Sandmeyer’s reaction When the solution of freshly prepared diazonium salt is mixed with

cuprous chloride or cuprous bromide with HCl or HBr ,results in the replacement of the
diazonium group by –Cl or –Br.

Finkelestein reaction

Swarts

Reimer-Tiemann reaction:
On treating phenol with chloroform in the presence of sodium hydroxide, a –
CHO group is introduced at ortho position of benzene ring.
The intermediate substituted benzal chloride is hydrolysed in the presence
of alkali to produce salicylaldehyde

Kolbe’s reaction : Phenoxide ion generated by treating phenol with sodium

hydroxide and then undergoes electrophilic substitution with carbon dioxide,
Ortho hydroxy benzoic acid is formed as the main reaction product on
hydrolysis

Williamson synthesis :-In this method, an alkyl halide is allowed to react with
sodium alkoxide to form ether
Unit 12
CH3CHO + H CH3CH3
2HCHO + NaOH --------------à HCOONa + CH3OH
OR (CH3CH2COOH)