FINDING SPECIFIC INFORMATION

Text 1

In almost all developing countries, the lack of adequate supplies of cheap, convenient and reliable
fuel is a major problem Rural communities depend largely on kerosene, wood and dung for their cooking
and lighting needs. But forested areas are in short supply. The search for firewood occupies a large part of
the working day and has resulted in widespread deforestation.

Dung is in constant supply wherever there are farm animal and when dried, it is convenient to store
and use. But burning dung destroys its values as fertilizer. Thus depriving the soil of a much needed source
of human and nitrogen.

Rural areas of developing countries are also plagued by a lack of adequate sanitation improper
waste disposal spreads disease. Contaminates water sources and provide breeding grounds for disease –
carrying insects.

The problems of improving environmental hygiene, conserving resources, and finding alternative
sources of fuel may be unrelated. Their solutions, however are not as many countries experimenting with
biogas technology are discovering. Biogas, a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide, is produced by the
fermentation of organic matter, the process of anaerobic fermentation is natural one. Occurring whenever
living matter decomposes.by keeping the matter ang the process in a digester or biogas plan. The
combustible gas can be trapped and used as fuel for household lighting and cooking. The digested slurry
that remains can then be used on the land as soil conditioner fertilizer.

1. What is the text mainly about? (E) Contaminated water sources and
(A) Socio-economic problems in rural areas.
developing countries.
(B) The process of producing biogas. 3. The disadvantage of traditional fuels used
(C) The effect of burning dung on the soil. in developing countries is that they …
(D) Biogas as a solution to many (A) Reduce people’s energy.
problems (B) Are difficult to extract.
(E) The disadvantages of using dung as (C) Make the soil poor.
fuel. (D) Do not meet people needs.
(E) Cause damage to the environment
2. What are the two problems mentioned in
the text? 4. The main factor causing the lack of
(A) Pollution and the high price of fuel. adequate sanitation is___
(B) Widespread deforestation and the (A) The domestic use of biogas.
use of dung. (B) The great number of farm animals.
(C) The lack of adequate fuel and (C) The pollution of water sources.
hygienic conditions. (D) The badly-managed waste disposal.
(D) The lack of humus and nitrogen in the (E) The increase of disease-carrying
soil. insects.

Text 2

.... (1) Every culture interprets body language, gestures, posture and carriage, vocal noises, and
degree of eye contact differently. (2) A poor traveler might have expected that nodding his or her head up
and down or giving a thumbs-up would indicate yes. (3) However, in the Middle East. nodding the Read
down indicates agreement, while nodding it up is a sign of disagreement. (4) In Japan, an up-and-down nod
might just be a signal that someone is listening. (5) Yet, saying 'thank you' to appreciate someone signals
the same meaning. (6) The thumbs-up signal is vulgar in Iran. (7) Point with the wrong finger or with
anything less than your entire hand and you risk offending somebody. (8) while some cultures value eye
contact di a sign of respect, averting your eyes may be the sign of respect in others. (9) In some places,
people value a certain degree of personal space in conversation, while those from the Middle East might get
right up in your face when they want to converse. (10) Restrain the desire to pat a child on the head in Asia;
there's a belief that such a touch would damage the child's soul. (11) Clearly body language expresses
different things in other countries.

5. The paragraph should begin with ... (D) Contrary to popular beliefs.
(A) Non-verbal communication can be nonverbal communication is not
picked up easily in a foreign land. universal.
(B) Non-verbal communication will be a (E) Basic non-verbal communication is
Start in learning a culture. the same wherever you go.
(C) Natives welcome good intention
shown through non-verbal
communication.
Text 3

Computers are a relatively new invention. The first computers were built fifty years ago and it is
only in the last thirty years that its influence has affected our everyday life. Personal computers were
introduced as recently as the early eighties. In this short time they have made a tremendous impact on our
lives. We are now so dependent on computers that it is hard to imagine what things would be like today
without them. You have only got to go into a bank when the main computer is broken to understand the
chaos that would occur if computers were suddenly removed worldwide.

In the future, computers will be used to create bigger and even more sophisticated computers. The
prospects for this is quite alarming. They will be so complex that no individual could hope to understand
how they work. They will bring a lot of benefits but they will also increase the potential for unimaginable
chaos. They will, for example, be able to fly planes and they will be able to coordinate the movements of
several planes around the airport. Providing all the computers are working correctly, nothing can go wrong;
but if one program fails there will be a disaster.

There is no doubt that technology will progress and become increasingly complex. We should,
however, ensure that we are still in a position where we are able to control technology. It will be all too easy
to suddenly discover that technology is controlling us. By then it might be too late. I believe that it is very
important to be suspicious of the benefits that computers will bring and make sure that we never become
totally dependent on a completely technological world.

6. From the text we may conclude that the 7. People’s current dependence on
author... computers is exemplified by...
(A) Tries to warn us not to be too (A) The influence of computers on our
dependent on computers lives for the last thirty years
(B) Emphasizes the importance of (B) The introduction of computers in the
developing future computers nineteen fifteens.
(C) Believe computers will make peoples (C) The chaos which took place when the
lives more comfortable computers were removed
(D) Reminds us about the threat of (D) The disorder at home when the main
computers in the past computers is broken
(E) Persuades us to make use of (E) The unimaginable things that may
computers in our job. occur on an airport
 (C) Technology tends to control human
8. Future computers are predicted to ... beings
(A) Be so complex that their prospect will (D) There is no doubt that they bring a lot
be quite promising of benefits
(B) Bring great benefits as well as (E) Human being should have control
unexpected harm to people’s lives over them
(C) Bring great benefits to the
transportation industry
(D) Make many small programs cause big
disasters 10. A suitable title for the text is____.
(E) Be able to coordinate the traffic of (A) The historical background of future
planes all over the world computers
(B) The unimaginable chaos caused y
9. Although computers will become more computers
sophisticated,... (C) The potentials of future computers
(A) Human beings will be entirely (D) The control over advanced technology
dependent on them (E) The rapid progress in technology
(B) It is difficult for individuals to
understand them
Text 4

Whales are the largest animals on earth. Bigger than elephants, they may grow 95 feet long, and
weigh 150tons. A baby blue whale, just born, can be 23 feet long and weigh 30 tons.

Although whales live in the oceans and swim like fish, they are not fish. They are mammals, like
cows and elephants. Unlike fish they bear their young alive, not as eggs. Their babies live on their mother’s
milk. They breathe through their lungs and hold their breath when they go underwater. If they cannot come
to the surface to breathe fresh air, they will drown. Furthermore, they are warm-blooded. Fish, however,
lay eggs, breathe oxygen in the water, and are coldblooded.

Whales live in all the oceans. In the winter some of them go to warm waters to feed. There are two
kinds of whales, whales with teeth (toothed whales) and whales without teeth (baleen whales). The toothed
whales eat fish and squid, which they can catch with their teeth, although they swallow their food without
chewing it. The baleen whales eat plankton (small sea animals and plants). When they find plankton, they
open their mouths and swim into the plankton. When they close their mouths they squeeze out the water
and swallow the plankton. Whales have few enemies. Only human beings and killer whales attack whales.
And whales do not seem to fight among themselves. The usually live to be around 20 to 30 years.

11. Which of the following is TRUE about
whales?
(A) Whales are generally 95 feet long and
weight 150 tons
(B) Big animals living in the ocean tend to
be their enemies
(C) Like fish, whales can live in all kinds
of waters.
(D) Their life span is usually longer than
human beings.
(E) A newborn baby whales may weight
one-fifth of is mother
12. A suitable title for the text is _____.
(A) Large animals on earth
(B) Difference between whales and
elephants
(C) Whales, the biggest animals on earth
(D) Similarity between fish and whales
(E) The life of whales in the oceans
13. The difference between whales and fish is
that whales____.
(A) Do not have to come to the surface to
get fresh air.
(B) Deliver their young like elephants do.
 (C) Will die if they cannot get oxygen in
the water. 15. From the text above we may conclude
(D) Are mammals that are cold blooded that...
(E) Can easily breathe when they are (A) A whale can eat both squid and
underwater plankton.
(B) Toothed whales chew their food
14. Whales occasionally live in warms before swallowing it
water____. (C) The two types of whales live in
(A) To get more food different waters
(B) For reproduction (D) Baleen whales swallow the water
(C) To avoid winter containing plankton
(D) For fresh air (E) Each type of whale eats a specific kind
(E) To feed their babies of food underwater

Text 5

In studying the phenomenon usually referred to as sleep, we are actually dealing with more than
one phenomenon. In point of fact, we spend the night alternating between two different types of sleep, each
with different brain mechanism and different purposes.

As a person falls asleep, his brain waves develop a slower and less regular pattern than in a waking
state. This is called orthodox sleep. In this state the brain is apparently resting. Its blood supply is reduced,
and its temperature falls slightly. Breathing and heart rate are regular. The muscles remain slightly tensed.
After about an hour in this state, however, the brain waves begin to show a more active pattern again, even
though the person is apparently asleep very deeply. This is called paradoxical sleep because it has much in
common with being awake.

Paradoxical (active) sleep is marked by irregular breathing and heart rate, increased blood supply
to the brain, and increased brain temperature. Most of the muscles are relaxed. There are various jerky
movements of the body and face, including short burst of rapid eye movement, which indicate that we are
dreaming. Thus, we spend the night alternating between these two vital ‘restoration jobs’: working on the
brain and working on the body.

16. The two different types of sleep are
characterized by different …
(A) lengths of sleep
(B) degrees of soundness
(C) sleep movements
(D) brain wave pattern
(E) eye movements
17. It seems that our brain gets some rest …
(A) after several hours of sleeping
(B) during the orthodox sleep
(C) before and after the orthodox sleep
(D) when we wake up from sleeping
(E) during the paradoxical sleep
18. The second stage of sleep is called
paradoxical sleep because …
(A) it comes after the orthodox phase of
sleeping
(B) we sleep but our muscles are tense
(C) it is totally different form orthodox
sleep
(D) we only dream during this phase of
sleeping
(E) the brain is active during this phase of
sleeping
19. Orthodox sleep is characterized by all of
the following, EXCEPT …
(A) regular heart rate and breathing
(B) lower brain temperature
(C) jerky body movements
(D) reduced supply of oxygen to the brain
(E) slightly tensed muscles
20. From the text we may conclude that while
we are sleeping …
(A) our brain is restoring our physical
and mental condition
(B) we can really be as active as when we
are awake
(C) the tensed muscles are caused by the
changing phase of sleeps
(D) orthodox sleep is more important
than paradoxical sleep
(E) irregular hear