Logically completes

Source: OG ‘19

1. Political theorist: Even with the best spies, area experts, and satellite surveillance, foreign
policy assessments can still lack important information. In such circumstances intuitive
judgment is vital. A national leader with such judgment can make good decisions about
foreign policy even when current information is incomplete, since __________.

Which of the following, if true, most logically completes the argument?

(A) the central reason for failure in foreign policy decision making is the absence of critical
information

(B) those leaders whose foreign policy decisions have been highly ranked have also been
found to have good intuitive judgment

(C) both intuitive judgment and good information are required for sound decision making 

(D) good foreign policy decisions often lead to improved methods of gathering information

(E) intuitive judgment can produce good decisions based on past experience, even when
there are important gaps in current information

2. Which of the following most logically completes the passage?

Most bicycle helmets provide good protection for the top and back of the head, but little or
no protection for the temple regions on the sides of the head. A study of head injuries
resulting from bicycle accidents showed that a large proportion were caused by blows to the
temple area. Therefore, if bicycle helmets protected this area, the risk of serious head injury
in bicycle accidents would be greatly reduced, especially since ________.

(A) among the bicyclists included in the study's sample of head injuries, only a very small
proportion had been wearing a helmet at the time of their accident

(B) even those bicyclists who regularly wear helmets have a poor understanding of the
degree and kind of protection that helmets afford

(C) a helmet that included protection for the temples would have to be somewhat larger and
heavier than current helmets

(D) the bone in the temple area is relatively thin and impacts in that area are thus very likely
to cause brain injury
 (E) bicyclists generally land on their arm or shoulder when they fall to the side, which
reduces the likelihood of severe impacts on the side of the head

3. Which of the following most logically completes the argument?

In a typical year, Innovair’s airplanes are involved in 35 collisions while parked or being
towed in airports, with a resulting yearly cost of $1,000,000 for repairs.

To reduce the frequency of ground collisions, Innovair will begin giving its ground crews
additional training, at an annual cost of $500,000. Although this will cut the number of
ground collisions by about half at best, the drop in repair costs can be expected to be much
greater, since __________.

(A) most ground collisions happen when ground crews are rushing to minimize the time a
delayed airplane spends on the ground

(B) a ground collision typically occurs when there are no passengers on the airplane

(C) the additional training will focus on helping ground crews avoid those kinds of ground
collisions that cause the most costly damage

(D) the $500,000 cost figure for the additional training of ground crews includes the wages
that those crews will earn during the time spent in actual training

(E) most ground collisions have been caused by the least experienced ground-crew members

4. Which of the following most logically completes the argument below?

Although the number of large artificial satellites orbiting the Earth is small compared to the
number of small pieces of debris in orbit, the large satellites interfere more seriously with
telescope observations because of the strong reflections they produce. Because many of
those large satellites have ceased to function, the proposal has recently been made to
eliminate interference from nonfunctioning satellites by exploding them in space. This
proposal, however, is ill conceived, since _______.

(A) many nonfunctioning satellites remain in orbit for years

(B) for satellites that have ceased to function, repairing them while they are in orbit would
be prohibitively expensive

(C) there are no known previous instances of satellites’ having been exploded on purpose

(D) the only way to make telescope observations without any interference from debris in
orbit is to use telescopes launched into extremely high orbits around the Earth
 (E) a greatly increased number of small particles in Earth’s orbit would result in a blanket of
reflections that would make certain valuable telescope observations impossible

5. Sviatovin is a medieval Moringian text whose author and exact date of composition are
unknown. However, the events in the life of Prince Sviatov that the text describes occurred
in 1165, and in the diagram of Sviatov's family that accompanies the text his father, who
died in 1167, is identified as still living. Thus Sviatovin must have been written between 1165
and 1167, assuming that _____________ .

(A) the life of Prince Sviatov is not the subject of any other medieval Moringian texts

(B) the author of Sviatovin intended it to provide as accurate a report about Prince Sviatov's
exploits as possible

(C) the diagram accurately represents the composition of Sviatov's family at the time
Sviatovin was written

(D) Sviatovin is the earliest Moringian text whose composition can be dated to within a few
years

(E) Sviatovin was not written by Sviatov's father himself

6. Which of the following most logically completes the argument below?

NowNews, although still the most popular magazine covering cultural events in Kalopolis,
has recently suffered a significant drop in advertising revenue because of falling circulation.
Many readers have begun buying a competing magazine that, at 50 cents per copy, costs less
than NowNews at $1.50 per copy. In order to boost circulation and thus increase advertising
revenue, NowNews's publisher has proposed making it available at no charge, but this
proposal has a serious drawback, since _______.

(A) Those Kalopolis residents with the greatest interest in cultural events are regular readers
of both magazines.

(B) One reason NowNews's circulation fell was that its competitor's reporting on cultural
events was superior. 

(C) The newsstands and stores that currently sell NowNews will no longer carry it if it is being
given away for free.

(D) At present, 10 percent of the total number of copies of each issue of NowNews are
distributed free to students on college campuses in the Kalopolis area.
 (E) NowNews's competitor would begin to lose large amounts of money if it were forced to
lower its cover price.

7. Which of the following most logically completes the argument below?

Davison River farmers are currently deciding between planting winter wheat this fall or
spring wheat next spring. Winter wheat and spring wheat are usually about equally
profitable. Because of new government restrictions on the use of Davison River water for
irrigation, per acre yields for winter wheat, though not for spring wheat, would be much
lower than average. Therefore, planting spring wheat will be more profitable than planting
winter wheat, since_______.

(A) the smaller-than-average size of a winter wheat harvest this year would not be
compensated for by higher winter wheat prices

(B) new crops of spring wheat must be planted earlier than the time at which standing crops
of winter wheat are ready to be harvested

(C) the spring wheat that farmers in the Davison River region plant is well adapted to the soil
of the region

(D) spring wheat has uses that are different from those of winter wheat

(E) planting spring wheat is more profitable than planting certain other crops, such as rye

8. A recent government study links the high rates of respiratory ailments in Groverston to
airborne pollutants released by the Woodco plywood manufacturing plant there. To address
the problem, the government imposed strict regulations on emissions which will go into
effect in four years. Although Woodco plans to cut its emissions in half two years ahead of
schedule, it is unlikely that the
rate of respiratory ailments will decline before the regulations go into effect, since
_____________ .

Which of the following most logically completes the passage?

(A) the number of facilities capable of treating respiratory ailments is not likely to increase

(B) reducing emissions even further than planned would necessitate decreasing production
at Woodco

(C) it is difficult to make accurate, long-term predictions about emissions

(D) not all respiratory ailments are caused by airborne pollutants

(E) three new plywood manufacturing plants are about to go into production in Groverston
9. Which of the following most logically completes the passage?

Pecan growers get a high price for their crop when pecans are comparatively scarce, but the
price drops sharply when pecans are abundant. Thus, in high-yield years, growers often hold
back part of their crop in refrigerated warehouses for one or two years, hoping for higher
prices in the future. This year's pecan crop was the smallest in five years. It is nonetheless
quite possible that a portion of this year's crop will be held back, since ________.

(A) each of the last two years produced record breaking pecan yields

(B) the quality of this year's pecan crop is no worse than the quality of the pecan crops of the
previous five years

(C) pecan prices have not been subject to sharp fluctuations in recent years

(D) for some pecan growers, this year's crop was no smaller than last year's

(E) the practice of holding back part of one year's crop had not yet become widespread the
last time the pecan crop was as small as it was this year

10. By competing with rodents for seeds, black ants help control rodent populations that pose a
public health risk. However, a very aggressive species of black ant, the Loma ant, which has
recently invaded a certain region, has a venomous sting that is often fatal to humans.
Therefore, the planned introduction into that region of ant flies, which prey on Loma ants,
would benefit public health.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

(A) Ant flies do not attack black ants other than Loma ants.

(B) Loma ants are less effective than many bird species in competing with rodents for seeds.

(C) Certain other species of black ants are more effective than Loma ants in competing with
rodents for seeds.

(D) The sting of Loma ants can also be fatal to rodents.

(E) The use of pesticides to control Loma ants could have harmful effects on the
environment.

11. Using broad-spectrum weed killers on weeds that are competing with crops for sunlight,
water, and nutrients presents a difficulty: how to keep the crop from being killed along with
the weeds. For at least some food crops, specially treated seed that produces plants
resistant to weed killers is under development. This resistance wears off as the plants
 mature. Therefore, the special seed treatment will be especially useful for plants that
_____________ .

Which of the following most logically completes the argument below?

(A) produce their crop over an extended period of time, as summer squash does
(B) produce large seeds that are easy to treat individually, as corn and beans do
(C) provide, as they approach maturity, shade dense enough to keep weeds from growing
(D) are typically grown in large tracts devoted to a single crop
(E) are cultivated specifically for the seed they produce rather than for their leaves or roots

12. Which of the following most logically completes the argument?

The attribution of the choral work Lacrimae to the composer Pescard (1400 – 1474) has
been regarded as tentative, since it was based on a single treatise from the early 1500’s that
named Pescard as the composer. Recently, several musical treatises from the late 1500’s
have come to light, all of which name Pescard as the composer of Lacrimae. Unfortunately,
these newly discovered treatises lend no support to the attribution of Lacrimae to Pescard,
since _______.

(A) the treatise from the early 1500’s misidentifies the composers of some of the musical
works it considers

(B) the author of the treatise from the early 1500’s had no very strong evidence on which to
base the identification of Pescard as the composer of Lacrimae

(C) there are works that can conclusively be attributed to Pescard that are not even
mentioned in the treatise from the early 1500’s

(D) the later treatises probably had no source for their attribution other than the earlier
treatise

(E) no known treatises from the 1600’s identify Pescard as the composer of Lacrimae

13. Which of the following most logically completes the passage?

According to the last pre-election poll in Whippleton, most voters believe that the three
problems government needs to address, in order of importance, are pollution, crime, and
unemployment.

Yet in the election, candidates from parties perceived as strongly against pollution were defeated,
while those elected were all from parties with a history of opposing legislation designed to reduce
pollution. These results should not be taken to indicate that the poll was inaccurate, however, since
__________.
(A) some voters in Whippleton do not believe that pollution needs to be reduced

(B) every candidate who was defeated had a strong antipollution record

(C) there were no issues other than crime, unemployment, and pollution on which the candidates
had significant differences of opinion

(D) all the candidates who were elected were perceived as being stronger against both crime and
unemployment than the candidates who were defeated

(E) many of the people who voted in the election refused to participate in the poll

14. Which of the following most logically completes the argument given?

Asthma, a chronic breathing disorder, is significantly more common today among adult
competitive swimmers than it is among competitive athletes who specialize in other sports.
Although chlorine is now known to be a lung irritant and swimming pool water is generally
chlorinated, it would be rash to assume that frequent exposure to chlorine is the
explanation of the high incidence of asthma among these swimmers, since __________.

(A) young people who have asthma are no more likely to become competitive athletes than
are young people who do not have asthma

(B) competitive athletes who specialize in sports other than swimming are rarely exposed to
chlorine

(C) competitive athletes as a group have a significantly lower incidence of asthma than do
people who do not participate in competitive athletics

(D) until a few years ago, physicians routinely recommended competitive swimming to
children with asthma, in the belief that this form of exercise could alleviate asthma
symptoms

(E) many people have asthma without knowing they have it and thus are not diagnosed with
the condition until they begin engaging in very strenuous activities, such as competitive
athletics
Source: Verbal Review

15. Which of the following, if true, most logically completes the argument below?

Manufacturers are now required to make all cigarette lighters child-resistant by equipping
them with safety levers. But this change is unlikely to result in a significant reduction in the
number of fires caused by children playing with lighters, because children given the
opportunity can figure out how to work the safety levers and _______.

(A) the addition of the safety levers has made lighters more expensive than they were before
the requirement was instituted
(B) adults are more likely to leave child-resistant lighters than non-child-resistant lighters in
places that are accessible to children
(C) many of the fires started by young children are quickly detected and extinguished by
their parents
(D) unlike child-resistant lighters, lighters that are not child-resistant can be operated by
children as young as two years old
(E) approximately 5,000 fires per year have been attributed to children playing with lighters
before the safety levers were required

16. Which of the following most logically completes the passage?

A business analysis of the Appenian railroad system divided its long-distance passenger
routes into two categories: rural routes and interurban routes. The analysis found that,
unlike the interurban routes, few rural routes carried a high enough passenger volume to be
profitable. Closing unprofitable rural routes, however, will not necessarily enhance the
profitability of the whole system, since ________.

(A) a large part of the passenger volume on interurban routes is accounted for by passengers
who begin or end their journeys on rural routes

(B) within the last two decades several of the least used rural routes have been closed and
their passenger services have been replaced by buses

(C) the rural routes were all originally constructed at least one hundred years ago, whereas
some of the interurban routes were constructed recently for new high-speed express trains

(D) not all of Appenia’s large cities are equally well served by interurban railroad services

(E) the greatest passenger volume, relative to the routes’ capacity, is not on either category
of long-distance routes but is on suburban commuter routes
17. Which of the following most logically completes the argument?

The last members of a now-extinct species of a European wild deer called the giant deer
lived in Ireland about 16,000 years ago. Prehistoric cave paintings in France depict this
animal as having a large hump on its back. Fossils of this animal, however, do not show any
hump. Nevertheless, there is no reason to conclude that the cave paintings are therefore
inaccurate in this regard, since __________.

(A) some prehistoric cave paintings in France also depict other animals as having a hump
(B) fossils of the giant deer are much more common in Ireland than in France
(C) animal humps are composed of fatty tissue, which does not fossilize
(D) the cave paintings of the giant deer were painted well before 16,000 years ago
(E) only one currently existing species of deer has any anatomical feature that even remotely
resembles a hump

18. Which of the following best completes the passage below?

The more worried investors are about losing their money, the more they will demand a high
potential return on their investment; great risks must be offset by the chance of great
rewards. This principle is the fundamental one in determining interest rates, and it is
illustrated by the fact that __________.

(A) successful investors are distinguished by an ability to make very risky investments
without worrying about their money

(B) lenders receive higher interest rates on unsecured loans than on loans backed by
collateral

(C) in times of high inflation, the interest paid to depositors by banks can actually be below
the rate of inflation

(D) at any one time, a commercial bank will have a single rate of interest that it will expect
all of its individual borrowers to pay

(E) the potential return on investment in a new company is typically lower than the potential
return on investment in a well-established company

19. Which of the following most logically completes the argument below? 

Within the earth's core, which is iron, pressure increases with depth. Because the
temperature at which iron melts increases with pressure, the inner core is solid and the
outer core is molten. Physicists can determine the melting temperature of iron at any given
pressure and the pressure for any given depth in the earth. Therefore, the actual
 temperature at the boundary of the earth's outer and inner cores—the melting temperature
of iron there—can be determined, since_______. 

(A) the depth beneath the earth's surface of the boundary between the outer and inner
cores is known
(B) some of the heat from the earth's core flows to the surface of the earth
(C) pressures within the earth's outer core are much greater than pressures above the outer
core
(D) nowhere in the earth's core can the temperature be measured directly
(E) the temperatures within the earth's inner core are higher than in the outer core

20. Which of the following most logically completes the reasoning?

Either food scarcity or excessive hunting can threaten a population of animals. If the group
faces food scarcity, individuals in the group will reach reproductive maturity later than
otherwise. If the group faces excessive hunting, individuals that reach reproductive maturity
earlier will come to predominate. Therefore, it should be possible to determine whether
prehistoric mastodons became extinct because of food scarcity or human hunting, since
there are fossilized mastodon remains from both before and after mastodon populations
declined, and __________.

(A) there are more fossilized mastodon remains from the period before mastodon
populations began to decline than from after that period

(B) the average age at which mastodons from a given period reach reproductive maturity
can be established from their fossilized remains

(C) it can be accurately estimated from fossilized remains when mastodons became extinct

(D) it is not known when humans first began hunting mastodons

(E) climate changes may have gradually reduced the food available to mastodons

21. Which of the following most logically completes the argument?

When officials in Tannersburg released their plan to widen the city’s main roads,
environmentalists protested that widened roads would attract more traffic and lead to
increased air pollution. In response, city officials pointed out that today’s pollution-control
devices are at their most effective in vehicles traveling at higher speeds and that widening
roads would increase the average speed of traffic. However, this effect can hardly be
expected to offset the effect pointed out by environmentalists, since __________.

A. increases in traffic volume generally produce decreases in the average speed of traffic
unless roads are widened
 B. several of the roads that are slated for widening will have to be closed temporarily while
construction is underway
C. most of the air pollution generated by urban traffic comes from vehicles that do not have
functioning pollution-control devices
D. the newly widened roads will not have increased traffic volume if the roads that must be
used to reach them are inadequate
E. a vehicle traveling on a route that goes through Tannersburg will spend less time on
Tannersburg’s roads once the roads are widened

22. Which of the following, if true, most logically completes the argument?

Some dairy farmers in the province of Takandia want to give their cows a synthetic hormone
that increases milk production. Many Takandians, however, do not want to buy milk from
cows given the synthetic hormone. For this reason Takandia’s legislature is considering a
measure requiring milk from cows given the hormone to be labeled as such. Even if the
measure is defeated, dairy farmers who use the hormone will probably lose customers, since
__________.

A. it has not been proven that any trace of the synthetic hormone exists in the milk of cows
given the hormone

B. some farmers in Takandia who plan to use the synthetic hormone will probably not do so
if the measure were passed

C. milk from cows that have not been given the synthetic hormone can be labeled as such
without any legislative action

D. the legislature’s consideration of the bill has been widely publicized

E. milk that comes from cows given the synthetic hormone looks and tastes the same as milk
from cows that have not received the hormone

23. Which of the following most logically completes the passage?

It is generally believed that people receiving frequent medical checkups are likely to need
hospitalization less frequently than they would otherwise; after all, many things can be done
following a checkup to prevent problems that, if ignored, might become acute and then
require hospitalization. But for people with chronic illnesses, frequent medical checkups are
likely to lead to more frequent hospitalization since __________. 

(A) the recommended treatments for complications of many chronic illnesses involve
hospitalization, even if those complications are detected while barely noticeable

(B) medical checkups sometimes do not reveal early symptoms of those chronic illnesses
 that are best treated in a hospital

(C) the average length of a hospital stay is the same for those who receive frequent
checkups as for those who do not

(D) people with chronic illnesses generally receive medical checkups more frequently than
people who are not chronically ill

(E) the average length of a hospital stay for people with a chronic illness tends to increase as
the illness progresses

24. Which of the following most logically completes the passage?

Leaf beetles damage willow trees by stripping away their leaves, but a combination of
parasites and predators generally keeps populations of these beetles in check. Researchers
have found that severe air pollution results in reduced predator populations. The parasites,
by contrast, are not adversely affected by pollution; nevertheless, the researchers’ discovery
probably does explain why leaf beetles cause particularly severe damage to Willows in areas
with severe air pollution, since ________.

(A) neither the predators nor the parasites of leaf beetles themselves attack willow trees

(B) the parasites that attack leaf beetles actually tend to be more prevalent in areas with
severe air pollution than they are elsewhere

(C) the damage caused by leaf beetles is usually not enough to kill a willow tree outright

(D) where air pollution is not especially severe, predators have much more impact on leaf-
beetle populations than parasites do

(E) willows often grow in areas where air pollution is especially severe

25. Which of the following best completes the passage below?

At a recent conference on environmental threats to the North Sea, most participating

countries favored uniform controls on the quality of effluents, whether or not specific
environmental damage could be attributed to a particular source of effluent. What must, of
course, be shown, in order to avoid excessively restrictive controls, is that _______.

(A) any uniform controls that are adopted are likely to be implemented without delay

(B) any substance to be made subject to controls can actually cause environmental damage

(C) the countries favoring uniform controls are those generating the largest quantities of
effluents
 (D) all of any given pollutant that is to be controlled actually reaches the North Sea at
present

(E) environmental damage already inflicted on the North Sea is reversible

26. Which of the following most logically completes the argument? 

A photograph of the night sky was taken with the camera shutter open for an extended
period. The normal motion of stars across the sky caused the images of the stars in the
photograph to appear as streaks. However, one bright spot was not streaked. Even if the
spot were caused, as astronomers believe, by a celestial object, that object could still have
been moving across the sky during the time the shutter was open, since __________.

(A) the spot was not the brightest object in the photograph 

(B) the photograph contains many streaks that astronomers can identify as caused by
noncelestial objects 

(C) stars in the night sky do not appear to shift position relative to each other 

(D) the spot could have been caused by an object that emitted a flash that lasted for only a
fraction of the time that the camera shutter was open 

(E) if the camera shutter had not been open for an extended period, it would have recorded
substantially fewer celestial objects

27. Which of the following most logically completes the argument?

Utrania was formerly a major petroleum exporter, but in recent decades economic
stagnation and restrictive regulations inhibited investment in new oil fields. In consequence,
Utrania oil exports dropped steadily as old fields became depleted. Utrania's currently
improving economic condition, together with less restrictive regulations, will undoubtedly
result in the rapid development of new fields. However, it would be premature to conclude
that the rapid development of new fields will result in higher oil exports, because
__________.

A. the price of oil is expected to remain relatively stable over the next several years.

B. the improvement in the economic situation in Utrania is expected to result in a dramatic

increase in the proportion of Utranian's who own automobiles.

C. most of the investment in the oil fields in Utrania is expected to come from foreign
sources.
 D. new technology is available to recover oil from old oil fields formerly regarded as
depleted. 

E. many of the new oil fields in Utrania are likely to be as productive as those that were
developing during the period when Utrania was a major oil exporter.

SOURCE: SET A

28. Which of the following most logically completes the argument?

United States manufacturers currently produce most of the world's solar-power generators
—most of which are exported to Europe. However, European manufacturers are emerging
and probably will ultimately capture much of the European market. The United States
government is funding initiatives intended to encourage use of solar power within the
United States. If these initiatives succeed in increasing the demand for solar-power
generators in the United States, United States manufacturers will probably maintain
significant production levels, since __________.

(A) some United States manufacturers have been substantially increasing their output over
the last several years

(B) the efficiency of solar-power generators in converting energy from the Sun into electric
power is not improving as fast as it once did

(C) just as European manufacturers enjoy certain competitive advantages in Europe, so do

United States manufacturers in the United States

(D) European governments are currently undertaking initiatives to stimulate the use of solar
power within Europe

(E) the current market for solar-power generators in the United States is very limited

29. Which of the following most logically completes the argument?

The last members of a now-extinct species of a European wild deer called the giant deer
lived in Ireland about 16,000 years ago. Prehistoric cave paintings in France depict this
animal as having a large hump on its back. Fossils of this animal, however, do not show any
hump. Nevertheless, there is no reason to conclude that the cave paintings are therefore
inaccurate in this regard, since __________.

(A) some prehistoric cave paintings in France also depict other animals as having a hump
 (B) fossils of the giant deer are much more common in Ireland than in France
(C) animal humps are composed of fatty tissue, which does not fossilize
(D) the cave paintings of the giant deer were painted well before 16,000 years ago
(E) only one currently existing species of deer has any anatomical feature that even remotely
resembles a hump

30. Which of the following most logically completes the argument below? 

When interest rates are high, insurance companies reduce the premiums they charge for
many kinds of insurance policies. The reason is that insurance companies want to take in as
much money as possible in premiums so that they can invest the money at high rates of
interest. And premium reductions help achieve this objective, since __________. 

(A) interest rates are likely to decrease when large amounts of money are available for loans 
(B) smaller insurance companies are not able to amass enough money to take advantage of
investing at high interest rates 
(C) insurance companies can sell many more insurance policies if they charge lower
premiums than they would if they left premiums unchanged 
(D) an increase in the number of policies sold eventually leads to an increase in the number
of claims that an insurance company has to pay 
(E) the number of claims that insurance companies pay increases at a higher rate than does
the number of policies that the insurance companies can sell at the lower premiums

31. Which of the following best completes the passage below?

At a recent conference on environmental threats to the North Sea, most participating

countries favored uniform controls on the quality of effluents, whether or not specific
environmental damage could be attributed to a particular source of effluent. What must, of
course, be shown, in order to avoid excessively restrictive controls, is that _______.

(A) any uniform controls that are adopted are likely to be implemented without delay

(B) any substance to be made subject to controls can actually cause environmental damage

(C) the countries favoring uniform controls are those generating the largest quantities of
effluents

(D) all of any given pollutant that is to be controlled actually reaches the North Sea at
present

(E) environmental damage already inflicted on the North Sea is reversible

SOURCE: SET B

32. Which of the following most logically completes the argument?

According to experts on shopping behavior, more shoppers would shop at Jerrod’s

department store if they were offered the convenience of shopping carts. In fact, even if the
amount spent by these additional customers only just covered the cost of providing the
carts, providing carts would still probably increase Jerrod’s profits, since _______.

(A) the layout of Jerrod’s is open enough to accommodate shopping carts comfortably

(B) several department stores that compete with Jerrod’s have begun to make shopping
carts available to their customers

(C) there are some potential customers who would not be enticed to shop at Jerrod’s by the
availability of shopping carts

(D) stores that make shopping carts available to customers usually have to hire people to
retrieve them from parking areas

(E) a customer with a shopping cart buys more, on average, than a customer without a cart

33. Which of the following most logically completes the argument below?

Twenty percent of the stores in Morganville's downtown shopping district will fail within five
years because they will be competing directly with the SaveMart discount department store
newly opened in East Morganville. The downtown shopping district has lost business at this
rate before and has always completely rebounded. Confidence that it will rebound again
from the losses it is now about to suffer is ill founded, however, because ________ .

(A) the stores like to be put out of business by direct competition from SaveMart are the
downtown shopping district's anchor stores, on whose ability to draw shoppers many of the
other downtown stores depend.

(B) the bus line that has long connected the downtown are of Morganville with
EastMorganville has a tradition of carrying shoppers who reside in EastMorganville into
downtown Morganville to shop.

(C) when the downtown shopping district has rebounded before, the business premises of a
failed business were typically taken over by a business of same kind as had been there
 before

(D) SaveMart's business plan for the EastMorgalvill store is based on earning low profits, if
any, during the first five years of the store's existence.

(E) it is conceivable that the downtown shopping district could shrink substantially without
collapsing altogether

34. Which of the following most logically completes the passage?

Concerned about financial well-being of its elderly citizens, the government of Runagia
decided two years ago to increase by 20 percent the government-provided pension paid to
all Runagians over 65. Inflation in the intervening period has been negligible, and the
increase has been duly received by all eligible Runagians. Nevertheless, many of them are no
better off financially than they were before the increase, in large part because ________.

(A) They rely entirely on the government pension for their income

(B) Runagian banks are so inefficient that it can take up to three weeks to cash a pension
check

(C) They buy goods whose prices tend to rise especially fast in times of inflation

(D) The pension was increased when the number of elderly Runagians below the poverty
level reached an all-time high

(E) In Runagia children typically supplement the income of elderly parents, but only by
enough to provide them with a comfortable living

35. Which of the following most logically completes the passage?

On the whole, scientists do their most creative work before age forty, a tendency that has
been taken to show that aging carries with it a loss of creative capacity. An alternative
explanation is that by age forty most scientists have worked in their field for fifteen or more
years and that by then they have exhausted the opportunity for creative work in that field.
Supporting this explanation is the finding that ________. 

(A) the average age of recipients of scientific research grants is significantly greater than
forty.

(B) a disproportionately large number of the scientists who produce highly creative work
beyond age forty entered their field at an older age than is common.

(C) many scientists temper their own expectations of what they can achieve in their research
 work by their belief that their creativity will decline as they age.

(D) scientists who are older than forty tend to find more satisfaction in other activities, such
as teaching and mentoring, than they do in pursuing their own research.

(E) there is a similar diminution of creativity with age in non-scientific fields, such as poetry
and musical composition.

36. Which of the following most logically completes the argument below? 

According to promotional material published by the city of Springfield, more tourists stay in
hotels in Springfield than stay in the neighboring city of Harristown. A brochure from the
largest hotel in Harristown claims that more tourists stay in that hotel than stay in the Royal
Arms Hotel in Springfield. If both of these sources are accurate, however, the “Report on
Tourism” for the region must be in error in stating that ___________ 

A. the average length of stay is longer at the largest hotel in Harristown than it is at the
Royal Arms Hotel. 
B. There is only one hotel in Harristown that is larger than the Royal Arms Hotel. 
C. More tourists stay in hotels in Harristown than stay in the Royal Arms Hotel. 
D. The Royal Arms hotel is the largest hotel in Springfield 
E. The royal arms hotel is the only hotel in Springfield.

37. Which of the following most logically completes the argument?

Researchers recently asked dozens of shoppers, chosen at random coming out of a

FoodBasket supermarket, what they had purchased. The prices of the very same items at the
nearest ShopperKing supermarket were totaled and compared with the FoodBasket total.
The ShopperKing totals averaged five percent higher than the FoodBasket totals.
Nevertheless, this result does not necessarily show that shoppers at ShopperKing would save
money overall by shopping at FoodBasket instead, since __________.

(A) shoppers who shop regularly at a given supermarket generally choose that store for the
low prices offered on the items that they purchase most often.

(B) for shoppers with more than 20 items, the ShopperKing totals averaged more than five
percent higher than the FoodBasket totals

(C) many shoppers consider factors other than price in choosing the supermarket at which
they shop most regularly

(D) there is little variation from month to month in the overall quantity of purchases made at
supermarkets by a given shopper
 (E) none of the people who conducted the research were employees of the FoodBasket
supermarket

SOURCE: SET C

38. Which of the following most logically completes the passage?

Garnet and RenCo each provide health care for their employees. Garnet pays for both
testing of its employees’ cholesterol levels and treatment of high cholesterol. This policy
saves Garnet money, since high cholesterol left untreated for many years leads to conditions
that require very expensive treatment. However, RenCo dose not have the same financial
incentive to adopt such a policy, because ______.

(A) early treatment of high cholesterol dose not entirely eliminate the possibility of a stroke
later in life

(B) the mass media regularly feature stories encouraging people to maintain diets that are
low in cholesterol

(C) RenCo has significantly more employees than Garnet has

(D) RenCo’s employees are unlikely to have higher cholesterol levels than Garnet’s
employees

(E) the average length of time an employee stays with RenCo is less than it is with Garnet

39. Which of the following most logically completes the argument?

Utrania was formerly a major petroleum exporter, but in recent decades economic
stagnation and restrictive regulations inhibited investment in new oil fields. In consequence,
Utrania oil exports dropped steadily as old fields became depleted. Utrania's currently
improving economic condition, together with less restrictive regulations, will undoubtedly
result in the rapid development of new fields. However, it would be premature to conclude
that the rapid development of new fields will result in higher oil exports, because
__________.

A. the price of oil is expected to remain relatively stable over the next several years.
 B. the improvement in the economic situation in Utrania is expected to result in a dramatic
increase in the proportion of Utranian's who own automobiles.

C. most of the investment in the oil fields in Utrania is expected to come from foreign
sources.

D. new technology is available to recover oil from old oil fields formerly regarded as
depleted. 

E. many of the new oil fields in Utrania are likely to be as productive as those that were
developing during the period when Utrania was a major oil exporter.

40. Which of the following most logically completes the passage? 

For the past several years, a certain technology has been widely used to transmit data
among networked computers. Recently two data transmission companies, Aptron and
Gammatech, have each developed separate systems that allow network data transmission at
rates ten times faster than the current technology allows. Although the systems are similarly
priced and are equally easy to use, Aptron's product is likely to dominate the market,
because __________. 

(A) Gammatech has been in the business of designing data transmission systems for several
years more than Aptron has 

(B) the number of small businesses that need computer networking systems is likely to
double over the next few years 

(C) it is much more likely that Gammatech's system will be expandable to meet future needs 

(D) unlike many data transmission companies, Aptron and Gammatech develop computers
in addition to data transmission systems 

(E) it is easier for users of the current data transmission technology to switch to Aptron's
product than to Gammatech's

41. Which of the following most logically completes the argument?

A new machine for harvesting corn will allow rows to be planted only fifteen inches apart,
instead of the usual thirty inches. Corn planted this closely will produce lower yields per
plant. Nevertheless, the new machine will allow corn growers to double their profits per acre
because ________.

(A) with the closer spacing of the rows, the growing corn plants will quickly form a dense
canopy of leaves, which will, by shading the ground, minimize the need for costly weed
control and irrigation
 (B) with the closer spacing of the rows, corn plants will be forced to grow taller because of
increased competition for sunlight from neighboring corn plants

(C) with the larger number of plants growing per acre, more fertilizer will be required

(D) with the spacing between rows cut by half, the number of plants grown per acre will
almost double

(E) with the closer spacing of the rows, the acreage on which corn is planted will be utilized
much more intensively than it was before, requiring more frequent fallow years in which
corn fields are left unplanted

42. Which of the following, if true, most logically completes the reasoning in the passage? 

Kerniand’s government restricts the export of unprocessed cashew nuts in order to ensure a
low-cost supply for domestic processing plants. Though the policy constrains farm income
and limits the number of farmers who can profitably grow cashews, the government defends
it on the grounds that, since the processing plants are in urban areas, removing the
restrictions would hurt efforts to reduce urban unemployment. However, the policy may
actually have contributed to urban unemployment, since ______. 

(A) a lack of profitable crops is drIvIng many small cashew farmers in Kernland off their land
and into the cities 

(B) some of the by-products of cashew processing are used as raw materials by other
Industries located in Kernland’s cities 

(C) the government does not place similar restrictions on the export of any crop other than
cashews 

(D) the Income earned by workers in the processing plants Is generally greater than that
earned by agricultural laborers in rural areas 

(E) without governmental aId in some form, Kernland’s cashew processing plants would not
be able tie compete for sales in world markets

43. Which of the following most logically completes the argument?

The growing popularity of computer-based activities was widely predicted to result in a

corresponding decline in television viewing. Recent studies have found that, in the United
States, people who own computers watch, on average, significantly less television than
people who do not own computers. In itself, however, this finding does very little to show
that computer use tends to reduce television viewing time, since _______.
 (A) many people who watch little or no television do not own a computer.

(B) even though most computer owners in the United States watch significantly less
television than the national average, some computer owners watch far more television than
the national average.

(C) computer owners in the United States predominately belong to a demographic group
that have long been known to spend less time watching television than the population as a
whole does.

(D) many computer owners in the United States have enough leisure time that spending
significant amounts of time on the computer still leaves ample time for watching television.

(E) many people use their computers primarily for tasks such as correspondence that can be
done more rapidly on the computer, and doing so leaves more leisure time for watching
television.

44. Which of the following most logically completes the argument?

Using new detection techniques, researchers have found trace amounts of various medicinal
substances in lakes and rivers. Taken in large quantities, these substances could have serious
health effects, but they are present in quantities far too low to cause any physiological
response in people who drink the water or bathe in it. Nevertheless, medical experts
contend that eliminating these trace amounts from the water will have public health
benefits, since ____________.

(A) Some of the medicinal substances found in lakes and rivers are harmless to humans if
taken in large quantities

(B) Some of the medicinal substances found in lakes and rivers can counteract possible
harmful effects of other such substances found there

(C) People who develop undesirable side effects when being treated with medicines that
contain these substances generally have their treatment changed

(D) Most medicinal substances that reach lakes or rivers rapidly break down into harmless
substances

(E) Disease-causing bacteria exposed to low concentrations of certain medicinal substances

can become resistant to them

45. Which of the following most logically completes the argument?

When people engage in activities that help others, their brain releases endorphins, the
brain’s natural opiates, which induce in people a feeling of well-being. It has been suggested
 that regular release of endorphins increases people’s longevity. And a statistic on adults who
regularly engage in volunteer work helping others shows that they live longer, on average,
than adults who do not volunteer. However, that statistic would be what we would expect
even if volunteering does not boost longevity, because _______.

(A) in the communities studied, women were much more likely to do regular volunteer work
than men were, and women tend to live longer than men do.

(B) the number of young adults who do regular volunteer work is on the increase.

(C) the feelings of well-being induced by endorphins can, at least for a time, mask the
symptoms of various conditions and diseases, provided the symptoms are mild.

(D) it is rare for a person to keep up a regular schedule of volunteer work throughout his or
her life.

(E) Some people find that keeping a commitment to do regular volunteer work becomes a
source of stress in their lives.

46. Which of the following most logically completes the passage?

A certain tropical island received food donations in the form of powdered milk for
distribution to its poorest residents, who were thought to be malnourished. Subsequently,
the rate of liver cancers among those islanders increased sharply. The donated milk was
probably to blame: recent laboratory research on rats has shown that rats briefly exposed to
the substances aflatoxin tend to develop liver cancer when fed casein, a milk protein. This
result is relevant because _______.

(A) in the tropics, peanuts, a staple of these island residents, support a mold growth that
produces aflatoxin

(B) the liver is more sensitive to carcinogens, of which aflatoxin may be one, than most other
bodily organs

(C) casein is not the only protein contained in milk

(D) powdered milk is the most appropriate form in which to send milk to a tropical
destination

(E) the people who were given the donated milk had been screened for their ability to digest
milk

SOURCE: ADD ON QUESTIONS

47. Which of the following, if true, most logically completes the passage?

A recent poll found that over 80 percent of the residents of Nalmed Province favored a
massive expansion of the commuter rail system as a means of significantly reducing
congestion on the province’s highways and were willing to help pay for the expansion
through an increase in their taxes. Nevertheless, the poll results indicate that expansion of
the rail system, if successfully completed, would be unlikely to achieve its goal of easing
congestion, because __________.

(A) most people in favor of expanding the rail system reported less congestion during their
highway commute as the primary benefit they would experience.
(B) of the less than 20 percent of residents not counted as favoring the expansion, about half
claimed to have no opinion one way or the other

(C) the twice-daily periods of peak congestion caused by people commuting in cars have
grown from about an hour each to almost two and a half hours each in the past 20 years

(D) expanding the commuter rail system will require the construction of dozens of miles of
new rail bed

(E) the proposed expansion to the commuter rail system will make it possible for some
people who both live and work at suburban locations to commute by rail

48. Which of the following best completes the passage below?

People buy prestige when they buy a premium product. They want to be associated with
something special. Mass-marketing techniques and price-reduction strategies should not be
used because ______.

(A) affluent purchasers currently represent a shrinking portion of the population of all
purchasers
(B) continued sales depend directly on the maintenance of an aura of exclusivity
(C) purchasers of premium products are concerned with the quality as well as with the price
of the products
(D) expansion of the market niche to include a broader spectrum of consumers will increase
profits
(E) manufacturing a premium brand is not necessarily more costly than manufacturing a
standard brand of the same product

49. Aroca County’s public schools are supported primarily by taxes on property. The county
plans to eliminate the property tax and support schools with a new three percent sales tax
on all retail items sold in the county. Three percent of current retail sales is less than the
amount collected through property taxes, but implementation of the plan would not
necessarily reduce the amount of money going to Aroca County public schools, because
______.
 Which if the following, if true, most logically completes the argument?

(A) many Aroca County residents have already left the county because of its high property
taxes

(B) a shopping mall likely to draw shoppers from neighboring counties is about to open in
Aroca County 

(C) at least some Aroca County parents are likely to use the money they will save on
property taxes to send their children to private schools not funded by the county

(D) a significant proportion of parents of Aroca County public school students do not own
their homes and consequently do not pay property taxes

(E) retailers in Aroca County are not likely to absorb the sales tax by reducing the pretax
price of their goods

50. Which of the following logically completes the passage below ?

One name-brand cereal manufacturer is about to reduce wholesale prices for its cereals by 20%
because consumers have been switching from its cereals to cheaper store brands. The success of
this strategy relies on the assumption that supermarkets will pass on all of the savings by
lowering the prices they charge consumers for the manufacturers' cereals. Although
supermarkets usually pass on such savings, in this case it is likely that supermarkets will not do so
because ________.

(A) Several other name-brand cereal manufacturers are about to reduce the wholesale prices of
their cereals

(B) The average price per box of name-band cereals has significantly increases over the past 10
years.

(C) Total annual sales of cereal—including both name-brand and store-brand cereals—have
increased over the past 10 years.

(D) Supermarkets currently make far more profit on sales of store-brand cereals than on sales of
name-brand cereals.

(E) The current prices of manufacturers' cereals are comparable to the prices of name-brand
cereals produced by other cereal manufacturers.

51. Which of the following most logically completes the passage?

Each species of moth has an optimal body temperature for effective flight, and when air
temperatures fall much below that temperature, the moths typically have to remain inactive
on vegetation for extended periods, leaving them highly vulnerable to predators. In general,
 larger moths can fly faster than smaller ones and hence have a better chance of evading
flying predators, but they also have higher optimal body temperatures, which explains why
_______. 

(A) large moths are generally able to maneuver better in flight than smaller moths

(B) large moths are proportionally much more common in warm climates than in cool
climates

(C) small moths are more likely than large moths to be effectively camouflaged while on
vegetation

(D) large moths typically have wings that are larger in proportion to their body size than
smaller moths do

(E) most predators of moths prey not only on several different species of moth but also on
various species of other insects

52. Which of the following most logically completes the passage below?

Heavy rains during Centralia’s corn planting season prevented some farmers there from
planting corn. It is now the planting season for soybeans, another of Centralia’s principal
crops, and those fields originally intended for corn are dry enough for planting. Nonetheless,
even though soybean prices are unusually high at present, the farmers will leave most of
these fields empty rather than plant them with soybeans, since ‗‗‗‗‗‗.

(A) the extensive rains have led to an increase in the price of corn 

(B) some Centralian farmers anticipate serious financial losses due to the extremely wet
spring planting season

(C) chemicals that were used to prepare the fields for corn planting would stunt the growth
of soybeans

(D) the majority of Centralia’s corn farmers were able to plant corn as they had intended,
despite the wet planting season

(E) many Centralian farmers grow both corn and soybeans

53. Which of the following most logically completes the argument?

Yorco and Zortech are two corporations that employ large numbers of full-time workers who
are paid by the hour. Publicly available records indicate that Yorco employs roughly the
same number of such hourly wage workers as Zortech does but spends a far higher total
 sum per year on wages for such workers. Therefore, hourly wages must be higher, on
average, at Yorco than at Zortech, since _____.

(A) Zortech spends a higher total sum per year than Yorco does to provide its hourly wage
workers with benefits other than wages

(B) the work performed by hourly wage workers at Zortech does not require a significantly
higher level of skill than the work performed by hourly wage workers at Yorco does

(C) the proportion of all company employees who are hourly wage workers is significantly
greater at Yorco than it is at Zortech

(D) overtime work, which is paid at a substantially higher rate than work done during the
regular work week, is rare at both Yorco and Zortech

(E) the highest hourly wages paid at Yorco are higher than the highest hourly wages paid at
Zortech

SOURCE: EGMAT

54. Journalist: Education systems sincerely need to evaluate the role played by teaching poetry
at the elementary school level. Asking students learning the fundamentals of a language to
read and understand poetry written in it is akin to asking students who cannot count to
solve a highly complex Math equation. Also most of the poems taught at the elementary
school level are not appropriate for students of that age as
___________________________________________________________________________

Which of the following, if true, most logically completes the passage above?

A students in general appreciate other forms of engagements with art such as dramatics and
story-writing.

B these students have not developed skills to access and research on the internet and learn
more about the poems they are taught.

C these poems are written on mature subjects such as loneliness, social-ills etc.

D most of the teachers in elementary schools do not have a single field of specialization and
teach multiple subjects.

E such poems have very minimal use of linguistic expressions such as usage of metaphors
and analogies.

55. Customer Care Head: Recently our company’s after-sales service has been criticized on the
grounds that our service centers typically do not keep the initially promised turn-around
time to address complaints about products under warranty. It is reasoned that since the
company does not make extra money out of servicing these products, complaints about
 them are not attended to on a priority basis. However, such accusations are baseless since
___________________________________________________________________________

Which of the following, if true, best completes the passage above?

data collected by our analysts show that although products under warranty are originally
registered for minor issues, customers tend to point out more issues during the repair
sessions.

the total number of complaints registered for products under warranty is significantly lower
than the number of complaints registered for products not under warranty.

some product malfunctions require replacement of parts, costs for which have to be borne
by the company when such a product is under warranty.

The average time taken to address customer complaints has decreased considerably over
the last year.

It is well-known that such accusations often originate from rumors started by competitors
seeking to discredit a company.

56. In linguistics, the term ‘phatic communication’ refers to words and phrases that have been
used so frequently that they no longer contain any inherent meaning. Analysts of emerging
industries, which may be defined as products or ideas in early stages of development that
are often based around a new technology, expect that current terminologies used in such
industries to refer to work processes will eventually fall into the category of phatic
expressions, because
___________________________________________________________________

Which of the following best completes the passage above?

inherent meaning is determined primarily on the basis of the frequency with which a term is
used.

the terms are newly-coined and can be expected to be in use for a considerable period of
time.

not only are such terms used excessively, but many of them are so new that users are
unsure of their exact definitions.
 D

terminology used in one field is usually not applicable in other unrelated fields.

emerging industry types can be analyzed in terms of existing terms from linguistics.

57. Animals eat a wide variety of food, sometimes taking a relatively large amount of time in
handling the prey, an activity that includes capturing, killing, eating and digesting the food,
and sometimes a relatively short amount of time. Probably, the reason behind such behavior
is that animals make feeding choices based on the goal to maximize their net energy intake
per unit time, leaving them with more time and energy for other important activities such as
finding a mate or caring for an offspring; for instance, __________________________

Which of the following, if true, most logically completes the above argument?

some species of insects are ultimate feeding specialists, feeding only on a single plant
species, whereas certain animals such as the opossum eat everything from insects and
berries to garbage.

using their biological reaction to a certain food item as a guide, some animals sometimes
make the decision to avoid a particular prey altogether.

animals spend more time on handling  food items that provide more kilocalories, and less on
food that provides relatively fewer kilocalories.

under the risk of predation, animals sometimes select such preys that may not be their first
choice but that are safer to consume as these preys lie in relatively predator free regions.

the foraging behavior of animals is determined by the phenomenon of natural selection in

which certain biological traits become either more or less common as a species goes through
the process of evolution.

58. In the absence of written evidence of female communities that existed before the
nineteenth century, communal activities such as quilt-making and storytelling through oral
narratives are considered legitimate sources of information about such communities. Most
quilts were either spun, sewn or woven for non-commercial use, or created through a
process known as colonial quilting by those who engaged in quilt-making as a hobby.
Therefore, most women from wealthy families must have engaged in the colonial style of
quilting, because _________________
 Which of the following, if true, best completes the passage above?

no quilt-maker who made quilts for non-commercial use also engaged in quilt-making as a
hobby.

commercial uses of quilt-making included selling quilts that were made by hobbyists

most women from wealthy families would have had the leisure time to engage in activities
that were not part of their daily schedule

there is documented evidence that women of all classes engaged in some form of creative
activity

colonial quilting did not involve spinning, sewing or weaving

59. A recently published paper concludes that tenured professors or those on their way to
tenure do not enhance student learning as much as lecturers outside the tenure system do. 
The researchers found that students taught by instructors outside the tenure system are
more likely to take another class in the same subject and to receive better grades in the
subsequent class than those who have been taught by tenured or tenure-track professors.
However, this information does not demonstrate that non-tenured professors are more
successful in keeping the student interest high in the taught subject as _____________

Which of the following, if true, best completes the passage?

tenured professors usually have far more extensive experience in research than do non-
tenured professors.

the more the number of hours taught by non-tenured and tenure-track professors, the
better are their chances to be offered a tenured position.

both tenured and non-tenured professors have equal access to resources such as research
papers, field specific books etc.

non-tenured professors are normally fresh graduates from colleges and are hence able to
build a better rapport with their students.

E
 The introductory level classes in a subject for which students have to take mandatory
advanced classes are normally assigned to the non-tenured professors.

60. Historiography is a branch of historical research based on the belief that knowledge of the
past can never be complete since it is based only on those aspects of events that were
documented at the time that they occurred. For this reason, historiography is often seen as
the opposite of ‘history,’ a term that indicates that the past can be fully known. While
history does not consider fiction a true record of past events, historiography probably
regards historical novels as genuine records of documented history, since
_______________________

Which of the following, if true, best completes the passage above?

history and historiography do not use the same methodology while evaluating works written
by individual authors.

history does not recognize fictionalized versions of past events as actual records of the
events.

those scholars who assess the historical value of fiction are usually historiographers rather
than historians.

historical novels can be categorized as documented records of events that were

contemporary to the author’s time period.

some scholars combine the methodologies of both history and historiography

61. A recent study shows that teenagers participating in after school creative activities such as
music and painting are more likely to show symptoms of depression than teenagers who do
not engage in such activities. It was also observed that teenagers who participated
exclusively in sports showed the least signs of depression. Although one cannot conclude
from these results that depression is caused merely by participating in creative activities,
there is definitely a correlation between depression and engagement in such activities as the
study also showed that
___________________________________________________________________________
__

Which of the following statements most logically completes the above passage?

A
 girls participating in after-school creative activities reported higher rates of depression than
boys participating in such activities.

teenagers participating in activities such as music and painting were found to be significantly
more introverted than teenagers participating in sports activities.

there was no difference between the magnitudes of the depressive symptoms observed in
teenagers who participated in both creative and sports activities and those who participated
just in creative ones.

some very famous musicians and painters are patients of a psychological disorder called
schizophrenia. 

the use of mood enhancing drugs was more prevalent among the students of schools
winning various arts competitions than in the students of schools winning sports
competitions.

62. Journalist: Even though it may be true that the system of patenting encourages patent
holders to share information that they otherwise would not have made open because of the
fear of competitors benefitting from the research done solely by the patent holder,
patenting does severely retard the growth of innovations in a field as
___________________________________________________________________________
______________

Which of the following, if true, best completes the above passage?

only the patent holder is able to reap the monetary benefits for the amount of time the
patent is valid.

not only do patent holders have the exclusive right to the patented technology but also to
any kind of developmental research on it.

the information disclosed by the patent holder could educate the public by making them
aware of previously unknown facts about a phenomenon.

the usual period for which a company can hold a patent is twenty years during which patent
holder can license the patented innovation to others.

E
 even though not all innovations that are filed for patents are granted the status, some of
them are extremely informative and useful for developmental work.

63. The industrial revolution, which took place during the late eighteenth century and the early
nineteenth century, is the historical time period in which new manufacturing processes
began to be used on a large scale. While some argue that the individual’s standard of living
increased at an unprecedented rate during this time, others believe that it was only the
overall growth of the economy that increased, and that standards of living did not rise
significantly until the twentieth century; the latter belief is clearly true, since
_________________________

Which of the following, if true, best completes the passage above?

social writings from this time indicate that workers'living conditions deteriorated during the
revolution.

the revolution affected not just the professional lives but also the everyday lives of people at
the time.

new manufacturing processes led to marked improvements in the efficiency of the

production process across various kinds of industries 

classical economics does not even mention the possibility of sustained economic growth
during the revolution 

most economists now believe that socioeconomic changes during the revolution occurred as
a rapid rather than gradual process 

64. Some believe that watching sporting events is a waste of time, effort and money since sport,
at best, provides temporary avenues of relief from the pressures of work and other stress-
causing activities. However, an alternative perspective is that the temporary escape that the
brain gets from work-related activities actually helps the brain to perform better in work-
related situations, since ______________________________________

Which of the following best completes the passage above?

work-related activities consume more neurological energy than do activities that are not
related to work.

B
 an individual’s level of neurological energy increases when the brain alternates between
different types of activities.

the higher the amount of time and energy expended on a recreational activity, the greater is
the stress relief it provides.

this alternative theory does not apply to sporting professionals for whom sport is a source of
livelihood.

the physical activity associated with participating in sports actually increases the
neurological energy produced by the brain.

65. During the last ten years, technological tools for educational purposes have seen
considerable development, with many universities now offering an equal number of online
courses as well as traditional classroom courses. However, access to online courses is usually
limited to students living in urban areas who have access to high-speed internet facilities.
Consequently, students living outside urban areas are unlikely to be able to access such
courses. Nevertheless, universities are likely to continue to increase the number of online
courses they offer, because ___________________

Which of the following best completes the argument above?

the number of students living in rural areas is likely to double in the next five years.

the number of students enrolling for regular classroom courses has been decreasing steadily.

the education ministry is planning to launch a promotional campaign for online courses.

Demand for online courses is on the increase in urban areas.

Most of the available online courses offer visual interaction with teachers through video-
conferencing, a feature appreciated by many students.

66. A major objection raised by critics of the requirement to wear uniforms in schools is that by
asking students to conform to a dress-code, the requirement in effect hampers their
individuality, thereby significantly limiting their opportunities to express themselves.
However, such critics fail to understand that the requirement actually benefits students as it
 can cultivate mutual respect and discipline in them. As regards individuality, studies have
shown that the real outlets for students to express themselves in schools are
_____________________________________________________

Which of the following logically completes the above argument?

platforms such as social-networking sites and autobiographical blogs.

various out of school voluntary-work activities that showcase students’ individual interests.

activities involving group work such as organizing sporting events, picnics etc.

standardized school exams that are objective and hence, fair to all students.

mediums such as their schoolwork involving creative writing, debates etc.

67. It is often argued that the traditional newspaper has little relevance in today’s world as
people no longer prefer to consume the news in a linear fashion; they prefer to pick and
choose which stories they want to read, a choice that they can exercise freely on the online
news portals. However, while it may be relatively easier to choose and reject stories in the
digital version, news-consumption from the traditional newspaper any day contributes more
to enhancing the consumers’ general awareness as__________________________________

Which of the following, if true, logically completes the above passage?

the probability of reading stories on topics that one may not normally take notice of is lower
while consuming the news from an online portal than from a traditional newspaper.

various studies have shown that people who prefer reading e-books have a shorter focus
span than people who prefer to read books on paper.

the traditional newspaper too has sections such as the editorial, sports etc. in which people
can easily select the stories they want to read.

various tabloid newspaper now design their papers in a fashion similar to how readers would
like to consume news on the online portals.
 E

traditional newspapers have more articles on sections such as economics, politics, science
etc.

68. Many countries are deliberating whether they should start taxing the aviation industry for its
fuel usage as a possible way to motivate it to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases. The
problem is rather severe.  With the increasing affordability of airline tickets, it is estimated
that by 2050 the aviation industry will be one of the key contributors to the CO2 emissions
worldwide. Also, CO2 and the other gases emitted by aircraft could be even more damaging
to the environment because __________________________________________________

Which of the following best completes the passage above?

several gases emitted by the aircraft are not released by many vehicles on ground.

various airlines are increasingly realizing economies of scale and hence planning to further
slash down the ticket prices.

the effect of a given amount of emission is greater at higher altitudes.

technological developments in the automobile industry are likely to significantly reduce the
particulate emissions from several land-based vehicles but not from the kind of aircraft used
in the aviation industry. 

innovations in technology have made aircraft engines more fuel efficient.

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