Biology Campbell (8th Ed.

)
Chapter 12 (pg 228-238)
Upon completion of this lecture, students should be able to:
• Describe the basic principle and process of MITOSIS and MEIOSIS.
• Differentiate between MITOSIS and MEIOSIS.
• Differentiate the three DNA replication models.
• Explain the semi conservative of DNA replication.
• Define the function of mRNA, tRNA and ribosome
• Describe the process of protein synthesis.
 Key Roles of Cell Division
The ability of organisms to produce more of their own kind
best distinguishes living things from nonliving things.
..CONTINUITY OF LIFE..
Growth &
Reproduction Development Tissue Renewal

An amoeba, single-celled Sand dollar embryo shortly Dividing bone marrow cells
eukaryote dividing into two after the fertilized egg divided, (arrow) will give rise to new
cells. Each new cell will be an forming two cells (LM). blood cells (LM).
individual organism (LM).
Unicellular
The division of a unicellular organism reproduces an entire
organism, increasing the population.
Multicellular
Produce progeny from some multicellular organisms.
It depends on type of cell
Enables sexually reproducing organisms to develop & growth from a
single cell-the fertilized egg or zygote.
Function in renewal and repair – replacing cells that die from normal
wear and tear or accidents.
 Cellular Organization of Genetic Material

Genome - all genetic information inside the cell inherited

from the parents cell.
It is packaged into chromosomes
Eukaryote’s DNA
Prokaryote’s DNA
In prokaryotes – the genome
is often a single long
DNA molecule.
In eukaryotes – the genome
consist of a number of
DNA molecules.
 Cellular Organization of Genetic Material

Bacteria Prokaryotes (bacteria) reproduce by a

type of cell division called
binary fission.
The plasma membrane pinches inward,
dividing the cell into two.
Most Eukaryotes

Chromosomes consist of chromatin, a

complex of DNA and protein that
condenses during cell division.
 Cellular Organization of Genetic Material
Chromosome is located inside the
nucleus of the cell.
Chromosome carry the DNA.
Function of nucleus - ?
The nuclei of human somatic cells
(nonproductive cell) have two sets of
chromosome - each contain 46
chromosomes.
Human gametes (sperm and eggs) have
half from the somatic cells - 23
chromosomes.
 EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOME
DNA molecules are
packaged into
CHROMOSOMES.
Eg: The somatic cell
which consists of
46 chromosomes
means the cell has
23 pair of
chromosomes.
EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOME
EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOMES are
consist of a complex of DNA and
protein called CHROMATIN that
condenses during cell division.
Each duplicated chromosome has
two SISTER CHROMATIDS.
Cell division process – the two
sister chromatids separate and
move into two new nucleus.
 5

• (1) Chromatid – one of the two identical parts

of the chromosome after S phase.
• (2) Centromere – the point where the two
chromatids touch.
• (3) Short arm (p-arm)
• (4) Long arm (q-arm)
• (5) Two identical chromatid (sister chromatid)
– one of the exact the other and each contains
of DNA molecule
 CHROMATIN

Chromosomes are made of CHROMATIN.

- a complex of DNA and associated protein molecules.
 DNA
Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
Thread-like structure and tightly
bound.

Structure of DNA
Monomer of DNA
Types of nitrogenous bases
Bonds presence
 Level of DNA
Packaging

Gene
 CENTROMERE & KINETOCHORES
Centromere - constricted region of the chromosome containing a
specific DNA sequence which attach two sister chromatid, to which is
bound 2 discs of protein called kinetochores.
Kinetochores - serve as points of attachment for microtubules that
move the chromosomes during cell division.
Metaphase chromosome
Centromere
region of Kinetochore
chromosome

Kinetochore
microtubules

Sister Chromatids
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Homologous Chromosome
Characteristics:
Look the same (appearance – size, shape)
Same centromere position
Control the same traits
May code for different forms of each trait
Independent origin - each one was
inherited from a different parent
Pair during MEIOSIS
In a diploid cell, the chromosomes occur in pairs.
The 2 members of each pair are
called homologous chromosomes.
Non- Homologous Chromosome
Characteristics:
Look different
Control different traits
Do NOT pair during MEIOSIS
Sex chromosomes
Are distinct from each other in their
characteristics.
Are represented as X and Y
Determine the sex of the individual, XX
being FEMALE, XY being MALE.
 Non-Homologous Chromosome

Non-Sister Chromatid
Homologous Chromosome
Sister Chromatid
 HAPLOID & DIPLOID
Diploid - A cell possessing two copies of each chromosome
(human body cells) / somatic cells.
Haploid - A cell possessing a single copy of each
chromosome
(human sex cells) / gamete cells.
 Maternal set of
chromosomes (n = 3)
2n = 6
Paternal set of
chromosomes (n = 3)

Two sister chromatids

of one replicated
chromosome
Centromere

Two nonsister Pair of homologous

chromatids in chromosomes
a homologous pair (one from each set)
The cell cycle consists of:
• Interphase (cell growth and copying of chromosomes in
preparation for cell division)
• (about 90% of the cell cycle) can be divided into sub-phases:
• G1 (1st Gap) - primary growth [~ 5 to 6 hours]
• S (synthesis) - genome replicated [~ 10 to 12 hours]
• G2 (2nd Gap) - secondary growth [~ 4 to 5 hours]
• The cell grows during all three phases, but chromosomes are duplicated
only during the S phase
• Mitotic (M) & Cytokinesis phase (C) [~1 hour]
 G1
Many protein been S
synthesize
(cell double the original
(DNA synthesis)
size), more organelle
been produced
is
G2
e s
kin Cell resume its growth in

sis
y to preparation for mitosis

ito
MI T
C
M
(M ) O T
PHA IC
SE
• During this phase (the longest phase of the cell cycle)
• The cell grows, DNA is replicated and the centrioles divide.
• Cell grows by producing proteins and cytoplasmic organelles.
• The cell prepare for division
• G1 - Cells undergo majority of growth.
• S - Each chromosome replicates (synthesizes) to produce sister chromatids.
• Attached at centromere
• Contains attachment site (kinetochore)
• G2 - Chromosomes condense - Assemble machinery for division such as
centrioles
ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

MITOSIS & MEIOSIS
 CELL DIVISION
An integral part of the cell cycle.

There are two types of cell division

MITOSIS
Division of cells that produce
2 daughter cell which
genetically identical to the
mother cell
MEIOSIS
Division of cells that produce
4 daughter cell and the
genetically different to the
mother cell
OVERVIEW OF MITOSIS Chromosomes
Chromosomal
DNA molecules

A eukaryotic cell has multiple 1 Centromere

chromosome, one of which is
represented here. Before
Chromosome
duplication , each chromosome arm
has a single DNA molecule
Chromosome duplication
(including DNA replication)
and condensation
Once duplicated, a chromosome 2
consists of two sister chromatids
connected at the centromere.
Each chromatid contains a copy Sister
of the DNA molecule chromatids
Separation of sister
chromatids into
two chromosomes
Mechanical processes separate 3
the sister chromatids into two
chromosomes and distribute
them to two daughter cells
 MITOSIS
• Division cell produce 2 daughter cell
• Daughter cell genetically identical to the mother (parent) cell
• Chromosome number daughter cell same with mother cell
• Important of mitosis
• Increase the number of cell for growth.
• Repair and replace the damage or dead cell.
• Produce daughter cell which genetically identical to mother cell.
• The basis of asexual reproduction of unicellular organisms.
 Mitosis consists of 4 main stages
• MITOSIS/Karyokinesis • Cytokinesis (cytoplasmic
(nuclear division): the division division) is well underway by
of the genetic material in the late telophase.
nucleus.
Cell plate formation (plant)
Prophase
Cleavage furrow (animal cell)
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
 Mitotic spindle
A structure made of microtubules that controls chromosome movement
during mitosis
Centrosome
Microtubule organizing center, assembly of spindle microtubules,
has two centrioles
Aster
A radial array of short microtubules, extends from each centrosome
Centromere
Specialized region of the chromosome where two sister chromatids are
most closely attached
Kinetochore
A protein structure attached to the centromere that links each sister
chromatid to the mitotic spindle
 Centrosome
Aster
Metaphase
Sister plate
chromatids (imaginary) Microtubules

Chromosomes
Kineto-
chores Centrosome
1 µm

Overlapping
non-kinetochore
microtubules Sister
Kinetochore chromatids
microtubules

Centromere
0.5 µm
 Mitotic Spindle/Microtubules
• Mitotic spindle made of microtubules
• Microtubules are hollow rods about 25 nm in diameter and about
200 nm - 25 microns long
• Globular protein called tubulin:
• α-tubulin
• β-tubulin
• 2-dimensional sheet of tubulin unit,
rolls into tube
– can elongate by adding tubulin units to
one end.
– may disassemble (depolymerized) and
reassemble else where in cell.
 Overview Mitosis Stages

G2 of Interphase Prophase Prometaphase

Centrosomes Fragments
(with centriole Chromatin Early mitotic Aster of nuclear Nonkinetochore
pairs) (duplicated) spindle envelope microtubules
Centromere

Plasma
Nucleolus membrane Kinetochore Kinetochore
Chromosome, consisting
Nuclear of two sister chromatids microtubule
envelope
 Overview Mitosis Stages

Metaphase Anaphase Telophase and Cytokinesis

Metaphase Cleavage Nucleolus

plate furrow forming

Nuclear
Centrosome at Daughter envelope
one spindle pole chromosomes forming
Interphase • This is the preparation stage for mitosis process
that consists G1, S and G2.
• During S phase :
• In the nucleus, there is a tiny thread called
CHROMATIN which start replicate - forming
SISTER CHROMATID.
• Chromosome duplicated, cannot be seen
individually because they have not yet
condensed.
• Centrosome duplicate forming 2 CENTROSOME.
Each centrosome contain two CENTRIOLS.
• A nuclear envelope intact - bounds the nucleus.
• The nucleus contains one or more visible nucleoli.
Prophase • Chromatin slowly condense into chromosome,
which they become shorten and thicken.
• Each chromosome consists 2 sister chromatids
attached together at centromere.
• Nuclear envelope disappear.
• Mitotic spindle or microtubules begins to grow
Aster
and push pair of centrosomes away from each
other toward opposite ends (poles) of the cell.
- The radial arrays of shorter microtubules
that extend from the centrosomes are called aster
(star).
• Late prophase, spindle microtubule attached to
kinetochores.
 • The spindle microtubules interact with the
Prometaphase chromosomes.
(Before metaphase) • Each of the two chromatids at each
chromosome has a kinetochore.
• Some of the microtubule attach to the
kinetochores - Kinetochore microtubules.
• Some of the microtubule interact with
another microtubule from opposite pole -
Non-kinetochore microtubules.
• All chromosome move towards metaphase
plate (middle of cell).
Metaphase
• Chromosome LINED UP along the metaphase
plate, an imaginary plane equidistant between
the poles.
• For each chromosome, the kinetochores of sister
chromatids are attached to kinetochore
microtubules coming from opposite poles.
• The centrosomes are at opposite poles of the
cell.
• This organization is necessary
• when the chromosomes are separated, each new
nucleus will receive one copy of each chromosome.
Anaphase
• The shortest stage of mitosis.
• The centromeres divide, separating the
sister chromatids.
• Mitotic spindle/kinetochore microtubules
shorten.
• Each sister chromatid is now pulled apart
(separated) towards the opposite poles of
the cells.
• The cell elongates as the non-kinetochore
microtubules lengthen.
EXPERIMENT
Kinetochore

Spindle
Kinetochore Microtubules
pole
Shorten during Anaphase
Mark

• In anaphase, sister
chromatids separate and
RESULTS
move along the kinetochore
microtubules toward opposite
ends of the cell.
CONCLUSION • The microtubules shorten by
Chromosome
Microtubule
movement
Kinetochore depolymerizing at their
Motor protein Tubulin
subunits
kinetochore ends.
Chromosome
Telophase
• Both sets of chromosome reach the at the
opposite poles
• The chromosomes become less condensed
à become a thread of chromatin again.
• The microtubules begin to disappear.
• Two daughter nuclei formed.
• Nucleolus and nuclear envelopes reform
(re-appear).

• Mitosis COMPLETE – the division of one

nucleus into two genetically identical
nuclei.
Cytokinesis • Result in the completion of cell division and
the end of the cell cycle.
• In ANIMAL CELLS, cytokinesis occurs by a
process known as cleavage, forming a
cleavage furrow.
• Constriction belt of actin filaments.
• In PLANT CELLS, a cell plate forms during
cytokinesis.
• The division of the
cytoplasm COMPLETE….
separation of the two
new cells.
 Cleavage Furrow
Contractile ring of actin microfilament
interact with protein myosin causing
the ring to contract. Parents cell
pinched in two.
Cell Plate (Plant Cell have Cell Wall)
Vesicle derived from Golgi apparatus
moves to middle of the cells. Vesicle
consists cell wall materials. Vesicle
fuse together and produce cell wall.
Cell wall enlarged and later fuses
with plasma membrane.
 100 µm
Cleavage furrow Vesicles Wall of Cell plate 1 µm
forming patent cell
cell plate New cell wall

Contractile ring of Daughter cells

microfilaments
Daughter cells
(a) Cleavage of an animal cell (SEM) (b) Cell plate formation in a plant cell (SEM)
 Mitosis in cells of an Onion roots
Chromatin
condensing
Nucleus
10 µm
Nucleolus Chromosomes Cell plate

Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Animal Mitosis -- Review
Interphase Prophase

Metaphase Anaphase

Telophase Cytokinesis
Plant Mitosis -- Review
Interphase Prophase

Metaphase Anaphase

Telophase Cytokinesis
 INTERPHASE

G1 S
Cytokinesis

Mitosis G2

MITOTIC (M) PHASE

Prophase
Telophase and
Cytokinesis

Prometaphase
Anaphase
Metaphase
 Plant Animal

No centriole and aster Have centriole aster

Cytokinesis involve the Cytokinesis involve the

formation of cell plate formation of cleavage furrow

Occur in meristematic cell Occur in somatic cell

 MEIOSIS
• Meiosis reduces the number of parental chromosome sets
from diploid (2n) to haploid (n).
• Meiosis results in a halving of the chromosome number.
• Meiosis occurs in the reproductive cells à producing gametes.
• Plant (pollen and eggs)
• Animal (sperm and ovum)
• Meiosis produce
• 4 daughter cell which contain haploid (n) number of chromosome
of mother cell diploid (2n).
• Genetic content is different than mother cell.
• Consists of 2 cell divisions:
• Meiosis I
• Meiosis II
• Results: 4 daughter cells.
• Meiosis starts with a diploid (2n) parent cell
that divides to make 4 haploid (n) cells.
Important of Meiosis
• It is basis of sexual reproduction.
• Crossing over during meiosis can produce the variation in the
chromosome of gamete thus fusion of gamete will increase the
variation in the characteristic of individual.
• In sexual reproduction, haploid Haploid (n)
Haploid gametes (n = 23)
Ovum (n)
gametes from two different Diploid (2n)

individuals COMBINE to produce a

Sperm
diploid zygote. Cell (n)

• Meiosis and fertilisation are the MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION

basis of sexual reproduction.

• The resulting offspring is genetically Ovary Testis Diploid
zygote
(2n = 46)
different from both parents.
• It will shuffles genes for the new Mitosis and

daughter cells. development

• Combinations of traits from different Multicellular diploid

adults (2n = 46)

parent.
 Set of Chromosomes in Human Cells
• Human somatic cells are diploid cells (2n = 46)
• A diploid cell (2n) has two sets of chromosomes.
• The SEX CHROMOSOME – determine an individual’s sex
• Human FEMALES have a homologous pair of X chromosomes (XX)
• Human MALES have one X and one Y (XY)
• The remaining 22 pairs of chromosomes are called AUTOSOMES
• The 46 chromosomes in a human somatic cell
are two sets of 23:
• one from the mother and one from the father.
46 chromosomes in single cell mitosis reveals that
5 µm
there are two chromosomes of each of 23 types
Pair of homologous
replicated chromosomes

Centromere

Sister
chromatids
Metaphase
chromosome
• Homologous chromosomes – the pair of two chromosomes have the:
• Same length.
• Same centromere position. Key
Maternal set of chromosomes (n = 3)
2n = 6
• Both carry genes Paternal set of chromosomes (n = 3)

controlling Two sister chromatids

of one replicated
the same inherited chromosome
Centromere

characters. Pair of homologous

Two non-sister
chromatids in a chromosomes
homologous pair (one from each set)
• Only diploid cells can
divide by meiosis.
• Prior to meiosis I, DNA replication
occurs (Interphase).
• During meiosis, there will be
two nuclear divisions, and the
result will be four haploid nuclei.
• NO REPLICATION of DNA occurs between meiosis I
and meiosis II.
• Meiosis reduces chromosome
number by copying the
chromosomes once, BUT
dividing twice.
• The first division - MEIOSIS I,
separates homologous
chromosomes.
• The second division -
MEIOSIS II, separates sister
chromatids.
 STAGES OF MEIOSIS
Division in meiosis I Division in meiosis II
(separation of (separation of sister chromatid)
homologous chromosomes)
§ Prophase I § Prophase II

§ Metaphase I § Metaphase II

§ Anaphase I § Anaphase II

§ Telophase I & Cytokinesis § Telophase II & Cytokinesis

 MEIOSIS I
Many steps of meiosis resemble steps in mitosis.

Division in meiosis I occurs in four phases:

Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I & Cytokinesis
 THE FIRST MEIOTIC DIVISION
Prophase I Metaphase I Telophase I and
Anaphase I Cytokinesis
Centrosome
(with centriole pair) Sister chromatids
remain attached
Sister Chiasmata Centromere
chromatids Spindle (with kinetochore)
Metaphase
plate

Cleavage
furrow
Homologous
Homologous Fragments chromosomes
chromosomes of nuclear separate
envelope Microtubule
attached to
Duplicated homologous kinetochore Two haploid cells form;
chromosomes (red and blue) Chromosomes line up Each pair of homologous each chromosome still
pair and exchange segments; by homologous pairs. chromosomes separates. consists of two sister
2n = 6 in this example. chromatids.
Interphase
• This is the preparation stage before meiosis I
and meiosis II.
• Prior to interphase the chromosomes are
replicated to form sister chromatids.
• These are genetically identical and joined at
the centromere.
• The single centrioles is replicated form
centrosomes.
 • Chromosomes already condense.
Prophase I • Nucleoli and nuclear envelope disappear.
Centrosome • Centrosome movement and the formation
Sister Spindle
of meiotic spindle (spindle fiber).
chromatids
• Homologous loosely pairing to form
Chiasmata
tetrads, called as SYNAPSIS.
• CROSSING OVER-the non-sister
chromatids exchange of genetic material
(DNA).
• Contribute variation in sexual
Homologous Fragments of
chromosomes nuclear envelope reproduction.
• Chiasmata-x-shaped points where
crossing over occur.
 Metaphase I • Pairs of HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES
Centromere
arrange/align on the metaphase plate.
Metaphase plate
(with kinetochore)
• Both chromatids of one homolog are attached
to kinetochore microtubules from one pole.
• The other homolog attach to kinetochore
microtubules from the opposite pole.
• Both chromosomes still attached to another
at chiasmata.
• 50-50 chance for the daughter cells to get
either the maternal or paternal homologous.
Microtubule attached
to kinetochore This is known as INDEPENDENT
ASSORTMENT.
 Anaphase I
Sister chromatids
• Separation of Homologous
remain attached
chromosome.
• The homologous chromosome are move
toward the opposite poles.
• Each chromosome still consists of two
sister chromatids.

No centromere division,
only the HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOME
Homologous
chromosomes separate have become SEPARATED.
 • Chromosome reached the opposite poles.
Telophase I & • Nucleolus and nuclear envelopes reform.
Cytokinesis
• Two haploid cells form, each chromosome still
consists of two sister chromatids.
• One or both chromatids include regions of
non-sister chromatid DNA.

CYTOKINESIS
• Animal cells – a cleavage furrow forms.
• Plant cell – a cell plate forms.
Cleavage furrow • DNA replication does NOT occur.
- (between Meiosis I and Meiosis II)
Crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes.
Homologous chromosomes separate from each other and
2 haploid cells are formed.
 MEIOSIS II
Division in meiosis II occurs in four phases:

Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II & Cytokinesis
 THE SECOND MEIOTIC DIVISION
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II and
Cytokinesis

During another round of cell division, the sister chromatids finally separate;
four haploid daughter cells result, containing unduplicated chromosomes.
Sister chromatids Haploid daughter
separate cells forming
Prophase II • Chromosome once again condenses
into discrete chromosomes.
• Each chromosome consists of 2
chromatids and attached at
centromere.
• Synapsis DO NOT OCCUR
Spindle • The nuclear membrane and nucleolus
disappear
• A meiotic spindle (spindle fibre) is
formed and pair of centrosomes are
pushed away from each other toward
opposite ends (poles) of the cell.
Metaphase II

• The CHROMOSOMES are align at the

metaphase plate same as in mitosis.
• The two sister chromatids of each
chromosome are no longer genetically
identical.
Metaphase
plate • Microtubules from opposite poles attach to
each sister chromatid of a chromosome at
kinetochores.
Anaphase II

• Centromere is divide –
Sister chromatids separate

• Kinetochore microtubule shorten.

Sister chromatids
separate
• Each sister chromatids move toward
opposite poles as individual
chromosomes.
• The cell elongates as the non-
kinetochore microtubules lengthen.
Telophase II & • Chromatids arrive at the poles
Cytokinesis • Spindle fibers begin to disappear
• Nucleolus and nuclear envelopes reform
• Chromosomes de-condensed

CYTOKINESIS
Haploid daughter
cells forming
• Four haploid daughter cells forming,
each with a haploid set of (unreplicated)
chromosomes and genetically distinct
from the other daughter cells and
parent cell.
Sister chromatids separate from each other
(similar to mitosis) and 4 haploid gamete
cells are formed.
PROPHASE I: Each homologous pair undergoes
synapsis and crossing over between non-sister
chromatids with the subsequent appearance of chiasmata.

METAPHASE I: Homologous chromosomes line up

at the metaphase plate.

ANAPHASE I: Homologous chromosome separate from

each other; sister chromatids remain joined at
the centromere.
 Origin of Genetic Variation Among Offspring

• The behavior of chromosomes during meiosis and

fertilization is responsible for most of the
variation that arises in each generation.
• 3 mechanisms contribute to GENETIC VARIATION:
1. Crossing over
2. Independent assortment of chromosomes
3. Random fertilization
• Crossing over produces recombinant chromosomes, which
combine DNA inherited from each parent.
• Crossing over begins very early in PROPHASE I, as
homologous chromosomes pair up gene by gene.
• In crossing over, homologous segments of two non-sister
chromatids overlap & interchange.
• Crossing over contributes to genetic variation by combining
DNA from two parents into a single chromosome.
Prophase I Nonsister chromatids
of meiosis held together
during synapsis
Pair of homologs
Chiasma
Crossing Over
During Meiosis
Centromere
TEM
Anaphase I

Anaphase II

Daughter
cells
Recombinant chromosomes
 Homologous pairs of chromosomes orient randomly at
metaphase plate during METAPHASE I of meiosis.

In independent assortment, each pair of chromosomes sorts

maternal and paternal homologues into daughter cells
independently of the other pairs.
 Independent Assortment of Chromosomes
Possibility 1 Possibility 2

Two equally probable

arrangements of
chromosomes at
metaphase I

Metaphase II

Daughter
cells
Combination 1 Combination 2 Combination 3 Combination 4
Random fertilization adds to
genetic variation because
any sperm can FERTILIZE
(fuse) with any ovum
(unfertilized egg)

Random Fertilization
 MITOSIS MEIOSIS
Parent cell MEIOSIS I
Chiasma

Prophase Prophase I
Chromosome Chromosome
Duplicated duplication duplication Homologous
chromosome chromosome pair
2n = 6

Metaphase Metaphase I

Anaphase Anaphase I
Telophase Daughter Telophase I
cells of Haploid
meiosis I n=3

2n 2n MEIOSIS II
Daughter cells n n n n
of mitosis
Daughter cells of meiosis II
 Difference between MITOSIS and MEIOSIS
MITOSIS MEIOSIS
Occur in meristematic and somatic cell Occur in reproductive cell
The number of chromosomes of daughter cells is The number of chromosome of daughter cell is half
similar to mother cell (diploid) of mother cell (haploid)

In late prophase, the homologous chromosome do In late prophase I, the homologous chromosome
not synapse to form bivalent synapse to form bivalent

No chiasmata and crossing over thus no genetic Chiasmata formed and crossing over occur thus
exchange genetic information exchanged

Genetic content of daughter cells same as mother Genetic content of daughter cell is different from
cell mother cells
2 daughter cells formed 4 daughter cell formed
Cytokinesis occur once Cytokinesis occur 2 times