INFOCOMMUNICATIONS JOURNAL

5G system throughput
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channel model and non-line of sight scenarios

5G
5G system
5G system throughput
throughput performance
system throughput performance evaluation
performance evaluation
evaluation
using
using Massive-MIMO
Massive-MIMO technology
using Massive-MIMO technology with
technology with
with
Cluster
Cluster Delay
Cluster Delay Line
Line channel
Delay Line channel model
channel model
model
and non-line of sight scenarios
and
and non-line of sight
non-line of sight scenarios
scenarios
John Baghous
John Baghous
John Baghous

 communication, millimeter waves connections, beam division

Abstract— The
 Abstract— The fourth-generation
fourth-generation system system for for mobile
mobile cellular
cellular communication,
multiple millimeter
access and others waves
[2]. The connections,
goals of the beam
5G division
cellular
communications
communications
Abstract— The(4G) (4G) hashas achieved
achieved
fourth-generation greatgreat
system developments.
developments.
for mobileThe The
main
cellular multiple access system
communication and others
are to[2]. The goals
achieve of the data
an end-user 5G cellular
rate 10
main
problem problem
here here
communications is (4G) is has
that, that,
with with
thethe
achieved passage
passage
great ofoftimetimeand
developments. andThetechnical
technical
main communication
to 100 times highersystem
and are
thistois achieve
the key an end-user
here, data rate
as it ranges from101
development,
development,
problem here the the needwith
need
is that, for new
for new applications
applications
the passage of time andand
and services
services has
has
technical to 100 timesinhigher
10 Gbps dense and thisenvironments.
urban is the key here,Theas5Git ranges
network from
may1
emerged,
emerged,
development, and the
and thusneed
thus we need
we need
for newaa new
new system that
system
applications that supports
andsupports these
servicesthesehas
matters
matters
emerged,in inand
addition
addition
thus we to the
to the
needproblems
problems and limitations.
and
a new system limitations.
that supports One of
One of the
the
these
to 10 support
also Gbps in dense
higherurban environments.
endpoint density: The5 to5G10 network
times may
the
main
main
matters challenges
challenges
in addition thattothe
that the 4G
the4G system suffers
system
problems suffers from is
from
and limitations. is the
the
Oneability
ability
of theto
to also support
connected higher
devices in endpoint
a given area. density: 5 to 10
The energy times the
efficiency in
support
support aa larger
larger that
main challenges number
number the 4G of devices,
of devices, low latency,
low
system suffers latency, working
from working in real
in
is the ability real
to connected devices
low-power in a given
dense machine area. The energy
communications needefficiency
to improve in
time,
time,
support provide
provide
a larger greater
greater
number capacity,
capacity, in addition
in
of devices, addition to providing
to
low latency, providing
working in aa high
high
real low-power
more than dense machine
ten times, so itcommunications
is necessary toneed to improve
introduce new
data
time,rate
data rate (bit
(bitrate)
provide rate)– –hence
greater hence 4G4G
capacity, stands
in unable
stands
addition to
unabletosupport
to support
providing many new
amany
high more than ten
technologies in times, so it to
5G system is achieve
necessarythisto matter
introduce[3]. new
The
applications.
new (bitThis
applications.
data rate rate)isThis
–what
henceismade
what researchers
4G standsmadeunable aspire
researchers to aspire
to support overcome
many to
technologies
Massive MIMO in technology
5G systemattracted
to achievegreatthis matter
interest in [3]. The
previous
these
new problems
overcome these or
applications. reduce
This their
problems or impact
is reduce
what to the
their
made maximum
impact
researchersto the extent
aspireand
maximum to
this
extentis and
what weisproblems
this expect
what we toorachieve
expect toin the impact
achieve new
in thegeneration system
Massive
years andMIMO technology
was considered one attracted greatpromising
of the most interest in and
previous
most
overcome these reduce their tonew
the generation
maximum
(5G).
extentIn
system this
(5G).
and research,
Inisthis
this what awepresentation
research, was made
a presentation
expect to achieve inwastheofmade
the generation
new 5G system
of the 5G years and was
important considered one
(radio-related) of the most
technologies in promising
the 5G systemand mostby
regarding
system (5G). with
regarding onewith
In this of its onemost
research, of important
its techniques
most important
a presentation of(Massive
was madetechniques the 5G importanta (radio-related)
applying large amount of technologies
antennas atinthe thebase
5G station
systemthatby
MIMO
system technology),
(Massive MIMO technology),
regarding withclarification of some
its most concepts
one of clarification of some
important related to the
concepts
techniques applying
can a large
support manyamount
users inof theantennas
same timeat frequency
the base station
domain. that
It
study
related
(Massivesuch as throughput
to MIMO
the studytechnology),
such as and NLOS
throughput (Non-Line
and NLOS
clarification of ofsome
Sight),
(Non-Lineas well
concepts of can support
also many potential
possesses users in theadvantages
same time frequency domain.the
for increasing It
as the channel
Sight),
related as the
to model
wellstudy
as the suchused. The model
channel resultsused.
as throughput of the
and The
NLOSexperiments
results
(Non-Line ofwere
the
of also possesses
efficiency, potential
improving advantages spectrum,
the frequency for increasing
and facing the
presented
Sight), as with
experiments were
well the discussion.
aspresented
the channel withmodel
the discussion.
used. The results of the
experiments were presented with the discussion.
efficiency,
channel improving
fading [3, 4]. the frequency spectrum, and facing
Index Terms—(5G mobile
Index Terms—(5G mobile networks),
networks), Massive Massive MIMO MIMO channel fading [3, 4].
technology,
technology, 5G channel models,
5G channel
Index Terms—(5G models, NLOS
mobileNLOS scenario,Massive
scenario,
networks), 5GThroughput
5G Throughput
MIMO II. METHODS AND EXPERIMENTS
technology, 5G channel models, NLOS scenario, 5G Throughput II. METHODS AND
Although mathematical, EXPERIMENTS
programming and simulation
Although
methods weremathematical, programming
used in the research behind and simulation
this paper, but
I. INTRODUCTION methods
because of werethe used in the
inability to research
carry outbehind this paper,
experiments but
and take
I. INTRODUCTION
Although wireless cellular technologies have been upgraded because
practical of the inabilityontothecarry
measurements out this
ground, experiments
was sufficed. and After
take
to Although
the fourth wireless
generation, cellular
it stilltechnologies
suffers fromhave somebeen upgraded
problems, as practical
verifying measurements
the correctnessonand the accuracy
ground, this wasimplementation
of the sufficed. After
to is
it theunable
fourthtogeneration, it still suffers of
meet the requirements frommany some problems,
new as
use-cases. verifying
and based the correctness
on the and accuracy
mathematical comparison of the implementation
between the results
it is example,
For unable to themeet 4Gthenetwork
requirementscannot of manymassive
handle new use-cases.
mobile and basedinonthe
obtained thesimulation
mathematicaland comparison
the equations between the results
used, this report
For example,
broadband the 4G network
requirements, and itcannot handle
is difficult massive Device-
to achieve mobile obtained
was written in in
thea simulation
summary. and the equations used, this report
broadband
to-Device requirements,
communicationandanywhere. it is difficult
It isto achieve Device-
also unable to was written inand
Computers a summary.
appropriate software were used to obtain the
to-Device HD
support communication anywhere. Ithigh-quality
video transmission, is also unable to
audio, Computers
results. and appropriate
I conducted software were
a performance used toofobtain
evaluation the 5Gthe
support
augmentedHD video
reality, virtualtransmission,
reality and other high-quality
services, so theaudio,
4G results. based
system I conducted a of
on a series performance
comparisonsevaluation
to ascertainofthethe 5G
extent
augmented
system has reality,
left some virtual realityunresolved
important and other services,
problems, so such
the 4G
as system
of based
practical on a series of
investigation of comparisons
some theoreticalto ascertain
issues. the extent
system has
limited left some
bandwidth, important
unlimited unresolved
peripheral problems,
increase, such
limited as
data of In
practical
order to investigation
complete the of some
work theoretical
on this paper, issues.
I recommend
limitedand
rate bandwidth,
more [1]. unlimited
Therefore, peripheral increase, limited
new-generation data
wireless thatInrealistic
order tomeasurements
complete the be work on tothis
made paper, them
compare I recommend
with my
rate and must
networks more be [1]. optimized
Therefore,to new-generation
meet the demands wireless
of that realistic
resulting measurements
standardized be made
results to compare
to reach resultsthemthat with my
benefit
networks mustrate,
increasing data be improving
optimizedcapacity,
to meetreducingthe demands
latency andof resultinginstandardized
workers this field. results to reach results that benefit
increasing data
improving rate,ofimproving
quality service. capacity,
With thereducing
increasinglatency and
demand workers in this field.
improving
from users, quality of service.
the 4G network will With the increasing
be extended (and thendemand
maybe III. THE FIFTH GENERATION OF MOBILE WIRELESS CELLULAR
from users,bythe
replaced) the4G5Gnetwork
networkwill withbethe
extended
help of(and
some then maybe
advanced III. THE FIFTH GENERATION OF MOBILE WIRELESS CELLULAR
COMMUNICATIONS
replaced) by the
technologies such5G asnetwork
Massive with the
MIMO, help of some advanced
Device-to-Device C OMMUNICATIONS
The 4G cellular mobile technology has been published and
technologies such as Massive MIMO, Device-to-Device > REPLACE
The 4G THIS mobile
cellular LINE WITH YOUR PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUM
gradual improvements are technology
being madehas been
to it, butpublished
it has almostand
John Baghous is with Faculty of Engineering, Damascus University gradual improvements are being made to it, but it has almost
(e-mail: john0baghous@gmail.com).
reached a state of maturity, so it is necessary to go to the new perform
generation [5]. The 5G is the name of the new generation of requirem
DOI: 10.36244/ICJ.2021.2.6 mobile cellular wireless communications. As expected, this certain s
new system will provide high speeds ranging between 10 and The n
100 Gbps in the future. Moreover, this considered one of the of the g
40 most important strength foundations JUNE 2021 • VOLUME
of this system. XIIIIn addition2 view is
• NUMBER
to enough capacity that greater than previously and low delay, through
where the delay time that was provided by 4G system ranges
between 40 and 60 ms, whereas in 5G the delay time will be A. I
 INFOCOMMUNICATIONS JOURNAL
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YOUR PAPER
PAPER IDENTIFICATION 5G system(DOUBLE-CLICK
IDENTIFICATION NUMBER
NUMBER throughput performance
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Delay
channel model and non-line of sight scenarios
reached
reached aa statestate ofof maturity,
maturity, so so it
it is
is necessary
necessary to to go
go to to the
the new
new performance.
performance. The The following
following elements
elements are
are the
the system's
system's major
major
reached
generation a state of maturity, so name
it is necessary to go to the new performance. Theeach
following elements arethat
themust
system'smetmajor
generation [5]. The 5G is the name of the new generation of
[5]. The 5G is the of the new generation of requirements
requirements in each major dimension that must be
in major dimension be met inin
generation
mobile [5]. The 5G is communications.
the name of the new expected, generation of requirements in each major dimension that must be met in
mobile cellular
cellular wireless
wireless communications. As As expected, this this certain
certain situations:
situations: data
data rate,
rate, delay,
delay, power
power and
and cost,
cost, density
density [5].
[5].
mobile
new system cellular
system will wireless
provide high communications.
high speeds ranging
ranging Asbetween
expected, and this certain situations: data rate, delay, power and cost, density [5].
new will provide speeds between 10 10 and The need
The need for
for aa higher
higher data
data rate
rate in
in all
all areas
areas is
is receiving
receiving one
one
new Gbps
100 systeminwill provide high speeds ranging between 10 and The greatest
need for a higherand data rate in all areasinisthis
receiving Our
one
100 Gbps in the future. Moreover, this considered one of the
the future. Moreover, this considered one of the of
of the
the greatest interests
interests and this
this is
is discussed
discussed in this paper.
paper. Our
100 Gbps
most in the future. foundations
Moreover, thisthis considered In one of the of theisgreatest interests and thisinis 5G
discussed inwill
thisbepaper. Our
most important
important strength
strength foundations of of this system.
system. In addition
addition view that the improvements system
view is that the improvements in 5G system will be achieved achieved
most
to important strength foundations previously
of this system. In addition view is that the improvements in 5G system will be achieved
to enough
enough capacity
capacity that that greater
greater thanthan previously and and lowlow delay,
delay, through
through combined
combined gains
gains in
in three
three categories
categories [5]:
[5]:
to enough
where capacity that greater than previously and low delay, through combined gains in three categories [5]:
where the the delay
delay time
time that
that waswas provided
provided by by 4G
4G system
system rangesranges
where
between the delay time that was provided by 4G system ranges
between 40 40 and and 6060 ms,ms, whereas
whereas in in 5G
5G the the delay
delay timetime will will bebe A.
A. Increase
Increase density
density greatly
greatly toto improve
improve the the spectral
spectral
between 140and
between and 60ms. ms, whereas in 5G the delay time willwill be A. Increase density greatlyincrease
to improve the spectral
between 1 and 10 10 ms. One One of of the
the main
main technologies
technologies that that will efficiency
efficiency of
of the
the area
area and
and increase thethe number
number of of active
active
between
be 1 and 10 ms. One of the mainMIMO, technologieswill that will efficiency of the area and increase the number of active
be used
used in in thisthis system
system are are Massive
Massive MIMO, that that will have have nodes
nodes within
within one
one area
area and
and frequency.
frequency.
be
many used in thissuch system are Massive MIMO, inthat will have nodes within one area and frequency.
many benefits such as achieving an increase in capacity and
benefits as achieving an increase capacity and B.
B. Increase
Increase the
the bandwidth,
bandwidth, mainly
mainly by
by moving
moving towards
towards the
the
many benefits such as achieving
throughput, an increase in capacitymilli- and B. Increase the bandwidth, mainly by moving towards the
throughput, Device-to-Device
Device-to-Device (D2D) (D2D) communication,
communication, milli- wide
wide spectrum and its capabilities, and also by
spectrum and its capabilities, and also by making
making
throughput,
meter Device-to-Device (D2D) communication, milli- wide spectrum and its capabilities, and also by making
meter wavewave technology
technology and and some
some multi-access
multi-access technologies
technologies better
better use
use of
of the
the unlicensed
unlicensed spectrum
spectrum of of Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi inin the
the
meter
such as wave
as Beam technology
Beam Division
Division Multiple and some
Multiple Access multi-access
Access (BDMA).
(BDMA). technologies better
5 GHz use
GHz range of
range tothe unlicensed
to obtain
obtain aa largerspectrum
larger frequency of Wi-Fi
frequency spectrum.
spectrum.in the
such 5
such It as Beam Division Multiple Access (BDMA). 5 GHz range to obtain a larger frequency spectrum.
It also
also plans
plans toto connect
connect all all equipment
equipment and and terminals
terminals to to the
the C.
C. Increase
Increase spectral
spectral efficiency,
efficiency, primarily
primarily by by advancing
advancing the
the
It also toplans
network to connect
obtain what is all equipment
called Internet and
of terminals
Things (IoT) to and
the C. Increase
MIMO spectraltoefficiency,
rank, achieve primarily
a higher bythroughput
advancing per
the
network to obtain what is called Internet of Things (IoT) and MIMO rank, to achieve a higher throughput per
network
after to obtain what is called Internet of Things (IoT) and MIMO rank, tonode.
achieve a higher throughput per
after that
that we we areare expected
expected to to become
become Internet
Internet for for everything.
everything. channel
channel and
and per
per node.
after
Also, that we are expected to become Internet for everything. channel and per node.
Also, somesome of of the
the connected
connected terminals
terminals may may need need largelarge
Also,
amounts some of the connected terminals may need large
amounts of data while others need small packets of
of data while others need small packets of them.
them. Using
Using wider
wider frequency
frequency range
range between
between certain
certain number
number of of
amounts
Therefore, of data while others need small packets of them. Using wider frequency range between certain number of
Therefore, the the bandwidth
bandwidth of of this
this can
can bebe allocated
allocated adaptively,
adaptively, nodes
nodes will
will not
not necessarily
necessarily increase
increase the the achievable
achievable bandwidth.
bandwidth.
Therefore,
including the bandwidth ofoverall
this cancapacity
be allocated adaptively, nodes will notnot
necessarily increase the achievable bandwidth.
including improving the overall capacity of
improving the of thethe system.
system. Other
Other ideas
ideas not included
included in in the
the above
above categories
categories such
such as as
including
Among improving theand overall capacity of the system. Other ideas not included in thethrough
above cooperation
categories such as
Among the the requirements
requirements and challenges challenges of of the
the 5G5G system
system are are managing
managing frequency interference through cooperation of
frequency interference of base
base
Among
power the requirements and challenges of availability,
the 5G system are managing frequency interference through cooperation of base
power efficiency,
efficiency, high high reliability
reliability and and availability, large large stations
stations may
may contribute
contribute toto the
the improvements,
improvements, but but the
the increase
increase
power
capacity efficiency, high reliability and availability, large stations may contribute to thefromimprovements, but the increase
capacity and and low low delay,
delay, given
given that
that thethe system
system dealsdeals with with aa in
in capacity should come from the ideas in the
capacity should come the ideas in the above
above
capacity
high bit and low delay, given that the system deals with a
rate. in capacity should
categories. comethingsfrom the ideas in the the above
high bit rate. categories. One
One ofof the
the new
new things in in the
the system
system isis the issue
issue of
of
high bit rate.
There categories. One of the newrange things inbetween
the system and
is the issue of
There is is aa major
major problem
problem related
related toto how
how to to reduce
reduce the the delay
delay millimeter
millimeter waves,
waves, whose
whose range is is between 30 30 and 300
300 GHz,
GHz,
timeThere istoasupport
major problem related toprovide
how to services
reduce the delay millimeter waves, whose range is between 30 and 300 GHz,
time and to support applications and provide services we
and applications and we need
need with
with wavelengths
wavelengths ranging
ranging fromfrom 1 1 to
to 10
10 mm.
mm. This
This field
field ofof
time and to less
aa delay support applications and provide services not we needa with wavelengths ranging from 1 to 10 mm. This field of
delay of of less than than 11 ms ms [2].
[2]. The
The 5G 5G network
network will will not be be a millimeter
millimeter wave
wave spectrum
spectrum has has notnot been
been used
used for
for aa long
long time
time
asingle
delay of lessthat than 1 ms [2]. The 5G network will not be a millimeter wave spectrum has not been used for a long time
single system
system that relies relies on on aa single
single Radio
Radio Access
Access Technology
Technology because,
because, until
until recently,
recently, itit was
was considered
considered unsuitable
unsuitable for for
single
(RAT)system
similarthat relies on generations.
to previous
previous a single Radio AccessitTechnology
Further, is believed
believed because, until recently, due
mobile communications
communications it towasits consideredsubtleunsuitable
rather subtle and complex
complex for
(RAT) similar to generations. Further, it is mobile due to its rather and
(RAT)
that similar to previous generations. Further, it is believed mobile communications due to including its rather subtle and complex
that the 5G network is a "network of networks". That
the 5G network is a "network of networks". That is is aa propagation
propagation characteristics,
characteristics, including high high path
path loss,
loss,
that the 5G network
heterogeneous system is that
a "network
includes of networks".
a variety That
of is a
radio propagation
atmospheric characteristics,
and rain absorption,including
low high path around
diffraction loss,
heterogeneous system that includes a variety of radio atmospheric and rain absorption, low diffraction around
heterogeneous
interfaces system that includes a variety nodes, of radio atmospheric and weak
rain penetration
absorption, throughlow diffraction around
interfaces and and protocols
protocols frequency
frequency bands,bands, access
access nodes, and and obstructions and various
obstructions and weak penetration through various objects, objects,
interfaces
different and protocols frequency bands, access nodes, and obstructions and weak noise.
penetration through various objects,
different types
types of of networks.
networks. This This means
means that that the
the 5G 5G system
system due
due toto strong
strong phase
phase noise. However,
However, with with progress
progress andand
different
will types of networks. This means that theprevious
5G system due to strong phase noise. However, with progress and
will not
not be be aa single
single system
system that that replaces
replaces the the previous 4G 4G technical
technical development, work is in progress to solve most
development, work is in progress to solve most of of
will
system,not butbe rather
a single system thatallreplaces the previous 4G technical development, work is in [5]. progress to solve most of
system, but rather will combine all of the above and what
will combine of the above and what is is the
the cost
cost and
and other
other related
related problems
problems [5].
system,
new. but rather will combine all of the above and what is the cost and other related problems [5].
new. So,So, one one of of thethe main
main challenges
challenges will will be be thethe smooth
smooth
new. So, one of the
integration main challenges will be the smooth
integration between
between everything
everything old old and
and newnew [6].
[6]. IV.
IV. T HE M
THE ASSIVE MIMO
MASSIVE MIMO T TECHNOLOGY
ECHNOLOGY
integration
The between everything old and new [6]. IV. THE MASSIVE MIMO TECHNOLOGY
The requirements
requirements for for this
this system
system are are expected
expected to to bebe metmet by by The
The Multi-user Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO)
Multi-user Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO)
theThenewrequirements
spectrum for this
that systemthe
reaches aremillimeter
expected towavelength
be met by The Multi-user Multiple-Input Multiple-Outputtraditional
(MIMO)
the new spectrum that reaches the millimeter wavelength technology
technology provides
provides significant
significant advantages
advantages over over traditional
the
bands new
andspectrum
use of thethat
of the widereaches
channelthe millimeter
bandwidth wavelength
available in the
the technology provides significant advantages over traditional
bands and use wide channel bandwidth available in Point-to-Point
Point-to-Point MIMO MIMO technology
technology [15] [15] as as it it offers
offers
bands and use
millimeter of the wide channel bandwidth available in the
millimeter bands. Although the demand for data is increasing
bands. Although the demand for data is increasing Point-to-Point
improvements MIMO technology [15] as
improvements in several aspects: increasing the data
in several aspects: increasing the it offers
data rate,
rate,
millimeter
significantly, bands. usage
Although the demand for data are is increasing
significantly, the the usage patterns
patterns of of this
this system
system are not not only
only improvements
enhancing in several aspects:power
enhancing reliability,
reliability, improving
increasing the data
improving power efficiency,
efficiency, reducing
rate,
reducing
significantly,
limited the usage patterns of this system are not itonly
limited to the pattern of mobile broadband use, but it is
to the pattern of mobile broadband use, but is enhancing
interference reliability, improving power efficiency, reducing
interference [8].
[8].
limited
expected to the pattern of mobile broadband use, but it is
expected to to support
support aa variety
variety of of usage
usage scenarios
scenarios classified
classified into into interference
Due
Due to
to the
[8]. use of multimedia application services such
the wide
wide use of multimedia application services such
expected
three broad
broad to categories
support a variety
[7]: of usage scenarios classified into Due to the wide use of multimedia application services such
three categories [7]: as
as voice,
voice, writing,
writing, pictures,
pictures, videos,
videos, Internet
Internet access,
access, etc.etc. In
In
three broad categories [7]: as voice, writing, pictures, videos, Internet access, etc. In
recent
recent years, the demand for the rapid transmission of
years, the demand for the rapid transmission of
•• Enhanced mobile
mobile broadband
broadband (eMBB)
(eMBB) recent years, thethedemand
information for thecommunications
rapid transmission of
•
Enhanced
Enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) information and and the reliability
reliability of
of communications through through
•• Ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC)
Ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC) information
wireless and the reliability of
wireless communication
communication systemssystems has
communications
has increased
increased greatly,
through
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and to
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• Ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC)
•• Massive machine type communications (mMTC)
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overcome communication
these systems
limitations we has
are increased
going
overcome these limitations we are going to use multiple to greatly,
use and to
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• Massive machine type communications (mMTC) overcome these limitations we transmission
are going to usereception.multiple
antennas
antennas at at the
the same
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In
In order
order toto understand
understand the
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this order concretely,
to understand and the
planengineering
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is necessary
necessary Transmission systems take advantage of the spatial dimension
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in systems take advantage of the spatial dimension
this system concretely, and plan to meet them, it
this
first system
defining concretely,
their and plan tobut
requirements, meet
it them,be
must it isemphasized
necessary in order
order to
to transmit
transmit information.
information. This
This technology
technology is is called
called
in order
Massive to transmit information. This technology is called
firstNUMBER
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emphasized Massive MIMO or Wide Field MIMO as it allows us
MIMO or Wide Field MIMO as it allows us to
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that is to these at one time, Massive
improve MIMO
the or Wide
throughput and Field MIMO of
performance as wireless
it allows us [9,
links to
that it is
as different not necessary
different applications to meet
applications will all
will put these elements
put different at
different requirementsone time,
requirements on improve the throughput and performance of wireless links [9,
improve
16]. the throughput provides
and performance of wireless links the
[9,
as
the new as different applications
performance. The following willelements
put different
are therequirements
system's major
on
on 16]. This
This technology
technology provides significant
significant support
support to to the
16]. This technology provides significant support to the
ation of requirements in each major dimension that must be met in
ed, this certain situations: data rate, delay, power and cost, density [5].
10 and The need for a higher data rate in all areas is receiving one
e of the of the greatest interests and this is discussed in this paper. Our
addition JUNE
view is that• VOLUME
2021 the improvements
XIII • NUMBERin2 5G system will be achieved 41
w delay, through combined gains in three categories [5]:
m ranges
will be A. Increase density greatly to improve the spectral
 INFOCOMMUNICATIONS JOURNAL
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channel model
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system through the use of a large number of antennas with a
time-dividing process. Multiple antennas help to focus power
in consistently smaller areas to provide significant
improvements in throughput, low latency, and radiated power
efficiency [6]. Whereas the expected throughput depends on
the propagation environment which provides orthogonal
channels converging to the user terminals [8].
In MIMO technology, communication takes place in two
ways: spatial diversity and spatial multiplexing. In spatial
diversity, the same data travels over different paths and the
data are received by multiple antennas and processed. Using
this technology, we can improve the reliability of the link. The
other technique is spatial multicast, where the data is divided
into small parts and each part is transmitted through a different
path and thus the transmission speed is increased at the
expense of less reliability [2].
The MIMO system generally consists of a number of
transmitting (M) and receiving (N) antennas and the
communications, and millimeter wave technology [2].
Figure 2 shows the Massive MIMO technology in a downlink
condition.
V. THE IMPORTANCE OF IMPROVING THE THROUGHPUT
There are two basic facts: firstly, the demand for wireless
productivity will always increase and secondly: the amount of
available electromagnetic frequency spectrum will not
increase. Taking into consideration that wireless
communications are radically different from optical fiber
communications, as more fibers can always be manufactured
and put in place, and there is no doubt that any future optical
demand will always be met. In contrast, there is no easy
solution to wireless throughput [10]. The throughput is
generally given to a given area by equation (2) [11]:
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 (
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
) = 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 (𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻) × 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
)×
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘2 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘2
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

communication channel through which the signal passes.
Thus, the general equation for this technique is given by the
equation (1) [2]:
𝑌𝑌 = 𝐻𝐻. 𝑋𝑋 + 𝑊𝑊 (1)
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 ( 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
) (2)
Our basic wireless problem arises in the physical layer of
how to reliably and uniformly provide increased overall
wireless throughput across a given region [10].
The previous simple relationship, equation (2) shows that
there are three main components that can be improved to
achieve higher throughput [11, 10]:

1. More bandwidth can be allocated to 5G services.

2. The network can be condensed by adding more cells
with access points operating independently.
3. The efficiency of data transmission (per cell and for a
specified range of bandwidth) can also be improved
and the use of multiple antennas at both the
transmitting and receiving ends.

Fig. 1. A Massive MIMO equation.

In this paper, Throughput has been calculated based on the
Where: Y=N×1 receiver matrix, H=N×M channel matrix, bit rate equation of the 5G system shown in equation (3) [14]:
X=M×1 transmitter matrix and W is the noise. This is
illustrated in Figure 1. Data Rate (Mbps) =
𝐽𝐽
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵(𝑗𝑗),𝑢𝑢
(𝑗𝑗) (𝑗𝑗) 𝑁𝑁𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 .12
We have two scenarios for these networks, internal and 𝑣𝑣 . 𝑄𝑄 . 𝑓𝑓 (𝑗𝑗) . 𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 . .
10−6 ∑ ( 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑢 ) (3)
external. For the external, the user terminal will communicate
(1 − 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 (𝑗𝑗) )
with the antennas distributed at the cell site, while the internal 𝑗𝑗=1
will be in cooperation with Wi-Fi technology, optical
where J is the number of aggregated component carriers in a
(𝑗𝑗)
band or band combination; Rmax=948/1024; 𝑣𝑣𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 is the
(𝑗𝑗)
maximum number of layers; 𝑄𝑄𝑚𝑚 is the maximum modulation
order and takes the following values (2 for QPSK, 4 for 16-
QAM, 6 for 64-QAM, 8 for 256-QAM); 𝑓𝑓 (𝑗𝑗) is the scaling
factor, the scaling factor can take the values 1, 0.8, 0.75, and
0.4. µ is the numerology (as defined in 3GPP TS 38.211) and
𝜇𝜇
can takes values from 0 to 5. 𝑇𝑇𝑆𝑆 is the average OFDM symbol
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵(𝑗𝑗),𝜇𝜇
duration in a subframe for numerology. 𝑁𝑁𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 is the
Fig. 2. Massive MIMO technology in the case of the downlink. maximum RB allocation in bandwidth. 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 (𝑗𝑗) with

42 JUNE 2021 • VOLUME XIII • NUMBER 2

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channel
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numerology μ where 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 (𝑗𝑗) is the UE supported maximum
bandwidth. 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 (𝑗𝑗) is the overhead and takes the following
values:
 FR1 frequency range: DL: 0.14; UL: 0.08
 FR2 frequency range: DL: 0.18; UL: 0.1
3 types, namely CDL-A, CDL-B and CDL-C [13]. We have
shown that there are differences between the three models in
terms of usage scenario [13]. All information such as formulas
and tables can be found in [13].
TABLE I
PARAMETERS USED DURING SIMULATION

VI. CHANNEL MODEL AND PROPAGATION SCENARIO Parameter Value

The Cluster Delay Line (CDL) channel model consists of a Code Rate 1/2
number of independent groups of delayed beams wherein each Modulation 16QAM
Subcarrier spacing (kHz) 30
group contains a number of multiple path components that
Resource block 30
have the same known delay values but differ in departure Layers 2
angles and arrival angles. The beam angle difference may be Number of sending frames 5
different from the base station with respect to the mobile The number of transmitting antennas 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256
The number of receiving antennas 2, 4, 8, 16
terminal and the displacement angles are Laplacian Channel models CDL-A. B. C
represented for each beam [12]. The CDL model takes into Parameter value
account all factors that affect the signal through the Code Rate 1/2
Modulation 16QAM
communication channel, in addition to the characteristics of Subcarrier spacing (kHz) 30
the transmitting and receiving antennas. (Massive MIMO Resource block 30
technology in this case.) In addition to the multi-path signal,
where in the real environment, the received signal usually
consists of a direct path and many paths, these paths differ in
number and depend on the interaction between the VII. IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS
electromagnetic wave and surrounding obstacles [12][13]. The Specific parameters were used during the simulation
signal obtained at the receiver (the receiving antenna) process, which are shown in Table 1.
corresponds to the sum of these waves that reach the receiver
VIII. PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTS
Here we will change the number of transmitting antennas
(Tx) related to Massive MIMO technology to the following
values: 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 and keep the number of
receiving antennas (Rx) equal to (2) and measure the extent to
which this change affects the throughput performance. These

Fig. 3. The multipath propagation scenario.

with different delays [12]. In some environments, such as

indoor, the Line-of-Sight (LOS) may not always be available.
In this case, the Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) pathways allow
communication as the signal in this case gets phase and
amplitude changes. Figure 3. illustrates the concept of
multipath propagation as well as the main propagation
Fig. 4. System throughput with a number of antennas (8, 16, 32, 64, 128 and
phenomena encountered [12]. 256×2) with (CDL-A) channel model.

This model was presented as one of the 5G models that
were presented in 3GPP TR 38.901 version 14.0.0
Release [13]. As it supports a frequency range between 0.5
and 100 GHz and supports channel bandwidth up to 2 GHz,
the propagation scenarios related to the NLOS are divided into
experiments in three scenarios for the channel model used
CDL-A, B, C will take a relationship between the system
throughput and Signal-to-Noise (SNR) value and compare the
results. In case CDL-A, we have Figure 4, in case CDL-B, we
have Figure 5, and in case CDL-C, we have Figure 6.

JUNE 2021 • VOLUME XIII • NUMBER 2 43


5G system throughput performance evaluation using
Massive-MIMO technology with Cluster Delay Line
channel model
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We will divide the notes and discussion on the previous
figures into two parts: the first relates to Massive MIMO
technology and the second relates to the channel model used.
With regard to the technology used, the increase in the
number of transmit antennas array led to improved
performance and consequently improved QOS for users.
Fig. 5. System throughput with a number of antennas (8, 16, 32, 64, 128 and
256×2) with (CDL-B) channel model.
Technically, it can be said that increasing the number of
transmit antennas array number contributed to an increase in
the number of bits arrive to receiver, including an increase in
the bit rate as this process contributes to improving the
spectral efficiency of the system, that is, the number of
transmitted bits/Hz.
Fig. 6. System throughput with a number of antennas (8, 16, 32, 64, 128 and
256×2) with (CDL-C) channel model.
As for the channel models used, we notice from the
previous figures that, the better performance of the system was
in the case of the CDL-C model, then CDL-A, then CDL-B.
As in case of the CDL-C model, the effect of increasing the
number of antennas was very clear with the curves, while this
clarity decreased in the CDL-A model and decreased further in
44
INFOCOMMUNICATIONS JOURNAL
5
the CDL-B model.
In general, the advantage of this technique is to obtain
higher system throughput at lower SNR values, that is, to
obtain good performance under difficult ambient conditions
and big noise.
Fig. 7. System throughput with a number of antennas (256×4, 256×8,
256×16) with (CDL-A) channel model.
IX. INCREASING THE RECEIVER ANTENNAS NUMBER
In this section, the simulation process is presented to
increase the number of receiving antennas while the number of
transmitting antennas remains constant with the effect of that
on throughput, the amount of bits reached to the user.
Fig. 8. System throughput with a number of antennas (2×2, 4×4, 8×8) with
(CDL-C) channel model.
As we see in Figure 7, The effect of increasing the number
of receiving antennas did not appear clearly and it may appear
if we raise the number to greater values up to 256, and this
matter requires an advanced computer with high and modern
capabilities and may take a longer time to implement the
operation with the increase in the number of antennas.
JUNE 2021 • VOLUME XIII • NUMBER 2
INFOCOMMUNICATIONS JOURNAL
5G system throughput performance evaluation using
Massive-MIMO technology with Cluster Delay Line
channel
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(DOUBLE-CLICK HERE TOof EDIT)
sight scenarios
< 6

X. SYSTEM PERFORMANCE WHEN USING MIMO [4] [3] Liang,

Zheng,W.,K., Leung,
Wang, V. B.,
Y., Li, C.,Wang,
Yang,W., L. Sheng,
L., & J.,Chatzimisios, P. "Guest
Han, Y. & Kishiyama,
Editorial Special Issue
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Massive MIMO Wireless Systems
field-trial withcomputing
over radio Massive
In this section, the case of using normal MIMO is presented MIMO".
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Study on channel model2017, May.
for frequencies from 0.5 to 100
[GHz",10] Marzetta,
ETSI, 3GPP T. L.TR"Massive MIMO:14.0.0
38.901 version an introduction".
Release. 2017. Bell Labs Technical
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[14] 3GPP TR,vol. 20, 11-22. 2015.
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Equipment (UE) radio access capabilities",
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"Detection of ISBN:
2x2 978-3-319-34206-1.
MIMO signals".
model as an example. In addition, we noticed a clear 2017. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-34208-5_4.
INFOCOMMUNICATIONS JOURNAL, vol. 12, n. 3, 24-30. 2020. DOI:

difference in throughput between this case and the case of [10.36244/ICJ.2020.3.4

12] Belhabib, M. "Investigation on radio channel over the air emulation by
[16] Csathó, B. T.,setup"
multi-probe Horváth, B. P., &
(Doctoral Horváth, P.Université
dissertation, Modeling Rennes
the near-field of
1). 2017.
Massive MIMO technology. We obtained higher throughput extremely large aperture arrays in massive MIMO systems.
[INFOCOMMUNICATIONS
13] 3GPP TR, "5G; Study on channel model
JOURNAL, vol. 12,forn.frequencies from 0.5
3, 39-46. 2020. to
DOI:
rates in the case of Massive MIMO compared to MIMO case. 100 GHz", ETSI,.3GPP TR 38.901 version 14.0.0 Release. 2017.
10.36244/ICJ.2020.3.6
[14] 3GPP TR, "5G-NR-User Equipment (UE) radio access capabilities",
XII. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK ETSI, 3GPP TS 38.306 version 15.3.0 Release 1.2018.
We notice from the previous results that the throughput of [15] Ladvánszky, J. "Detection of 2x2 MIMO signals".
INFOCOMMUNICATIONS John BaghousJOURNAL, obtainedvol. 12,license degree
n. 3, 24-30. 2020. in
the system has improved with the use of Massive MIMO
Telecommunication and electronic Engineering, master
doi: 10.36244/ICJ.2020.3.4
technology. Further, with the improvement of throughput, we degree in Advanced Telecommunication Engineering,
[16] Csathó, B. T., from Horváth, B. P.,
Faculty of & Horváth, P.Damascus
Engineering, ModelingUniversity,
the near-
will obtain higher values of bit rate at lower SNR values, and field of extremely largeataperture
lecturer arrays inInterested
the university. massive MIMO systems.
in all types of
we will obtain an improvement in the spectral efficiency. INFOCOMMUNICATIONS telecommunication JOURNAL,systemsvol. 12, n. mobile
especially 3, 39-46. 2020.
(4G, 5G
doi: 10.36244/ICJ.2020.3.6.
...etc.), wireless, WLAN, Wi-Fi, Li-Fi. Bluetooth etc.
Accordingly, we notice an improvement in the performance of
the studied system, and from it, this modern technology will
leave its effective impact on the ground and improve the user
John Baghous obtained license degree in Telecom-
experience. munication and electronic Engineering, master degree
In the future, we are looking forward to conduct further in Advanced Telecommunication Engineering, from
experiments on 5G system, in addition to study other Faculty of Engineering, Damascus University, lecturer
at the university. Interested in all types of telecom-
parameters and technologies related to this system, and we are munication systems especially mobile (4G, 5G ...etc.),
looking forward to develop in this regard. wireless, WLAN, Wi-Fi, Li-Fi. Bluetooth etc.

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