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PDF Taller II Sayuri - Compress
PDF Taller II Sayuri - Compress
KSTA\K
PK]KGK OA\KGCU UKZS\J
A\EJD0 2222-222<-285<-:;6<
KUCUA\K
Of. S\[SJKFK @SË\CP, C]CGZI OK\EJK
A\EJD0 2222-222<-=642-8<<3
EHJOLATC ― RC\Ð
<2<;
C[SJRA DC T\KLK@A
j
KSTA\(K)
Pkvkgk Oarkgcs Ukyurj
A\EJD0 2222-222<-285<-:;6<
KUCUA\K
Of. Srqujkfk @uërcz, Cvcgyi Okrejk
A\EJD0 2222-222<-=642-8<<3
Sijvcrsjdkd Ektõgjek Gas Ëifcgcs dc Ehjolatc, Mkeugtkd dc Dcrceha y
@S\KDA
A\EJD0 2222-222;-62::-=884
jj
KF\KDCEJOJCITA
jjj
K oj kscsar dc Tcsjs0
Ci su cscsmu
mucr
crza
za y dc
dcdj
djek
ekej
ejõi
õi,, lr
lrji
jidë
dëid
idai
aias
as su
suss ea
eaia
iaej
ejoj
ojci
cita
tas,
s,
arjcitkejaics, y tkoljêi k gk uijvcrsjdkd SGKDCEH par lrjidkroc cg
rcspkgda y oktcrjkg djdëetjea pkrk fujkroc ci cg dcskrragga dc gk tcsjs.
jv
DCDJEKTA\JK
K Djas0
Rar dkroc gk vjdk, atarfkroc gk skljdurïk, skgud, cicrfïk, y fujkr ekdk uia dc ojs pksas>
y ksï pcrojtjroc euopgjr uik dc ojs octks trkzkdks ci gk vjdk.
K oj okdrc0
K oj hj`a
Rarquc cs gk pcrsaik
pcrsaik jieaidjeja
jieaidjejaikg
ikg y cg scr oës okrkvjggasa k qujêi gc dcla oue
oueha
ha ci
êstk vjdk, cs cg oatar quc oc jispjrk k scr uik pramcsjaikg.
v
vj
\CUSOCI
vjj
KLUT\KET
Thc jivcstjfktjai hkd ks pralgco0 Vhkt krc thc ehkrketcrjstjes am thc praecss ai maad
rcdue
rcduetja
tjaii ji mjgc Ia.
Ia. XXXXXX
XXXXXXXXX
XXXXXX
XXXXXX
XXXXXX
XXX>> Uceaid
Uceaid Mkojgy
Mkojgy @u
@ustj
stjec
ec Eaurt
Eaurt
spcejkgjzcd ji mkojgy, Ehjolatc, @udjejkg Djstrjet am Ukitk, Rcru -<2<;1. Thc al`cetjvc
wks ta dctcrojic thc ehkrketcrjstjes am thc praecss uidcr study. Ks mar thc octhadagafy,
jt js am qukgjtktjvc qukitjtktjvc typc (ojxcd), dcserjptjvc cxpgarktary gcvcg, kid iai-
cxpcrjocitkg, rctraspcetjvc kid trkisvcrskg dcsjfi. Thc uijt am kikgysjs wks k `udjejkg mjgc,
scgcetcd ly eaivcijciec skopgjif> thc tcehijqucs am alscrvktjai kid eaitcit kikgysjs
wcrc uscd ta eaggcet thc dktk> kid ks ki jistruocit ki alscrvktjai fujdc. Thc rcsugts
rcvckgcd thkt jm hc jdcitjmjcd thc djgjfcit cmmcetjvcicss am thc eaopgjkiec am dckdgjics ly
thc okfjstrktcs, thc egkrjty am thc rcsagutjais wks cvjdciecd, mar dcoaistrktjif eaiejsc,
eaitcoparkry gkifukfc, kid mar iat dcoaistrktjif k eaopgcx wardjif, thc cvjdciec hks
lcci rcgcvkit, Ujiec thcy wcrc summjejcit kid icecsskry, mjikggy, thc gcfkg qukgjmjektjai am
thc mkets wks kppraprjktc.
vjjj
EAITCIJDA
Kfrkdcejojcita……………….………………………...………………………..……jv
Dcdjektarjk……………..…………………………….…………………….……..……v
\csuoci…………………………………………………………………………...…..vj
Klstrket……………………………………………………………………………….vjj
Eaitcijda…………………..……………………………………………………...…vjjj
Ïidjec dc rcsugtkdas………………..………………………………
rcsugtkdas………………..……………………………………………..…....jx
……………..…....jx
J. JIT\ADSEEJÕI........
JIT\ADSEEJÕI..............................
.............................................
.............................................
..................................................;
............................;
JJ. \C]JUJÕI DC GK GJTC\KTS\K..............................
GJTC\KTS\K....................................................
...........................................;=
.....................;=
<.;. Kitcecdcitc
Kitcecdcitcs.......................
s.............................................
............................................
............................................
.....................................;=
...............;=
<.<. Lkscs tcõrjeks dc gk jivcstjfkejõi....
jivcstjfkejõi..........................
............................................
..............................................<2
........................<2
<.<.; Lkscs tcõrjeks dc tjpa praecskg......
praecskg............................
............................................
..............................................
........................<2
<2
<.<.;.;. Rraecsa Ejvjg...................
Ejvjg.........................................
............................................
.............................................
..................................
...........<2
<2
;. Eaiecpta....
Eaiecpta..........................
............................................
............................................
............................................
........................................
.....................<2
...<2
<. Mjikgjdkd y al`cta dcg praec
praecsa
sa ejvjg......................................
ejvjg........................................................................<;
..................................<;
<.<.;.<. Gk Keejõi Rraecskg................................
Rraecskg......................................................
............................................
..................................<;
............<;
;. Eaiecpta....
Eaiecpta..........................
............................................
............................................
............................................
........................................
.....................<;
...<;
5. Muiejõi `urjsdjeejaikg.....
`urjsdjeejaikg...........................
............................................
............................................
............................................<4
......................<4
jx
4. Cg tjtugkr dc gk muiejõ
muiejõii `urjsdjeejaikg ci oktcrjk
oktcrjk ejvjg............................................<4
ejvjg............................................<4
<.<.;.=. Gk Eaopctciejk.
Eaopctciejk.......................
............................................
............................................
................................................<4
..........................<4
;. Eaiecpta....
Eaiecpta..........................
............................................
............................................
............................................
........................................
.....................<4
...<4
<. Rrjiejpja dc gk gcfkgjdkd dc gk eaopctciejk..........
eaopctciejk................................
............................................
............................<3
......<3
=. Rrahjljejõi dc Kuscitkrsc.....
Kuscitkrsc...........................
............................................
...........................................................
.....................................5:
5:
6. Jimarok dcg ecitra dc trklk`a sal
salrcrc rcouicrkejõi dcg dcok dcokidkda.............
idkda........................42
...........42
8. Gk pruclk ci cg praecs
praecsaa dc kgjocitas................................
kgjocitas......................................................
.....................................
...............42
42
:. Ocdjdks eku
ekutcgkrcs
tcgkrcs ci cg praec
praecsa
sa dc kgjocita
kgjocitas......................
s...................................................
................................42
...42
;2.Gk scitciejk ci cg praecsa dc kgjocitas........................
kgjocitas..............................................
........................................42
..................42
;;.Rkfa dc gk euatk kgjocitkrjk.................................
kgjocitkrjk.......................................................
.................................................4;
...........................4;
;<.Iaroktjvjdkd kpgjeklgc k praecsas eaicxas kg dc kgjocitas.....................
kgjocitas.................................4<
............4<
<.<.<.<. Gk Mkojgjk y Gk Muiejõi Kgjocitkrjk..................................
Kgjocitkrjk....................................................
.........................4<
.......4<
;. Eaiecpta.....
Eaiecpta...........................
............................................
............................................
............................................
..........................................
....................4<
4<
<. Jopartkiejks sa
saejkg
ejkg y `urïdjek dc gk mko
mkojgjk......................
jgjk............................................................45
......................................45
5. Tjpas dc Mkojgjk.............
Mkojgjk...................................
............................................
..................................................................
............................................45
45
4. Gk mkojgjk ci cg Dcrceha Rcrukia...
Rcrukia.........................
............................................
............................................
............................44
......44
3. Ekrketcrïstjeks.
Ekrketcrïstjeks.......................
.............................................
.............................................
............................................
.....................................
...............43
43
<.<.<.5. Dcrceha dc Mkojgjk..............
Mkojgjk....................................
............................................
....................................................4=
..............................4=
;. Eaiecpta.....
Eaiecpta...........................
............................................
............................................
............................................
..........................................
....................4=
4=
<. Ikturkgczk @urïdje
@urïdjekk dcg Dcrceha ddcc Mkojgjk.............
Mkojgjk...................................
..............................................
........................46
46
5. Ekrketcrïstjeks.
Ekrketcrïstjeks.......................
.............................................
.............................................
............................................
.....................................
...............46
46
4. Keta @urïd
@urïdjea
jea Mkojgjkr.......
Mkojgjkr..............................
.............................................
..............................................................
........................................4:
4:
<.<.<.4. Gas Kgjocitas.........
Kgjocitas...............................
............................................
...........................................................
..........................................32
.....32
;. Eaiecpta.....
Eaiecpta...........................
............................................
............................................
............................................
..........................................
....................32
32
<. Ikturkgczk @urïdjek...........
@urïdjek.................................
............................................
.........................................................
..........................................3<
.......3<
5. Mucitcs dc
dcgg Dcrceha Kgjo
Kgjocitkrja.............
citkrja...................................
..............................................................
........................................35
35
4. Ekrketcrïstjeks dcg Dcrceha Kgjocitkrja....................................
Kgjocitkrja................................................................
............................33
33
3. Ekrketcrcs......
Ekrketcrcs............................
............................................
............................................
............................................
........................................3=
..................3=
<.5. Okrea eaiecptukg...
eaiecptukg.........................
............................................
............................................
............................................
............................36
......36
JJJ. HJRÕTCUJU..............
HJRÕTCUJU....................................
............................................
............................................
............................................
.............................3:
.......3:
xj
J]. OCTADAGAFÏK............................
OCTADAGAFÏK...................................................
.............................................
................................................3:
..........................3:
4.;. Tjpa y ijvcg dc gk jivcstjfkejõi........................
jivcstjfkejõi..............................................
...................................................3:
.............................3:
4.;.;. Tjpa dc jivcstjfkejõ
jivcstjfkejõi........................
i..............................................
............................................
.....................................3:
...............3:
Gk jivcstjfkejõi scrë dc tjpa eukitjtktjvk ― eukgjtktjvk (Ojxtk).................................3:
(Ojxtk).................................3:
4.;.<.. Ijvc
4.;.< Ijvcgg dc jivc
jivcstjfk
stjfkejõi
ejõi......
...........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.............
..................
...................
.............=;
...=;
Cg ijvcg dc gk jivcstjfkejõi scrë cxpgarktarjk y dcserjptjvk..............................
dcserjptjvk.......................................=;
.........=;
4.<. Djscûa dc gk jivcstjfkejõi..........................
jivcstjfkejõi................................................
.........................................................=<
...................................=<
4.5. Sijdkd dc kiëgjsjs...........
kiëgjsjs.................................
............................................
............................................
.........................................=<
...................=<
4.4. Dcmjijejõi y apcrkejaikgjzkejõi
apcrkejaikgjzkejõi dc gk vkrjklgc c jidjekdarcs.............................=5
jidjekdarcs......................... ....=5
Eukdra ;. Dcmjijejõi y apcrkejaikgjzkejõi dc gk vkrjklgc ci cstudja...........................=4
cstudja...........................=4
4.3. Têeijeks c jistruocita dc rceagceejõi dc dktas............................
dktas..................................................=3
......................=3
4.=. Rraecdjojcita dc rceagceejõi y, pgki dc kiëgjsjs dc dktas...............
dktas..................................==
...................==
4.=.;. Gk prjocrk ctkpk..........................
ctkpk................................................
............................................
........................................
.........................==
.......==
4.=.<. Ucfuidk ctkpk............
ctkpk..................................
............................................
............................................
......................................
.....................==
.....==
4.=.5. Gk tcrecrk ctkpk.........
ctkpk...............................
............................................
............................................
............................................==
......................==
4.6. Oktrjz dc eaisjstciejk gõfjek.........................
gõfjek...............................................
............................................
................................=6
..........=6
Eukdra<. Oktrjz dc eaisjstciejk..
eaisjstciejk........................
............................................
...........................................................=8
.....................................=8
4.8. Rrjiejpjas êtjeas..........
êtjeas................................
............................................
............................................
.............................................=8
.......................=8
]. \CUSGTKDAU.....
\CUSGTKDAU...........................
............................................
............................................
............................................
.................................=:
...........=:
3.;. \csugtkdas dc gk jivcstjfkejõi......................
jivcstjfkejõi............................................
............................................
.................................=:
...........=:
3.<. Kikgjsjs dc gas rcsugtkdas............................
rcsugtkdas..................................................
............................................
...................................=:
.............=:
]J. EAIEGSUJAICU..
EAIEGSUJAICU........................
............................................
............................................
....................................................63
..............................63
\cmcrciejks ljlgjafrëmjeks......
ljlgjafrëmjeks............................
............................................
............................................
...........................................6=
.....................6=
KICXAU......................................................................................................................8<
Kicxa ;. Ucitciejks cxpcdjdks ci cg praecsa cxkojikda........................
cxkojikda..........................................
..................8<
8<
Kicxa <. Jistruocita dc rcea`a dc dktas0 Fuïk dc alscrvkejõi.....................
alscrvkejõi................................
...........:=
:=
Kicxa 5. Dcegkrkejõi dc eaopraojsa êtjea y ia pgkfja............
pgkfja..................................
................................:8
..........:8
Kicxa 4. Eraiafrkok dc ketjvjdkdcs....
ketjvjdkdcs..........................
............................................
...............................................::
.........................::
Kicxa 3. Rrcsupucsta........................
Rrcsupucsta...............................................
.............................................
................................................
..........................;22
;22
xjj
ÏIDJEC DC \CUSGTKDAU
xjjj
;. \csp
\cspceta
ceta ddcg
cg eu
euopgjojc
opgjojcita
ita ddcc pgk
pgkzas……
zas………………
……………………
……………………
…………………3
………366
<. \csp
\cspceta
ceta dc ggkk egkrjd
egkrjdkd
kd ci gk
gkss rcsa
rcsaguejai
guejaics………
cs…………………
………………….
………..………
.………….38
….38
5. \csp
\cspceta
ceta dc ggkk pcrtji
pcrtjiciejk
ciejk ddcc gas oc
ocdjas
djas pr
pralkta
alktarjas…
rjas……………
……………….…
…….………..
……..3:
3:
4. \csp
\cspceta
ceta dc ggkk jdaic
jdaicjdkd
jdkd ddcc gk ekgjm
ekgjmjekejõ
jekejõii `urïd
`urïdjek
jek dc ga
gass hceha
hcehas………
s………………=
………=22
xjv
J. JIT\ADSEEJÕI
JJJ. HJRÕTCUJU
Cg praecsa `udjejkg salrc rcdueejõi dc kgjocitas ci cg cxpcdjcitc
I²xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
I²xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx, Ucfuida @uzfkda
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx, Ucfuida @uzfkda XXXXXXXXXdc Rkz Gctrkda
Cspcejkgj
Cspcejkgjzkda
zkda ci Mkojgjk
Mkojgjk,, Ehjolatc, Djstrjta @udjejkg dcg Ukitk - Rcrð- cvjdciejõ gks
sjfujc
sjfujcitc
itcss ekr
ekrke
ketcrï
tcrïstj
stjek
eks0
s0 eu
euopg
opgjoj
jojcit
citaa dc pgk
pgkza>
za> kpgjek
kpgjekejõ
ejõii dc gk egkrjd
egkrjdkd
kd ci gks
rcsaguejaics> pcrtjiciejk citrc gas ocdjas pralktarjas eai gk prctcisjõi pgkitckdk, c
jdaicjdkd dc gk ekgjmjekejõi `urïdjek dc gas hcehas.
;
J]. OCTADAGAFÏK
4.;. Tjpa y ijvcg dc gk jivcstjfkejõi
Cg pc
pcrmjg
rmjg eu
eukgj
kgjtkt
tktjva
jva dcg pra
prayc
yceta
eta,, sc cvj
cvjdci
dciejk
ejkrë
rë ci gk sjougt
sjougtëic
ëickk eaieur
eaieurrci
rciejk
ejk dcg
kiëg
kiëgjs
jsjs
js y gk rcea
rceagc
gcee
eejõ
jõi,
i, parq
parquc
uc sa
saii ke
ketj
tjvj
vjdk
dkdc
dcss ic
icec
ecsk
skrj
rjks
ks pk
pkrk
rk jd
jdci
citj
tjmje
mjekr
kr ga
gass
jidjekdarcs dc gk vkrjklgc. Kdcoës> cg praecsa `udjejkg (al`cta dc cstudja) cs ui pradueta
dcg keejaikr huokia, quc cstëi cvjdciejkdas ci cg dcskrragga dcg praecsa `udjejkg, daidc
hky jitcrkeejõi dc gas su`ctas dcg praecsa lusekida gk eaitravcrsjk pgkitckdk> par ga
tkita, pkrk kikgjzkr gas rcsugtkdas sc kpgjekrë gk hcrociêutjek (jitcrprctkejõi) lkskdk ci
gk gjtcrkturk cspcejkgjzkdk dcskrraggkdk ci gks lkscs tcõrjeks dc gk jivcstjfkejõi, sus
ketjvjdkdcs ecitrkgcs scrëi0 k) suocrsjõi kg eaitcxta pcrtcicejcitc kg praecsa `udjejkg
(pkrk kscfurkr cg kecrekojcita kg mciõocia y, l) Jifrcskr k gas eaopkrtjocitas quc
eaopaici kg praecsa `udjejkg, rcearrcrgas pkgokrjkocitc pkrk rceaiaecr ci su eaitcijda
gas dktas earrcspaidjcitcs k gas jidjekdarcs dc gk vkrjklgc.
<
Ci sïitcsjs, scfði
scfði Hcriëidcz, Mcriëidcz
Mcriëidcz y Lkptjstk
Lkptjstk,, (<2;2) gk jivcstjfkejõi eukitjtktjvk
― eukgjtktjvk (ojxtk) ‗(…) jopgjek ui praecsa dc rceagceejõi, kiëgjsjs y vjieugkejõi dc
dktas eukitjtktjvas y eukgjtktjvas ci ui ojsoa cstudja a uik scrjc dc jivcstjfkejaics pkrk
rcspaidcr k ui pgkitckojcita dcg pralgcok‟ (p. 344). Ci cg prcscitc trklk`a, gk vkrjklgc
ci cstudja tjcic jidjekdarcs eukitjmjeklgcs> parquc sai kspcetas quc dclci okijmcstkrsc
ci djstjitks ctkpks dcg dcskrragga dcg praecsa `udjejkg (egkrjdkd, euopgjojcita dc pgkzas y
eaifruciejk)> par ga tkita pucdci eukitjmjekrsc y k su vcz jitcrprctkrsc dc keucrda k gks
lkscs tcõrjeks
tcõrjeks pkrk mkejgjtkr gk altc
altciejõi
iejõi dc gks ekrketcrïstjeks
ekrketcrïstjeks dcg mciõ
mciõocia
ocia cstudjkda.
cstudjkda.
lësjekocitc
lësjekoci tc sai ketjvjdkdcs quc qucdkrai rcfjstrkdas ci ui daeuocita (cxpcdjcitc
`udjejkg).
Rar ga cxpucsta, cg cstudja scrë ia cxpcrjocitkg, trkisvcrskg y rctraspcetjva.
Ci apjijõi dc Ecitty, (<222=)0 ‗Uai gas cgcocitas ci gas quc rcekc gk altciejõi dc
jimarokejõi y quc dclci dc scr dcmjijdas eai prapjcdkd, cs dcejr prcejskr, k qujci a k
qujcics sc vk k kpgjekr gk oucstrk pkrk cmcetas dc altcicr gk jimarokejõi‟ ( p.=:).
4
‗Gks
mc
mciõ
iõocvkrjklgcs
ocia sai
ia dc atra
atra ekrketcrïstjeks,
(Rcr
(Rcrsa
saik
ik,, al`c
al`ctaktrjlutas
ta,, palg
palgkequc
kejõi, pcrojtci
jõi, ci fc
fcic djstjifujr
icrk
rkgg dc ui uiAl`c
Alhceha
`cta
ta dca
Jivcstjfkejõi a kiëgjsjs), eai gk mjikgjdkd dc padcr scr kikgjzkdas y eukitjmjekdas,
gks vkrjklgcs sai ui \ceursa Octadagõfjea, quc cg jivcstjfkdar utjgjzk pkrk scpkrkr
a kjsg
kjsgkr
kr ga
gass pk
pkrt
rtcs
cs dcg
dcg tada
tada y tcic
tcicrr gk ea
eaoa
oadjdjdk
dkdd pk
pkrk
rk pa
padc
dcrr okic
okic`k
`krgk
rgkss c
jopgcocitkrgks dc okicrk kdceukdk‟.
kdceukdk‟.
Uai uijdkdcs copïrjeks dc kiëgjsjs oës cgcocitkgcs par eukita sc dcdueci dc gks
vkrjklgcs y kyudki k quc cstks copjceci k scr dcoastrkdks prjocra copïrjekocitc
y dcs
dcspuê
puêss eao
eaoaa rcm
rcmgcx
gcxjõi
jõi tcõ
tcõrje
rjek>
k> gas jidjek
jidjekdar
darcs
cs mke
mkejgjt
jgjtki
ki gk rceagc
rceagceej
eejõi
õi dc
jimarokejõi, pcra tkoljêi dcoucstrki gk al`ctjvjdkd y vcrkejdkd dc gk jimarokejõi
3
altcijdk, dc tkg okicrk sjfijmjeki cg csgklõi prjiejpkg citrc gks hjpõtcsjs, sus
vkrjklgcs y su dcoastrkejõi.
Rar su pkrtc, Ûkupks, Oc`ïk, Iavak y ]jggkfõocz, (<2;5) rcmjcrci0 ‗gas jidjekdarcs sai
okijmcstkejaicss vjsjlgcs u alscrvklgc
okijmcstkejaic alscrvklgcss dcg mciõocia‟ (p. ;=<).
Ci cg prcscitc trklk`a, gas jidjekdarcs sai kspcetas susecptjlgcs dc scr rceaiaejdas ci cg
jitcrjar dcg praecsa `udjejkg, sai dc ikturkgczk muidkocitkg ci cg dcskrragga praecskg,
prcvjstk ci cg okrea
okrea eaistjtuejai
eaistjtuejaikg
kg y gcfkg.
=
Ci cstk prapucstk gk citrkdk kg jitcrjar dcg praecsa `udjejkg cstkrë arjcitkdk par gas
al`ctjvas cspceïmjeas utjgjzkida gk fuïk dc alscrvkejõi, pkrk sjtukrsc ci gas puitas a
ctkpks dc aeurrciejk dcg mciõocia pkrk dctcetkr sus ekrketcrïstjeks, utjgjzkida pkrk cgga
gks lkscs tcõrjeks quc mkejgjtkrëi gk jdcitjmjekejõi dc gas jidjekdarcs lusekdas.
Ucrë par ctkpks, eklc dcstkekr quc gks ketjvjdkdcs dc rceagceejõi y kiëgjsjs prëetjekocitc
scrëi eaieurrcitcs>
eaieurrcitcs> kg rcspceta Gcijsc Da Rrkda> [ucgapkik Dcg ]kggc> Eaopcki Artjz, y
\csêidjz Faizëgcs (<228) cxpaici0
Gk rceagceejõi y kiëgjsjs dc dktas, cstkrë arjcitkdk par gas al`ctjvas cspceïmjeas eai gk
rcvjsjõi eaistkitc dc gks lkscs tcõrjeks, dc gk sjfujcitc marok0
4.=.;.
4.=.;. Gk prj
prjocr
ocrkk ctk
ctkpk.
pk. Ucrë uik ketjvjdkd kljcrtk y cxpgarktarjk, pkrk kscfurkr gk
kprax
kpraxjok
jokejõ
ejõii frk
frkduk
dukgg y rcm
rcmgcx
gcxjvk
jvk kg mci
mciõoc
õocia,
ia, arjcit
arjcitkd
kdkk par gas al`ctj
al`ctjvas
vas dc gk
jivcstjfkejõi y ekdk oaocita dc rcvjsjõi y eaoprcisjõi scrë eaiqujstk> ui gafra lkskda
6
Rar su pkrtc, Ekopas (<2;2) cxpaic0 ‗Uc prcscitk gk oktrjz dc eaisjstciejk gõfjek, ci
uik marok sjitêtjek, eai sus cgcocitas lësjeas, dc oada quc mkejgjtc gk eaoprcisjõi dc gk
eahc
eahcrc
rcie
iejk
jk jitc
jitcri
rikk qu
qucc dc
dclc
lc cxjs
cxjstj
tjrr citr
citrcc pr
prcf
cfui
uitk
tks,
s, al
al`c
`ctj
tjva
vass c hj
hjpõ
põtc
tcsj
sjss dc
jivcstjfkejõi‟ (p. 5).
Ci cg prayceta sc utjgjzk cg oadcga lësjea suserjta par Ekopas (<2;2) kg quc sc kfrcfkrë
cg eaitcijda dc gk hjpõtcsjs pkrk kscfurkr gk eahcrciejk dc sus rcspcetjvas eaitcijdas. K
eaitjiukejõi gk oktrjz dc eaisjstciejk dc gk prcscitc jivcstjfkejõi ci su oadcga lësjea.
:
±Cxjstcc pcrtji
±Cxjst pcrtjicie
ciejk
jk citrc
citrc 5. Jdcitj
Jdcitjmje
mjekr
kr gk pcrtji
pcrtjicie
ciejk
jk Uj cxjstc pcrtjiciejk citrc gas
gas ocdjas pralktarjas eai citrc gas ocdjas
ocdjas pralktarjas
pralktarjas oc
ocdjdjas
as prpral
alkkta
tarj
rjas
as eai gk
gas puitas
puitas eaitra
eaitravcr
vcrtjda
tjdass eai gk(s
gk(s)) pr
prct
ctccisjõ
isjõi(
i(cs
cs)) prctcisjõi pgkitckdk, ci cg
cstklgcejdas y gk(s) pgkitckdks ci cg praecsa ci praecsa ci cstudja
prctcisjõi(cs) pgkitckdk(s) cstudja
ci cg praecsa ci cstudja1
±Gk ekgjmjekejõi `urïdjek dc 4. Jdcitjmjekr sj gk ekgjmjekejõi Gk ekg
ekgjmj
jmjeke
ekejõi
jõi `ur
`urïdj
ïdjek
ek dc gas
gas hcehas mucrai jdõicas `urïdjek dc gas hcehas mucrai hcehas, sj mucrai jdõicas pkrk
pkrk sustcitkr gk(s) jdõica
jdõ icass pkrk
pkrk sustci
sustcitkr
tkr gk(s)
gk(s) sustci
sustcitkr
tkr gk(s)
gk(s) prctci
prctcisjõ
sjõi(c
i(cs)
s)
prctcisjõi(cs) pgkitckdk(s) prctcisjõi(cs) pgkitckdk(s) ci pgkitckdk(s) ci cg praecsa ci
ci cg praecsa ci cstudja cg praecsa ci cstudja. cstudja
Eaoa qujcrk quc gas dktas rcqujcrci scr jitcrprctkdas, cg kiëgjsjs erïtjea dcg al`cta dc
cstud
cstudja
ja (pr
(prae
aecsa
csa `ud
`udjej
jejkg)
kg) sc rckgjz
rckgjzkrë
krë dci
dcitra
tra dc gas gji
gjicko
ckojci
jcitas
tas êtj
êtjeas
eas lësjea
lësjeas0
s0
al`ctjvjdkd, haicstjdkd, rcspcta dc gas dcrcehas dc tcrecras, y rcgkejaics dc jfukgdkd
(Sijvcrsjdkd dc Ecgkyk, <2;;) ksuojcida eaopraojsas êtjeas kitcs, durkitc y dcspuês
dcg praecsa dc jivcstjfkejõi> pkrk euopgjr cg prjiejpja dc rcscrvk, cg rcspcta k gk djfijdkd
huokik y cg dcrceha k gk jitjojdkd (Klkd y Oarkgcs, <223).
;2
Eai cstc mji, cg jivcstjfkdar(k) suserjljrë uik dcegkrkejõi dc eaopraojsa êtjea pkrk
kscfurkr gk klstciejõi dc têrojias kfrkvjkitcs, djmusjõi dc gas hcehas `udjejkgjzkdas y
dktas dc gk jdcitjdkd dc gas su`ctas dcg praecsa, hkljdas ci gk uijdkd dc kiëgjsjs> sji
cicrvkr gk arjfjikgjdkd y vcrkejdkd dcg eaitcijda dc gk jivcstjfkejõi dc eaimarojdkd kg
\cfgkocita dc \cfjstra dc Frkdas y Tïtugas pulgjekda par gk Uupcrjitcidciejk Ikejaikg
dc Cduekejõi Uupcrjar Sijvcrsjtkrjk (USICDS) (Cg Rcrukia, 8 dc sctjcolrc dcg <2;=)
Kicxa 5.
]. \CUSGTKDAU
3.;. \csugtkdas dc gk jivcstjfkejõi
(CTKRK RC\TJICITC
R\AECUKG)
KDOJUA\JA DC K\T 4<4 ERE
DCOKIDK
MJ@KEJAI DC
@SCP RSITAU
EAIT\A]C\TJDA
U
Krt 32 ERE, x
cstklgcec quc `ucz
UCITCIEJK
tjcic ;3 dïks pkrk
cojtjr scitciejk
RK\TC KETSKDA K\T 4<4 ERR
DCOKIDKITC R\AECUKG
(LKUC
RC\TJICITC R\AECUKG)
RK\TC KETSKDA K\T 44< ERR
DCOKIDKDK R\AECUKG
(LKUC
RC\TJICITC R\AECUKG)
CITCIDJLGC
-MKEJG
EAOR\CIUJAI
DCG RÐLGJEA
EAIDSECIEJK
-STJGJDKD
DC GK EAIDSETK
x
;3
;=
]J. EAIEGSUJAICU
EAIEGSUJAICU‟‟
‗
;6
]C\JMJEK\ UJ
CUTKU
\CMC\CIEJKU UC
\CMC\CIEJKU LJLGJAF\ËMJEKU
LJLGJAF\ËMJEKU CIESCIT\KI CI US
JIMA\OC UAI DC
GK OCTADAGAFJK
Klkd
Klkd,, U.
U.,, & Oa
Oarkrkgc
gcs,
s, @. (<22
(<223)
3).. Cg dcrceha dc keecsa k gk jimarokejõi pðlgjek ―
Rrjvkejdkd dc gk jitjojdkd pcrsaikg y mkojgjkr. Fk Fkect
ectk
k @u
@urïd
rïdje
jek.
k. Gk
Eaistjtuejõ
Eaistjtuejõii Eaocitkdk
Eaocitkdk.. Kiëgjsjs
Kiëgjsjs krtïeuga krtïeuga. Alrk eagcetjvk cserjtk
krtïeuga par krtïeuga.
par ;;6 kutarcs dcstkekdas ddcg
cg Rkïs. (pëfs.8
(pëfs.8;-;;=).
;-;;=). Gjok, Rcrð
Ekopas,
Ekopas, V. (<2;2)
(<2;2).. Kpuitcs dc Octadagafïk dc gk Jivcstjfkejõi Ejcitïmjek. Okfjstcr
UKE. Eaisugtarcs Ksaejkdas.
htp0//crp.ugkdceh.cdu.pc/krehjvas/25/252;</krehjva/22;<86/<8<</22;<86<2;524<4
232<<;.pdm
Ekop
Ekopas
as,, F.
F.,, & Gu
Gugc
gc,, I. (<2;
(<2;<)
<) Gk alscrvkejõi, ui oêtada pkrk cg cstudja dc gk
rckgjdkd. https0//djkgict.uijrja`k.c
https0//djkgict.uijrja`k.cs/scrvgct/krtjeuga1ead
s/scrvgct/krtjeuga1eadjfa?5:6::6<
jfa?5:6::6<
Cg pcruk
pcrukia.
ia. Djkrj
Djkrjaa Amj
Amjejk
ejkg.g. (<2
(<2;=)
;=).. Kpruclki0 \cfgkocita dc \cfjstra Ikejaikg dc
Trklk`as dc Jivcstjfkejõi pkrk aptkr frkdas kekdêojeas y tïtugas pramcsjaikgcs
― \CIKTJ. \csaguejõi dcg Eaisc`a Djrcetjva I² 255-<2;=- USICDS/ED -
Uupcrjitcidciejk
Uupcrjitcidciejk Ikejaikg dc Cduekejõi Uupcrjar Sijvcrsjtkrjk ^USICDS_.
Cxpcdjcitc I² 2;4<<-<2;3-2-<32;-@\-GK-2;.
2;4<<-<2;3-2-<32;-@\-GK-2;. Rrjocr @uzfkda Cspcejkgjzkda dc Trklk`a.
Ehjolatc. Djstrjta @udjejkg dcg Ukitk . Rcrð
;8
Gcijs
Gcijsc,
c, O., [ucgapk
[ucgapkik
ik K., Eaop
Eaopck
cki,
i, G., & \csêi
\csêidjz
djz,, C. (<228
(<228).
). Cg djscûa ci gk
jivcstjfkejõi eukgjtktjvk. Ci0 Gcijsc Da Rrkda, O., Dc Uauzk, O., & Ekrrkra,
T. Jivcstjfkejõi eukgjtktjvk ci cimcrocrïk0 eaitcxta y lkscs eaiecptukgcs . Ucrjc
RKGTC
KGTCXX Ukgu
Ukgudd y Uaejc ejcdkd <222
222 I² :. Vksh
Vkshji
jiffta
taii0 Arfk
Arfkiijz
jzke
kejõ
jõii
Rkikocrjekik dc gk Ukgud
Oc`ïk,
Oc`ïk, @. (<224
(<224).
). Ualrc gk Jivcstjfkejõi Eukgjtktjvk. Iucvas Eaiecptas y ekopas dc
dcskrragga.
htp0//www.sjsljl.uioso.cdu.pc/Ljl]jrukgDkk/pulgjekejaics/jivQsaejkgcs/I;5Q<22
4/k;3.pdm
Tkoky
Tkokya,
a, O. (<2
(<2;<)
;<).. Cg praecsa dc gk jivcstjfkejõi ejcitïmjek. Jieguyc cvkgukejõi y
kdojijstrkejõi dc praycetas dc jivcstjfkejõi. 3tk. cdjejõi. Gjousk. Oêxjea.
;:
<2
KICXAU
Kicxa ;. Ucitciejks cxpcdjdks ci cg praecsa cxkojikda
DC CUEKICA
<;
CXTCORA\KICK,
sc dcegkrõ rclcgdc k gky
<<
dcokidkdk.
-Rkrtc \csagutarjk dc gk
Kudjciejk Ðijek, Uc
dcegkrõ
JOR\AECDCITC gk
dcokidk salrc
\CDSEEJÕI
RCIUJÕI DC DC
KGJOCITAU> sji
eastas praecskgcs y sji
eastks.
-\csaguejõi I² ;<, sc
eaimjroõ gk scitciejk
eaitcijdk ci gk
rcsaguejõi 2=, quc
dcegkrõ jopraecdcitc
gk dcokidk dc
rcdueejõi dc pcisjõi
dc kgjocitas.
<5
@udjejkg dcg Ukitk ― Rcrð. <2<2, sc keecdjõ k jimarokejõi, par ga tkita sc eaiaejõ gas
hcehas c jdcitjdkd dc gas su`ctas pkrtïejpcs, par ga tkita dc keucrda kg prcscitc
daeuocita dciaojikda0 Dcegkrkejõi dc eaopraojsa êtjea, gk kutark dcegkrk quc ia
Dcegkrkejõi
djmuidjrë ij hcehas ij jdcitjdkdcs ci ijifði ocdja, par cgga sc sustjtujrë gas dktas dc
gks pcrsaiks eai eõdjfas tkgcs eaoa K, L, E, D, cte. pkrk rcmcrjrsc ci klstrketa, ci
scûkg dc rcspcta dc gk djfijdkd dc gks pcrsaiks y cg prjiejpja dc rcscrvk.
IAOL\C Z KRCGGJDA
KRCGGJDA
DIJ I² XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
<4
\AIAF\KOK DC K TJ]JDKDCU
Kû Kû
I
² Ketjvjdkdcs a
<2 a
<2
<2 <;
Ucocstrc J Ucocstrc JJ Ucocstrc J Ucocstrc JJ
Ocs O O O
cs cs cs
; < 5 4 ; < 5 4 ; < 5 4 ; < 5 4
; Cgklarkejõi dcg Rrayceta
< \cvjsjõi dcg prayceta par cg
`urkda dc jivcstjfkejõi
jivcstjfkejõi
5 Kpralkejõi dcg prayceta
prayceta par cg
@urkda dc Jivcstjfkejõi
4 Cxpasjejõi dcg prayceta kg @urkda
dc Jivcstjfkejõi
3 Oc`ark dcg okrea tcõrjea y
octadagõfjea
= Cgklarkejõi y vkgjdkejõi dcg
jistruocita dc rceagceejõi dc
Dktas
6 Cgklarkejõi dcg eaiscitjojcita
jimarokda (*)
8 \ceagceejõi dc dktas
: Rrcscitkejõi
dc rcsugtkdas
; Kiëgjsjs c Jitcrprctkejõi
Jitcrprctkejõi dc gas
2 rcsugtkdas
; \cdkeejõi dcg jimaroc
; prcgjojikr
; \cvjsjõi dcg jimaroc mjikg dc gk
5 tcsjs par cg @urkda dc
Jivcstjfkejõi
; Kpralkejõi dcg jimaroc
jimaroc mjikg
4 dc gk tcsjs
par cg @urkda
dc
Jivcstjfkejõi
; Rrcscitkejõi dc paiciejk ci
3 `arikdks dc jivcstjfkejõi
jivcstjfkejõi
; \cdkeejõi dc krtïeuga
= ejcitïmjea
<3
Kicxa 3. Rrcsupucsta
Uul
Tatkgtatkgprcs
atkg prcsup
upuc
ucssta ia
ia <3<.22
=3<.22
dcscolagsklgc
Tatkg (U/.) :;3.22
<=