmitigated scenarios are presented in Table 3.9. The assessment
height is 1.5m above local ground level. All the results presented in the
table included the background concentration. For the mitigated scenario, 50%
dust reduction by twice daily watering with complete coverage is assumed for
the active construction areas of this project. It is also assumed that the
construction vehicle travel speed on unpaved site area of this project would
be limited to not more than 10 km per hour.
Table 3.9 Predicted Construction Phase Dust Impacts at Assessment Points

Around Ha Tsuen Pumping Station for Unmitigated and Mitigated Scenarios
Unmitigated
Mitigated Scenario
Scenario
Assessment Worst- Worst- Worst- Worst-

Point case 1- case 24- case 1- case 24-
hour hour hour hour
Average Average Average Average
TSP TSP TSP TSP
(µgm-3) (µgm-3) (µgm-3) (µgm-3)
A1 264 154 173 124
A2 239 150 166 120

12/29/22, 2:13 AM 3
A3 236 136 171 114
A4 167 107 133 99
A5 196 126 145 109
A6 342 182 234 141
A7 329 174 224 137
A8 270 146 188 122
A9 182 118 160 113
A11 274 152 274 139
A12 302 155 302 148
Highest 342 182 302 148
% AQO /
Guideline 68% 70% 60% 57%
level
3.8.1.7 As shown by the modelling results, in view of the low intensity of the
construction activities involved, exceedance of the guideline level and AQO
for TSP would not be expected without any dust suppression measures.
3.8.1.8 With the implementation of dust suppression measures, the modelling
results showed that the worst-case dust impacts at the assessment points are
on average reduced by about 22% and 14% respectively for the 1-hour average
TSP level and the 24-hour average TSP level.
3.8.1.9 The predicted worst-case hourly and daily average TSP concentration
contours at 1.5m above ground around the proposed expanded Ha Tsuen Pumping
Station for the unmitigated and mitigated scenarios are shown in Figures 3.11
to 3.14. No air sensitive use is identified within the areas with predicted
exceedance of the hourly and daily TSP guideline level / AQO during the
construction period under the mitigated scenario.
construction activities of the proposed expanded Ha Tsuen Pumping Station is
not expected.

12/29/22, 2:13 AM 3
3.8.2 Operational Phase Impacts

Proposed Expanded San Wai STW
3.8.2.1 Two operation scenarios namely the unmitigated and the mitigated
scenarios were considered and assessed with the odour dispersion model. In the
unmitigated scenario, it was assumed that all major odour sources within the
proposed expanded San Wai STW would be open to the atmosphere. All H2S
emissions would be dispersed directly from the sources at ground level.
3.8.2.2 In the mitigated scenario, it was assumed that all the major odour
sources would be contained within either building structures or enclosures.
All the odour emissions from the odour sources would be ventilated to a
centralised deodorization unit located at the centre of the STW. In this
assessment, it is estimated that an H2S removal efficiency of up to 96% would
be required for the deodorization unit so as to achieve the 5 OU criteria at
all the ASRs as well as the assessment point representing the road users of
Deep Bay Link (assessment point A41). All the treated air would be emitted
from the exhaust vent shaft of the deodorization unit with an exhaust height
of 5m above ground and an exit velocity of 10m/s.
3.8.2.3 The worst-case 5-second average odour levels were calculated at the
assessment points in the vicinity of the proposed expanded San Wai STW as
shown in Figure 3.1. The ASRs in the vicinity of the proposed expanded San Wai
STW are all low-rise structures. The assessment heights were taken as 1.5m to
30m above local ground level. The modelling results for the unmitigated and
mitigated scenarios at the assessment points are shown in Tables 3.10 and 3.11
respectively.
Table 3.10 Predicted Worst-case 5-second Average Odour Levels at Assessment

Points Around the Expanded San Wai STW for the Unmitigated Scenario
Predicted 5-second Average Odour Levels ( in OU)

Assessment at Different Assessment Height Above Local Ground Level
Points
1.5m 2.5m 5m 7.5m 10m 12.5m 15m 17.5m 20m 22.5m 25m 27.5m 30m
A15 28.5 27.9 25.2 21.3 16.9 12.5 10.9 10.6 10.3 9.9 9.5 9.2 8.7
A16 28.5 27.9 25.3 21.5 17.0 12.7 11.2 10.9 10.5 10.2 9.8 9.4 9.0
A17 35.1 34.2 30.1 24.4 18.3 14.0 13.6 13.1 12.6 12.1 11.5 10.8 10.2
A31 27.7 27.2 24.8 21.3 17.3 13.2 10.3 10.0 9.7 9.4 9.1 8.8 8.4
A32 27.3 26.8 24.6 21.3 17.4 13.5 10.1 9.9 9.6 9.3 9.0 8.7 8.3
A37 53.7 51.1 40.6 27.8 21.3 20.3 19.2 18.0 16.6 16.0 15.4 14.7 14.0
A38 63.7 60.2 46.2 30.2 25.3 24.0 22.4 20.8 19.2 18.4 17.5 16.6 15.6
A39 46.7 44.9 37.3 27.5 20.4 19.6 18.7 17.7 16.6 15.5 14.3 13.7 13.2

12/29/22, 2:13 AM 3
A40 25.3 24.4 20.9 16.3 13.9 13.5 12.9 12.7 12.4 12.1 11.7 11.4 11.0
A41 NA NA NA NA NA NA 41.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA
A42 57.9 54.6 41.7 27.1 25.9 24.5 22.9 21.2 20.1 19.1 18.2 17.2 16.1
Max 63.7 60.2 46.2 30.2 25.9 24.5 41.5 21.2 20.1 19.1 18.2 17.2 16.1
% Criteria 1274% 1204% 924% 604% 518% 490% 830% 424% 402% 382% 364% 344% 322%
Note: Assessment point A41 is representing the section of Deep Bay Link at 15m
above ground level adjacent to the proposed San Wai STW.
Points Around the Expanded San Wai STW for the Mitigated Scenario
Predicted 5-second Average Odour Levels (in OU)

Points
1.5m 2.5m 5m 7.5m 10m 12.5m 15m 17.5m 20m 22.5m 25m 27.5m 30m
A15 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.5
A16 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.5
A17 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6
A31 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.5
A32 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.6
A37 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.3 1.8 2.2 2.4 2.3 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.8
A38 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.4 2.0 2.5 2.8 2.7 2.2 1.7 1.1 1.0
A39 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.9 1.3 1.7 2.0 2.2 2.1 1.8 1.4 1.0 0.7
A40 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 1.1 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.3 0.9 0.7
A41 NA NA NA NA NA NA 4.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA
A42 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.5 2.1 2.6 2.9 2.8 2.4 1.7 1.1 1.0
Max 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.5 2.1 4.6 2.9 2.8 2.4 1.7 1.1 1.0

12/29/22, 2:13 AM 3
% Criteria 18% 18% 18% 18% 30% 42% 92% 58% 56% 48% 34% 22% 20%
Note: Assessment point A41 is representing the section of Deep Bay Link at 15m
above ground level adjacent to the proposed San Wai STW.
3.8.2.4 The predicted worst-case 5-second average odour levels in the vicinity
of the proposed expanded San Wai STW for the unmitigated scenario are shown in
Figure 3.15. Since the emission heights of the odour sources were taken as
ground level for the unmitigated scenario, the odour levels presented in
Figure 3.15 at a receiver height of 1.5m above ground level would represent
the worst-case impacts. 1.5m is the average height of human breathing zone. As
shown in Figure 3.15 and in Table 3.10, very high odour impacts would be
expected in the area even at a large distance from the STW. Exceedances of the
5 OU criteria level are expected at most part of San Wai. More than 60 OU are
predicted at an existing village house in San Wai (assessment point A38).
3.8.2.5 For the mitigated scenario, as shown by the modelling results in Table
3.11, the worst affected height around the San Wai STW would be at 17.5m above
ground level. Figure 3.16 shows the predicted worst-case 5-second average
odour levels in the vicinity of the proposed expanded San Wai STW at the worst
affected height of 17.5m above ground level. No air sensitive use is
identified within the areas with predicted exceedance of the 5 OU criteria
during the operational period under the mitigated scenario. As shown in the
figure, higher odour levels are predicted around the exhaust point of the
deodorization unit. The highest odour impact of about 3 OU is predicted at
Area 5a of the future HSKNDA. With the implementation of the proposed odour
control measures, exceedance of the 5 OU criteria is not predicted at the
existing and future ASRs in the area.
Proposed Expanded Ha Tsuen Pumping Station
3.8.2.6 Under the current design, most of the sewage surface within the wet
wells would not be exposed to the atmosphere under normal operation. Odour
emissions from the sewage surface within the wet wells should thus be minimal
during normal operation. However, the wet wells would be force-ventilated
during man entry for inspection or maintenance and would result in potential
odour emissions.
3.8.2.7 For the purpose of this assessment, two operation scenarios namely the
unmitigated and the mitigated scenarios were considered and assessed with the
odour dispersion model. In the unmitigated scenario, it was assumed that all
major odour sources within the proposed expanded Ha Tsuen Pumping Station
namely the existing and the new wet wells would be open to the atmosphere. All
H2S emissions would be dispersed directly from the sources at ground level.
3.8.2.8 In the mitigated scenario, it was assumed that the existing and the
new wet wells would be contained within building structures. All the odour
emissions from the wet wells would be ventilated to a deodoriser located at
the rooftop of the existing and the new pumping stations. In this assessment,
it is estimated that an H2S removal efficiency of up to 97% would be required
for the deodorisers so as to achieve the 5 OU criteria at all the ASRs. All
the treated air would be emitted from the exhaust vent of the deodorisers with
exhaust heights of 4m and 8m above ground for the existing and new wet wells,
respectively, and with an exit velocity of 8m/s.
3.8.2.9 The worst-case 5-second average odour levels were calculated at the
assessment points in the vicinity of the proposed expanded Ha Tsuen Pumping
Station as shown in Figure 3.2. The assessment heights were taken as 1.5m to
30m above local ground level to represent the worst affected heights. The
modelling results for the unmitigated and mitigated scenarios at the
assessment points are shown in Tables 3.12 and 3.13 respectively.

12/29/22, 2:13 AM 3

Points Around the Expanded Ha Tsuen PS for the Unmitigated Scenario
Predicted 5-second Average Odour Levels (in OU)

Points
1.5m 2.5m 5m 7.5m 10m 12.5m 15m 17.5m 20m 22.5m 25m 27.5m 30m
A1 90.7 84.4 60.5 47.5 40.0 32.0 26.5 23.7 21.1 19.6 18.2 16.7 15.2
A2 67.4 63.0 46.9 40.5 34.8 28.7 23.5 21.3 19.0 17.6 16.5 15.3 14.2
A3 73.4 66.7 42.6 32.6 28.5 27.0 25.3 23.4 21.4 19.4 17.3 15.3 13.3
A4 31.5 30.2 24.9 18.8 17.0 15.0 13.5 12.8 11.9 11.1 10.7 10.2 9.8
A5 54.0 50.3 36.2 26.0 22.0 20.4 19.6 18.6 17.6 16.5 15.3 14.1 12.9
A6 105.6 90.3 68.3 52.5 46.1 41.7 37.8 33.8 29.7 25.6 21.8 18.3 15.1
A7 119.8 100.5 64.0 46.5 43.1 39.1 34.8 30.3 25.9 21.6 17.8 15.9 14.1
A8 88.7 78.8 47.3 38.1 33.4 31.2 28.6 25.8 22.9 20.1 17.3 14.7 13.0
A9 27.2 26.7 24.3 20.8 16.7 13.0 12.1 11.1 10.1 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.4
A11 53.6 50.0 36.3 31.0 26.6 22.4 20.6 18.7 17.5 16.6 15.5 14.5 13.4
A12 40.8 38.6 29.9 25.8 22.8 19.5 17.3 16.0 14.7 13.9 13.2 12.5 11.7
A43 95.5 88.6 62.4 48.7 40.8 32.5 27.0 24.0 21.4 19.9 18.4 16.9 15.3
A44 114.9 103.0 85.2 64.7 55.0 49.6 43.9 38.0 32.3 26.9 22.1 17.8 15.5
A45 193.8 156.6 98.8 77.2 63.0 48.7 37.0 30.6 24.7 19.5 15.3 11.9 9.2
A46 174.1 129.2 90.7 62.5 51.6 42.3 33.2 26.7 21.9 17.6 13.7 10.5 7.8
A47 129.2 106.7 69.3 50.0 45.9 41.3 36.2 31.0 26.1 21.5 18.2 16.1 14.1
A48 164.1 123.2 88.7 75.3 66.4 56.5 46.8 37.6 29.4 23.9 20.2 16.8 13.8
A49 298.1 266.6 170.8 133.8 105.8 79.4 57.1 39.9 31.0 23.7 18.0 13.6 10.3
A50 165.3 141.5 101.3 88.8 76.6 63.6 51.1 39.8 30.1 24.7 20.3 16.4 13.2
12/29/22, 2:13 AM 3
A51 87.8 77.6 49.7 39.8 35.4 33.3 30.8 28.1 25.3 22.5 19.7 17.1 14.6
Highest 298.1 266.6 170.8 133.8 105.8 79.4 57.1 39.9 32.3 26.9 22.1 18.3 15.5
% Criteria 5962% 5332% 3416% 2676% 2116% 1588% 1142% 798% 646% 538% 442% 366% 310%

Points Around the Expanded Ha Tsuen PS for the Mitigated Scenario
Predicted 5-second Average Odour Levels ( in OU)

Points
1.5m 2.5m 5m 7.5m 10m 12.5m 15m 17.5m 20m 22.5m 25m 27.5m 30m
A1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.1 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5
A2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5
A3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5
A4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3
A5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4
A6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.9 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
A7 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.9 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.7
A8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.5
A9 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2
A11 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4
A12 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3
A43 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.1 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5
A44 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.9 1.5 1.7 1.4 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
A45 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.2 2.1 2.6 2.1 1.9 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2
A46 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 1.1 1.9 2.3 2.4 2.2 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.1
12/29/22, 2:13 AM 3
A47 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 1.2 1.3 1.8 1.7 1.2 0.8 0.8 0.8
A48 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.9 1.4 1.7 2.3 2.2 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2
A49 0.7 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.1 2.1 3.3 4.0 3.4 2.1 2.4 2.5 2.4
A50 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.9 1.4 1.7 2.5 2.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.4
A51 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.6
Highest 0.7 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.2 2.1 3.3 4.0 3.4 2.1 2.4 2.5 2.4
% Criteria 14% 14% 16% 20% 24% 42% 66% 80% 68% 42% 48% 50% 48%
3.8.2.10 The predicted worst-case 5-second average odour levels in the

vicinity of the proposed expanded Ha Tsuen Pumping Station for the unmitigated
scenario are shown in Figure 3.17. Since the emission heights of the odour
sources were taken as ground level for the unmitigated scenario, the odour
levels presented in Figure 3.17 at a receiver height of 1.5m above ground
level would represent the worst-case impacts. 1.5m is the average height of
human breathing zone. As shown in Figure 3.17 and in Table 3.12, very high
odour impacts would be expected in the immediate vicinity of the pumping
station. About 300 OU are predicted at the site boundary of a future
residential area in HSK North NDA (assessment point A49).
3.8.2.11 For the mitigated scenario, as shown by the modelling results in
Table 3.13, the worst affected height around the Ha Tsuen Pumping Station
would be at 17.5m above ground level. Figure 3.18 shows the predicted worst-
case 5-second average odour levels in the vicinity of Ha Tsuen Pumping Station
at the worst affected height of 17.5m above ground level. No air sensitive use
is identified within the areas with predicted exceedance of the 5 OU criteria
during the operational period under the mitigated scenario. As shown in the
figure, higher odour levels are predicted around the exhaust point of the
deodorisers. The highest odour impact of 4.0 OU is predicted at the site
boundary of a future residential area in HSK North NDA (assessment point A49).
With the implementation of the proposed odour control measures, exceedance of
the 5 OU criteria is not predicted at the existing and future ASRs in the
area.
3.9 Mitigation of Adverse Environmental Impacts
3.9.1 Construction Phase Measures
3.9.1.1 In order to ensure that dust emission is minimised during the
construction phase of the project, relevant dust control requirements set out
in the Air Pollution Control (Construction Dust) Regulation should be met. The
site agent of the Contractor is required to adopt dust reduction measures
while carrying out construction works. The specific measures recommended in
this assessment include dust suppression by twice daily watering with complete
coverage of all active construction areas and limit the construction vehicle
travel speed on unpaved site areas to not more than 10 km per hour. Besides,
the mitigation measures listed below should be adopted where applicable. With
the implementation of effective dust control measures, adverse dust impacts
from the construction works of the project is not expected.
Site clearance and demolition of existing structures
· The working area for the uprooting of trees, shrubs, or vegetation or for
12/29/22, 2:13 AM 3
the removal of boulders, poles, pillars or temporary or permanent structures

should be sprayed with water or a dust suppression chemical immediately
before, during and immediately after the operation so as to maintain the
entire surface wet;
· All demolished items (including trees, shrubs, vegetation, boulders, poles,
pillars, structures, debris, rubbish and other items arising from site
clearance) that may dislodge dust particles should be covered entirely by
impervious sheeting or placed in an area sheltered on the top and the 3 sides
within a day of demolition;
Site boundary and entrance
· Vehicle washing facilities including a high pressure water jet should be
provided at every discernible or designated vehicle exit point;
· The area where vehicle washing takes place and the section of the road
between the washing facilities and the exit point should be paved with
concrete, bituminous materials or hardcores;
· Where a site boundary adjoins a road, street, service and or other area
accessible to the public, hoarding of not less than 2.4m from ground level
should be provided along the entire length of that portion of the site
boundary except for a site entrance or exit;
Access road
· Every main haul road (i.e. any course inside a construction site having a
vehicle passing rate of higher than 4 in any 30 minutes) should be paved with
concrete, bituminous materials, hardcores or metal plates, and kept clear of
dusty materials; or sprayed with water or a dust suppression chemical so as to
maintain the entire road surface wet;
· The portion of any road leading only to a construction site that is within
30m of a discernible or designated vehicle entrance or exit should be kept
clear of dusty materials;
Use of vehicle
· Immediately before leaving a construction site, every vehicle should be
washed to remove any dusty materials from its body and wheels;
· Where a vehicle leaving a construction site is carrying a load of dusty
materials, the load should be covered entirely by clean impervious sheeting to
ensure that the dusty materials do not leak from the vehicle;
Excavation and earth moving
· The working area of any excavation or earth moving operation should be
sprayed with water or a dusty suppression chemical immediately before, during
and immediately after the operation so as to maintain the entire surface wet;
· Exposed earth shall be properly treated by compaction, turfing,
hydroseeding, vegetation planting or sealing with latex, vinyl, bitumen,
shotcrete or other suitable surface stabiliser within 6 months after the last
construction activity on the construction site or part of the construction
site where the exposed earth lies;
Stockpiling of dusty materials
· Any stockpile of dusty material should be either covered entirely by
impervious sheeting; placed in an area sheltered on the top and the 3 sides;
or sprayed with water or a dust suppression chemical so as to maintain the
entire surface wet.
3.9.2 Operational Phase Measures
3.9.2.1 In order to mitigate the potential odour impacts from the proposed
expanded San Wai STW, it is recommended that all the major odour sources
within the proposed expanded STW namely the fine screen, the detritors, the
sludge holding tanks, the solid handling house, the sludge dewatering house,
the rapid mix and flocculation tank, and the primary sedimentation tanks
should all be contained within either building structures or enclosure to
minimise direct emission of odour to the atmosphere.
3.9.2.2 Besides, all odour emissions from the above odour sources should be
ventilated to a centralised deodorization unit. Based on the findings of this
assessment, the H2S removal efficiency of the deodorization unit should be 96%

12/29/22, 2:13 AM 3
or better. The exhaust height and exit velocity of the treated air should not
be less than 5m and 10m/s respectively.
3.9.2.3 For the proposed expanded Ha Tsuen Pumping Station, it is recommended
that the air ventilated from the existing and the new wet wells should be
treated by deodorisers with a H2S removal efficiency of 97% or better before
discharge to the atmosphere. The exhaust of the deodorisers should be located
on the rooftop of the pumping station and the exit velocity of the treated air
should not be less than 8m/s.
3.9.2.4 The two likely technologies for deodorization to be adopted for this
project would be adsorption of odorous chemicals by granulated activated
carbon (GAC) and scrubbing of odorous air stream with chemical oxidants in a
chemical scrubber. For example, chemicals such as sodium hydroxide, chlorine
solution, and sodium hypochlorite etc are commonly used in scrubbers to
oxidise odorous chemicals such as hydrogen sulphide and mercaptans.
3.9.2.5 A simple comparison of the operational characteristics of the two
technologies, based on some manufacturers' information, are summarised in
Table 3.14 below.
Table 3.14 Comparison of the Operational Characteristics of Granular Activated

Carbon and Chemical Scrubber

Granular Chemical
Activated Scrubber
Carbon
Absorb +
Adsorb odorous neutralise
Approach
compounds odorous
compounds
Single / multi
Mode of Single / multi stage; packed
operation stage bed / sieve
tray
Preferably low
Large (ranged
range for each
Air flow range from 0.05 to 30
unit (0.1 to 1
m3/s)
m3/s)
Typical H2S
>99.7% (minimum >99.5% (minimum
removal of 99%) of 98%)
efficiency
Characteristics Capable of Low cost,

handling large simple system,
volume of air minimal process
flow, no control,
requirement of requirement of
solid waste solid waste
disposal, more disposal

12/29/22, 2:13 AM 3
space
requirement
3.10 Evaluation of Residual Impacts

3.10.1.1 With the implementation of effective dust control measures during the
construction phase of the project, adverse dust impacts from the construction
activities of the project would not be expected. The modelling results showed
that there would be no exceedance of the AQO and guideline level for TSP at
the ASRs under the mitigated scenario and adverse residual dust impact during
the construction phase of this project is not expected.
3.10.1.2 During the operational phase, major air quality impact associated
with this project would be related to the potential odour emissions from the
expanded and upgraded San Wai STW and the expanded Ha Tsuen Pumping Station.
It is recommended to enclose the odour sources and ventilate all the odour
emissions through deodorisers before discharge to the atmosphere. With
effective implementation of these measures, residual adverse air quality
impact during the operational phase of the project is not expected.
3.11 Environmental Monitoring and Audit
3.11.1.1 The detailed environmental monitoring and audit requirements for air
quality during the construction phase and operational phase of this project
are prepared in accordance with the requirements stipulated in Annex 21 of the
TM on EIAO Process. Together with the implementation schedule for air quality
mitigation measures, all the materials are included in the EM&A Manual.
3.12 Conclusions
of this project would result from dust arising from site clearance and
preparation, excavation and filling, open site erosion, construction of
foundation and superstructure, and handling and transportation of construction
and demolition material. Practicable and effective dust suppression measures
should be implemented to minimise the dust nuisance arising from the
construction activities. In particular, the relevant dust control requirements
set out in Parts I, III and IV of Schedule 1 of the Air Pollution Control
(Construction Dust) Regulation should be adopted by the site agent while
carrying out construction works. With the implementation of effective dust
control measures, adverse dust impacts from the construction works of this
project is not expected.
3.12.1.2 Major air quality impact during the operational phase of this project
would be related to the potential odour emissions from the expanded and
upgraded San Wai STW and the expanded Ha Tsuen Pumping Station. Computer
dispersion modelling was undertaken to assess the potential operational phase
air quality impacts due to odour emissions from the proposed works. Odour
mitigation measures have been recommended. These include enclosing the odour
sources and ventilating all the odour emissions through deodorisers before
discharging to the atmosphere. The modelling results showed no exceedance of
the odour criteria at all the identified existing and future air sensitive
receivers in the vicinity of the proposed works under the mitigated scenarios.

Air Quality Impact

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Air Quality Impact

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

12/29/22, 2:13 AM 3

3. AIR QUALITY IMPACT

https://www.epd.gov.hk/eia/register/report/eiareport/eia_0862002/EIA main report/section3.htm#3. AIR QUALITY IMPACT 1/29

1998 198 / 189 97

1999 301 / 241 102

2000 288 / 194 95

Note: Monitoring results exceeded AQO are shown as bold characters.

https://www.epd.gov.hk/eia/register/report/eiareport/eia_0862002/EIA main report/section3.htm#3. AIR QUALITY IMPACT 2/29

A40 San Wai 270m ü ü

A5 Tang Siu 222m ü ü

Distance from Emergency

https://www.epd.gov.hk/eia/register/report/eiareport/eia_0862002/EIA main report/section3.htm#3. AIR QUALITY IMPACT 6/29

https://www.epd.gov.hk/eia/register/report/eiareport/eia_0862002/EIA main report/section3.htm#3. AIR QUALITY IMPACT 7/29

A31 Villa Oasis 485m >500m 408m 182m

A32 Villa Oasis 448m >500m 372m 246m

3.5 Enhancement Measures to Control Emergency Discharge

https://www.epd.gov.hk/eia/register/report/eiareport/eia_0862002/EIA main report/section3.htm#3. AIR QUALITY IMPACT 8/29

Alternative Length Works Area

* The length of Alternative 4 requiring construction (600m) is from San Wai

https://www.epd.gov.hk/eia/register/report/eiareport/eia_0862002/EIA main report/section3.htm#3. AIR QUALITY IMPACT 9/29

https://www.epd.gov.hk/eia/register/report/eiareport/eia_0862002/EIA main report/section3.htm#3. AIR QUALITY IMPACT 10/29

Table 3.6 References of Dust Emission Factors for Different Activities

Activities References (AP-42, 5th

Dust emissions due to

Dust emissions due to

Dust emission due to

Wind erosion of open site Table 11.9-4

3.6.1.6 In this assessment, dust suppression measures and estimated mitigation

https://www.epd.gov.hk/eia/register/report/eiareport/eia_0862002/EIA main report/section3.htm#3. AIR QUALITY IMPACT 11/29

with Section 13.2.2.2 of AP-42 5th Edition.

https://www.epd.gov.hk/eia/register/report/eiareport/eia_0862002/EIA main report/section3.htm#3. AIR QUALITY IMPACT 13/29

where G sulphide flux from wall

[BOD5] 5-day biochemical oxygen

where Cs sulphide concentration build-up, mg/l

D diameter of tunnel or sewer, m

t retention time, hour

G sulphide flux, g/m2h

Prediction of Sulphide Build-up in Gravity Sewers

where S1 sulphide concentration at start of section, mg/L

S2 sulphide concentration at end of section, mg/L

t flow time through the section of sewer, h

S total energy head gradient

V sewage velocity, m/s

https://www.epd.gov.hk/eia/register/report/eiareport/eia_0862002/EIA main report/section3.htm#3. AIR QUALITY IMPACT 14/29

dm mean hydraulic depth, m

[BOD5] 5-day biochemical oxygen demand

M’ specific sulphide flux for partially filled pipes, m/h

N constant used in sulphide build-up equation

Hydrogen Sulphide Gas Release

f = 0.69(SV)3/8 j [DS]

where f hydrogen sulphide surface flux, g/m2h

S total energy head gradient

V sewage velocity, m/s

j proportion of dissolved sulphide present in molecular form (see Figure 3.5)

[DS] dissolved sulphide concentration in the wastewater, mg/L

Odour Dispersion Modelling

Stability Class A : 1,2,3 m/s

A 44.7 1.32 59.0

https://www.epd.gov.hk/eia/register/report/eiareport/eia_0862002/EIA main report/section3.htm#3. AIR QUALITY IMPACT 16/29

B 44.7 1.32 59.0

C 27.1 1.32 35.8

D 9.1 1.32 12.0

E 8.3 1.32 10.9