Assignment #1

Course Title: - Distribute System

Name:- Yetsedaw Worku Tadesse

Submitted to Faizur Rashid (PhD)

DATE: 11/12/2022
Q1. Use the World Wide Web as an example to illustrate the concept of resource sharing,
client and server. What are the advantages and disadvantages of HTML, URLS and HTTP
as core technologies for information browsing? Are any of these technologies suitable as
a basis for client-server computing in general?
Solution
Resource Sharing:- Resource sharing concept: World Wide Web Pages are examples of
resources that are shared. Each web page can be used by multiple web users at the same
time. This means that the web page resources are shared by multiple users at the same
time. Computer Resources which are made available from one host to other hosts on a
network. It also allows multiple user access data simultaneously. Web Pages are examples
of resources that are shared. The thing that does management of web pages is web server
where these web pages are stored from where different users can access those web pages
at same time where these resources are stored in web server made available for sharing
between users.
Client Server:- In general, all of the machines on the Internet can be categorized as two
types: servers and clients. Those machines that provide services (like Web servers or FTP
servers) to other machines are servers. And the machines that are used to connect to those
services are clients. Client and Server is an architecture where client is the user’s browser
from where requests are generated from web pages and server is also a computer these
web pages are stored.
HTML Advantages& Disadvantages:- HTML is a relatively straightforward language
to parse and render but it confuses presentation with the underlying data that is being
presented.There are many advantages and disadvantages of HTML including
compatibility and difficulty of use.
Advantage
All Web browsers can read HTML files and webpages .
It is widely used.
Much of the code can be customized by someone who knows proper HTML
formatting.
HTML also allows the use of templates ,which makes designing a webpage easy.
Every browser supports HTML language.
Easy to learn and use .
Do not need to purchase any extra software because it is by default in every
window .
Disadvantage
Language can be difficult to decipher ,especially since one small errors can be
costly.
 Time it takes to choose the colour scheme of a page to code.
I need to write a lot of code for making a simple webpage .
Security features are not good at HTML .
If we need to write long code for making a webpage then it produces some
complexity.
URLs Advantages & Disadvantages:-
A Uniform Resource Locator(URL),commonly informally termed a web address is a
reference to a web resource that specifies its location on a computer network and a
mechanism for retrieving it.
Advantages
They were helped get around this problem.
URLs are efficient resource locators
Disadvantages
Unfortunately URL redirection can be easily used to lead people to malicious
sites(Phishing).
They are not sufficient rich as resource links. For example ,they may point at a
resource that has been relocated or destroyed; their granularity(a whole resource
)is too coarse-grained for many purposes.
Short URLs can be difficult to memorize .
Third party short URL service can shut down .
HTTP Advantages and Disadvantages
HTTP(Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the set of rules for transferring files(text, graphic
images, sound ,video, and other multimedia files) on the World Wide Web.
Advantages
It offers lower CPU.
It offers reduced network congestion.
It reports errors without closing the TCP connection .
HTTP is a simple protocol that can be implemented with a small footprint ,and
which can be put to use in many types of content transfer and other types of
service.
Disadvantages
Its verbosity makes it inefficient for passing small amount of data.
It can be used for point to point connection
HTTP and URLs are acceptable as a basis for client-server computing except that
1. There is no strong type checking(web services operate by-value type checking
without compiler support).
2. There is the inefficiency that we have mentioned.

Q2. Describe Trend, Focus, and Challenges in context to World Wide Web.
Solution
Trend
Trends in WWW searching include topics such as new search methods, natural language
processing in search engines, software agents, and the influence of the XML markup
language on search efficiency. Progressive Web Apps (PWA) Accelerated Mobile Pages
(AMP) Responsive websites. Optimization for voice search.
Focus
Challenges
It's too easy for misinformation to spread on the web.
Political advertising online needs transparency and understanding.
Lost control of personal data.
Content Gap:-Creation of locally-relevant content on the Web is impeded in many
places, not by lack of the Internet, but by a lack of knowledge. Life-critical
information and services are in limited supply, especially for those who need help
the most.
Technology Gap. More than one billion people who read poorly, read only
languages not well-supported on the Web, or have disabilities are inhibited from
creating and consuming Web content because of the current state of technology and
practice. In addition, the introduction of incompatible and proprietary technologies,
uninformed policies, censorship and other challenges threaten the vision of the Web
as a single, universal medium for the sharing of information for all people.
Research Gap:- The Web is not just technology, but “humanity connected by
technology”. Even experts do not fully comprehend the complexity and potential of
this evolving system of people, information and links. This is a risk to the creative,
yet responsible, evolution of the Web. (see the Web Foundation’s response)
Q3.List the three main software components that may fail when a client process invokes a
method in a server object, giving an example of a failure in each case. Suggest how the
components can be made to tolerate one another’s failures.
Solution
The three main software components that may fail are:
The client process e.g. it may crash
The server process e.g. the process may crash
The communication software e.g. a message may fail to arrive
The failures are generally caused independently of one another. Examples of dependent
failures:
If the loss of a message causes the client or server process to crash. (The crashing of
a server would cause a client to perceive that a reply message is missing and might
indirectly cause it to fail).
If clients crashing cause servers problems.
If the crash of a process causes a failures in the communication software.
Both processes should be able to tolerate missing messages. The client must tolerate a
missing reply message after it has sent an invocation request message. Instead of making
the user wait forever for the reply, a client process could use a timeout and then tell the user
it has not been able to contact the server.
A simple server just waits for request messages, executes invocations and sends replies. It
should be absolutely immune to lost messages. But if a server stores information about its
clients it might eventually fail if clients crash without informing the server (so that it can
remove redundant information.