Unit 9

Democracy and Human Rights

Inauguration Speech of Nelson Mandela
Ways with words
A. Find the words in the text that mean the same as the following. The first
letters are given.
a. the system that completely separated black people from white people (a .........)
Answer: apartheid
b. formal objection (p.........) Answer: protest
c. an ethnical group of people (t........)Answer: tribe
d. an act undertaken to achieve a set goal (c .........)Answer: campaign
e. the formal beginning of any movement (i ........)Answer: inauguration
f. a strong feeling of excitement and happiness (e ..........)Answer: exhilaration
g. being set free from legal, social, or political restrictions (e ............)
Answer: emancipation
B. Find these words in a dictionary and write their meanings as they are used
in the text.
a. liberty
Answer: the state of being free to live as you choose without too many restrictions
from government or authority
b. conflict
Answer: a serious disagreement between / among people or groups with opposing
opinions or principles
c. ideology
Answer: a set of beliefs that an economic or political system is based on
d. oppression
Answer: cruel and unfair treatment of authority or power
e. privilege
Answer: something that are proud and lucky to have the opportunity to do
f. dignity
Answer: the fact of being worthy of honor and respect
g. surrender
Answer: to give up control of something when you are forced to
h. reconciliation
Answer: the restoration of a good relationship
C. The 'd' or 'ed' in the following verbs have different pronunciation. Put
these verbs in the correct box.
[asked, killed, missed, ended, decided, washed, visited, lasted, watched, picked,
smiled, fixed, walked, blessed, brushed, stopped, wanted, reached, laughed,
enjoyed]
/t/ /d/ /ɪd/
asked, missed, washed, watched, picked, ended, decided, visited,
killed,
fixed, walked, blessed (v), brushed, stopped, lasted, blessed (adj),
smiled
reached, laughed wanted, enjoyed
D. Put these nouns into the correct box according to the pronunciation of the
plural suffix: s/es.
[cats, dogs, horses, houses, books, roofs, boys, rooms, girls, noises, shops, trees,
pages, babies, benches, classes]
/s/ /z/ /ɪz/
cats, books, roofs, dogs, boys, rooms, horses, houses, noises, pages, babies,
shops girls, trees, benches, classes

Grammar
Modals: should and had better
Should –
 to give advice and suggestions/
 To mean that you expect something to happen in the future.
For Example, Prime Minister said he's on his way. He should be here soon.
You should wake up earlier.
My sister is late again. She should have gotten here before 15
minutes.
You should go to PAPU Cafe if you want to eat amazing food.
Had better –
 to give strong advice with bad consequences (warning).
For Example, You had better give up smoking or you'll die.
Lowrence had better not be late again or he’ll lose his job.
It’s a hot day. You had better wear light cotton clothes before going
outside or you’ll face hot.

B. Complete the sentences with should or shouldn't. Use one of these verbs.
[drink, visit, leave, roam, quit]
a. You have really done a wonderful job. I recommend you shouldn’t leave it.
b. That's a very dangerous area. Tourists shouldn’t visit there.
c. I'm going to be late. Do you think I should leave now?
d. Children shouldn’t drink sugary drinks. It's not very healthy.
e. I have lots of homework. I shouldn’t roam here and there today.

C. Put in had better or should.

a. I think you should learn English to enroll a university course.
b. It's a great film. You should go and see it.
c. I have to meet my friend in ten minutes. I had better go now or I'll be late.
d. These biscuits are delicious. You should try one.
e. We had better get to the airport by 2 pm or else we may miss the flight.
f. When people are driving, they should keep their eyes on the road.
g. I should get up early tomorrow. I've got a lot to do.

Comprehension
Answer these questions.
a. What were the restrictions imposed on the Blacks in South Africa?
Answer: Racial segregation and political and economic discrimination were the
restrictions imposed on the Blacks in South Africa.
b. Why was Mandela arrested?
Answer: Mandela was arrested because he was charged with organizing an armed
wing of the ANC.
c. How did he describe racism and racial oppression?
Answer: He described racism and racial oppression as the pernicious ideology and
practice.
d. Why did he thank all the international guests?
Answer: He thanked all the international guests for having come to take
possession with the people of his country of what is a common victory for justice,
for peace and for human dignity.
e. Why did he think that people in his country had achieved political
emancipation?
Answer: He thought that people in his country had achieved political emancipation
to liberate themselves from the continuing bondage of poverty, deprivation,
suffering, gender and other discrimination.
e. What is the main point of Mandela's speech?
Answer: The main point of Mandela’s speech is that people of South Africa
should build a society where there will be justice, peace, rights, and equality for all
people.
Critical thinking
a. What does Mandela mean when he says - a rainbow nation at peace with
itself and the world?
Mandela says, ‘a rainbow nation at peace with itself and the world’ which
means the unity of multi religions, multi-cultures and togetherness of many
different nations, in a country once recognized with the division of white and black
under the Apartheid rule.
Rainbow is the combination of seven colors. South Africa is referred to a Rainbow
Nation to describe the unity of various cultural, racial or ethnic groups in the
country during the post-apartheid period, compared to the earlier division on the
basis of skin color. In some South African cultures, the rainbow symbolizes hope
and bright future.
Mandela anticipated the peaceful place where they could build the society in which
all South Africans, both Black and White could live without any fear in their hearts
with absolute right to human dignity. He wanted them to live and work together in
unity like the band of colours in a rainbow. He wished they could have forgotten
the vicious and repressive past.
b. Mandela should have avenged on those who imprisoned him for such a long
period. Instead, he followed the path of reconciliation. Why do you think he
did so?
Mandela led his country wisely, promoting reconciliation and living up to the
expectations of supporters around the world. He successfully steered a country in
chaos, towards a negotiated settlement. He validated national reconciliation, an
idea he did not merely foster in the abstract, but performed with confidence in
reaching out to former opponents. He never avenged on those who imprisoned
him, tortured his people, and committed horrible atrocities against the non-white
populaces in South Africa.
Mandela possessed the capacity of forgiveness. He believed that the feeling of
rivalry, avenge and enmity divides the people and creates commotion and disorder.
For him, a division in a society interrupts harmony among the people. Reigning
over the transition from apartheid minority rule to a multicultural democracy, he
saw national reconciliation as the fundamental task of his presidency.
Having examined other post-colonial African economies spoiled by the departure
of white elites, Mandela reassured South Africa's white population that they were
protected and represented in South Africa. He made his people believe that
prosperity couldn’t be possible without unity. His aim was to liberate all his people
from the continuing bondage of poverty, deprivation, suffering, gender and other
discrimination.
c. Why and how have societies struggled with segregation in the world? Do
you find any evidence of segregation in your society? Discuss.
Segregation is the social separation of human beings on the basis of any number of
factors, including race, ethnicity, or nationality. It is taken to describe a condition
of inequality. Many societies have struggled with this problem in the world. Racial
segregation is one of the most common forms of segregation and is generally
forbidden, but can still exist through social norms even when there is no strong
individual preference for it. Racial segregation has appeared in all parts of the
world where there are multiracial communities.
The practice of segregation can also be intentional or self-imposed. Any form of
segregation can lead to social, economic and political tensions. The treatment of
minorities as inferior beings makes them avoid the main stream society. The idea
of segregation denies civil and political rights of the oppressed groups. This
established practice often hinders fundamental integration and equality. Such
practice is habitually expressed, for example, in the rejection of equal opportunities
affecting individuals’ living conditions. The oppression has been knowledgeable
throughout history by women, members of castes, homosexuals, and assorted
religious groups.

The Nepalese law doesn’t endorse any segregated society in terms of religion,
caste and ethnicity. However, it is acknowledged due to its innate existing nature in
the societies. Entry into the inner courtyard of Pashupati temple is strictly
supervised by the temple security. Hindu and Buddhist followers of Indian and
Tibetan descendant are only permitted into temple courtyard. Hindus and
Buddhists followers of other than Nepali, Indian, Tibetan origin is forbidden into
the temple complex along with other non - Hindu visitors.

Writing