SUBMITTED TO:

SIR DR. FAHEEM BUTT

SUBMITTED BY:
CHAUDHARY FAZEEL AHMED
DESIGN OF STEEL 18-CE-61
SECTION: A
STRUCTURES
Theory Project
 DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES

Table of Contents
Problem Statement .......................................................................................................................... 2
Chapter 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 3
Chapter 2 ......................................................................................................................................... 4
Conceptual Modelling of the Bridge........................................................................................... 4
Chapter 3 ......................................................................................................................................... 5
Loadings ...................................................................................................................................... 5
Dead Load ................................................................................................................................... 6
Self -load of the Truss ................................................................................................................. 6
Live Load .................................................................................................................................... 6
Wind Load ................................................................................................................................... 6
Snow Load................................................................................................................................... 6
Seismic Loads ............................................................................................................................. 7
Chapter 4 ....................................................................................................................................... 13
Modelling of the bridge............................................................................................................. 13
Chapter 5 ....................................................................................................................................... 19
Chapter 6 ....................................................................................................................................... 23
Advantage of using SAP2000 ....................................................................................................... 25
List of Members ............................................................................................................................ 25
Conclusion..................................................................................................................................... 27
References ..................................................................................................................................... 27

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Problem Statement
There are small villages along the banks of the river Jhelum close to Sri Nagar Road in Azad
Jammu and Kashmir (as shown in Figure 1). The people of these villages generally need to go
across the river to meet their relatives living on the opposite side and to purchase grocery and
related items as well. The previous means of bridge was an old bridge which has been damaged
and is unreliable. A national charity organization with the support of the local government
initiated the step to build a permanent pedestrian bridge comprising of steel trusses, keeping in
view the safety and reliability.

The river flows through this region in a gorge with a varying depth from 100-300 feet. The
selected location of the bridge site at Chinar has a width of 30m between the two ends of the
river as shown in the schematic sketch below (Figure 2). The bridge may comprise of two trusses
as supporting structures for a deck made up of timber planks. Assume that the trusses are simply
supported and the load on the deck is equally distributed between the two trusses. Therefore,
only one truss needs to be designed which will be replicated on the other side of the deck. The
load to be considered for the design of the pedestrian bridge is due to the people walking over it
with their daily grocery items as well as occasional gifts for their relatives. To maintain safety
for pedestrians, the side railings will be welded with the vertical/inclined members of the truss,
making it necessary for the deck to be at the level of bottom chords of the trusses. Since this
bridge is over a gorge; therefore, wind loads need to be considered in the design accordingly.
Further, this area lies in high seismic zone and has seen devastation in 2005 Kashmir earthquake.
Your services are required for the design of the truss and its members only. You can happily
leave the connections (welded connections) and supports design for another volunteer.

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Chapter 1
Introduction
This report consists of six chapters and is made in accordance with task assigned in design class.
After searching through out the literature and construction work done in domain of steel
structures, I have assured HOWE TRUSS to be able to fulfil our requirements.

As a student of design of steel structures class my main objectives will be:

• Our first objective will be to design a bridge structure which will be stable and safer for the
pedestrians.
• The second objective will be to design a member which is cheaper.

This bridge is to be made at the river Jhelum near Srinagar road in Azad Jammu and Kashmir.
The main purpose of this bridge is to serve as the pedestrian bridge with full resistance to the
extreme climates of this area. It will be serving as the pedestrian bridge for the people of the
village to gain access at the other part of the village.

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Chapter 2
Conceptual Modelling of the Bridge
After doing much research and considering the software’s which I will be using in the future I
have decided to use following software’s in my design project.

• AutoCAD
• SAP 2000
• STAADPro
• Microsoft Word (for report writing)

The support conditions are simply supported.

By using AutoCAD, I developed a model of my truss sketch is shown below:

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Since the span was 30m so to be on the safer side I decided t go with Type-2 Warren truss and it
is suitable for the spans of less than 40 meters.

Following are the details of the truss for 18-CE-61

Type: Warren Truss (Type-II)

Height: 3meter

Span: 30 meters

Width of Bridge: 3 meters

Height is found by L/10 formula.

Chapter 3
Loadings

Following loadings were assumed on the truss

▪ Seismic loads
▪ Wind loads
▪ Snow loads
▪ Dead load
▪ Live load
▪ Self-weight of the truss was found by the software.

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Dead Load
Dead loads account for the non-dynamic forces that place continuous and permanent force
on a structure. They consist of the building and all of its fixed components – both
structural and non-structural.

Self -load of the Truss

There are many ways from which we can calculate the self-load of the Truss. Self-load of
truss may be assumed equal to 20 percent of all dead load acting on the truss. OR we can
assume the value of self-load of the truss from LRFD AIDS book. However, this value
can be revised using Thayer formula.

Live Load
Live loads are just one of many loads to consider during the structural design process. i.e.
snow loads, pedestrian loads, etc. Standard pedestrian load is 3600 N/m2 which is used on
all sidewalks simultaneously with the vehicular design live load. Separate bridges for
pedestrian and bicycle traffic should be designed for a live load of 4100 N/m 2 . The
dynamic load allowance is not considered for these loads.

Wind Load
Maximum velocity of wind in this area is 21 Km per hour

Snow Load
Snow load is the downward force on a building's roof by the weight of accumulated snow and ice
the snow load is calculated according to maximum expected depth of snow in a particular
locality and density of snow.

Max. density of snow = 786 kg/m3

Max Depth of snow from last Ten Years in that Specified Region = 3.6 cm

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Seismic Loads
Since the bridge is located in the highly seismic area and will be subjected to seismic loads
throughout its lifetime. The area was the major place of destruction of 2005 earthquake and was
destroyed so the bridge should be designed considering all these things in mind. Calcuations of
the seismic loads are given below and the loads are calculated on the page. Following are the
parameters of selection of loads.

The area is located in the highly seismic zone and needs special treatment in this regard.

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Calculations of the loads are given below:

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Chapter 4
Modelling of the bridge

The model of the bridge will be designed and will be subjected to several loading conditions in
SAP2000 and the results will be shown. Here I will show the step by step procedure of how to
model a bridge in SAP2000.

1.First of all, open SAP200 by double clicking on the item on desktop. Here I’m using the 2020
version of SAP2000.

2. Now click on file and then select New Model.

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3. Now click on the grid modes and enter the following grid settings but don’t forget to calculate
the grid spacing etc. in start of the project because rough work and homework will allow you to
design better and fast in this miraculous software.

4. Select the section and don’t forget to select the auto selection in the end because this is design
problem and we need SAP2000 to design member. Remember the screenshots attached below are
for double angle section. Material is already defined which will be A-36 steel in this case. I have
decided to use double angle section in this truss design. As asked in the problem statement that
we have just asked to design the member and leave the rest for another volunteer.

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In the next step I decided to only go for the double angle sections.

5. Next step is to draw the truss and then applying the joint constraints.

6. From the area command and by using fill object option try to select the area and divide it by
Edit area command.

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7. Go to Fill objects and check the box.

8. After completely applying the loadings and adding different load combinations. We have
clicked on Run analysis button and select run now on all except the one which contains model.

9. Analysis will be displayed and will be containing the deformed shape under different loads and
load combinations.

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Chapter 5
In this chapter I have attached the screenshots of the deformed shapes under different loading
conditions and also different combinations.

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Chapter 6
Now design the members from the design option and it will automatically design the members
for you from the auto select list we gave in the starting.

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Advantage of using SAP2000

The benefit of using this software that its interface was very easy to use and it gave the selection
of members very easily without any of the hectic calculation I was able to find out the designation
of members. By just clicking on the design and then clicking on select steel frame section one can
easily design a member.

Here I will attach the list of members (Double Angle) designed by SAP2000

List of Members
Member Number Member Designation

1 2L5x3-1/2x5/16x3/4 LBB

2 2L3x3x1/4x3/8

3 2L4x3x5/16x3/4 LLBB

4 2L2-1/2x1/4/x3/8 LLBB

5 2L4x3x1/4x3/8 LLBB

6 2L2-1/2x2x3/16x3/8SLBB

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7 2L3x2x1/4x3/4 LLBB

8 2L2x2x1/8x3/8

9 2L2-1/2x2x3/16x3/8LLBB

10 2L2x2x1/8x3/8

11 2L2x2x1/8x3/8

12 2L2-1/2x2x3/16x3/8SLBB

13 2L2x2x1/8x3/8

14 2L3x2-1/2x1/4x3/8LLBB

15 2L2-1/2x2x3/16x3/8SLBB

16 2L3x2x1/4x3/4 LLBB

17 2L2-1/2x2x1/4x3/8LLBB

18 2L4x3x5/16x3/4 LLBB

19 2L3x3x1/4x3/8

20 2L4x3x3/8x3/4 LLBB

21 2L5x5x5/8x3/8

22 2L5x3-1/2x5/16x3/4

23 2L4x3-1/2x1/2x3/4LLBB

24 2L4x4x5/8x3/8

25 2L4x4x3/4x3/8

26 2L6x4x1/2x3/4LLBB

27 2L4x4x5/8x3/8

28 2L4x3-1/2x1/2x3/4LLBB

29 2L3-1/2x3-1/2x7/16x3/4

30 2L3-1/2x3-1/2x7/16x3/4 SLBB

31 2L3-1/2x3-1/2x7/16x3/4 SLBB

32 2L3-1/2x3-1/2x7/16x3/4 SLBB

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33 2L3-1/2x3-1/2x7/16x3/4 SLBB

34 2L3-1/2x3-1/2x7/16x3/4 SLBB

35 2L3x2x1/2x3/4SLBB

36 2L3x2x1/2x3/4SLBB

37 2L3x2x1/2x3/4SLBB

38 2L3x2x1/2x3/4SLBB

39 2L3x2x1/2x3/4SLBB

Conclusion
I did the design of this bridge and analysis using SAP2000 and the truss which was used is a
type-2 warren truss. I used this truss because it is effective for spans less than or equal to 40m. I
took help from many platforms. I looked for the tutorials from YouTube. (LaGuardia Eng, 2020)
The links to the tutorials Are attached below in references. For the loads, I consulted by book by
Respected Dr. Zahid Ahmed Siddique. At many points, the software was stuck or I forgot to
apply any load or define load case but I pursued the perfect design. ( Md. Amir Hamja, 2015)
This design project has polished my skills to use software for steel structure design. The research
for the project solution gave me much knowledge about how people are studying this subject in
the UK, USA, Australia, etc., their codes, and their design procedures. I also have tried many
other types of bridges for practice and have seen the deflected shapes under different loading
conditions by adding more lateral supports and increasing the number of beams. In short, this
project has opened my mind to the use of new technology in the design of steel structures and
make the world a better and safe place for humanity.

References
Md. Amir Hamja. (2015). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m3XPVRfGu2I

LaGuardia Eng. (2020). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e04NXwZTvqQ

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