Sorsogon State College

Castilla Campus
PRINCIPLES OF CROP PROTECTION

Module No. 01: Introduction to Principles of Crop Protection

Topics: A. World Population and Food Supply

B. Role of Crop Protection in increasing food supply
C. Definition of Pest/s
D. Economic Importance of Pests
E. Various Disciplines involved in Crop Protection

Week: 01

Target Learners: Bachelor of Science in Agriculture

Estimated Time Duration: 5- hour session

I. Introduction

Like human, plants do need to be cared off. Examine, study and investigate how it will
be healthy, and be productive.

Insect, weeds, stray animals, diseases and environmental fluctuations are one of the
delimiting factors to our food supply as they compete and can influence with crops growth and
development thus lessening essential nutrients absorption making yield and quality lesser and
poorer. To prevent these pests from damaging crops and limiting harvest, farmers rely mostly
on crop protection products. As these pest and diseases pressures will become more extreme
due to the impacts of climate change grow, effective use of crop protection strategy will be
more important than ever before. These circumstances will lead to a global effort to research
and development concerning food security in support to the ever growing population.
By 2050, agriculture will need to produce enough food to feed 9 billion people while
battling increasingly difficult growing environments due to climate change. Crop protection will
enable farmers to adapt to these new conditions and deliver benefits around the world,
including increased yield, less land in production and a reduced risk of hunger (Oerke, 2006).
In this session I will help you know how does pests affects economy, what is the
relationship of population and food supply in crop protection and why is it important to know
pests and what are the various disciplines in Crop protection?

II. Module Objectives:

By the end of this module, you are expected to do the following:

1. Discuss the status of the population and food supply of the world, Asia, and the Philippines
2. Enumerate the countries in different parts of the world of highest producer of cereals,
fruits, and vegetables.
3. Enumerate the Province in the Philippines of highest producer of rice, corn, fruits and
vegetables.
4. Explain the importance of identifying the amount of agricultural produce in the World, Asia,
and Philippine setting
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III. Learning Activities and Exercises

IV. Pretest 1

World Population and Food Supply

Name: ____________________________________________ Score: ______________

Year Level: ________________________________________ Date: ______________

Direction. Write SNOOPY if the statement is correct and GARFIELD if it is incorrect. Write
your answer on the space provided after each statement and submit it in screenshot. Answers on this
pre – test will be submitted to Mary Ann Pandaan Caro account. Submission should be right after
answering.

1. Population in the year 1970 will be doubled by the start of the millennial era. 1. _____
2. Among the top 5 items produced worldwide wheat was recorded highest 2. _____
3. Among the top 5 items produced worldwide rice was recorded lowest 3. _____
4. By then end of 2016 world population will reached to more than 7 million 4. _____
5. In the year 2000 cereal production had an estimated total of 2 billion tons 5. _____
6. Africa was the highest producer of sugarcane from among the continents 6. _____
7. Asia is the sole producer of cereals. 7. _____
8. Africa is considered the highest producer of root crops and tubers. 8. _____
9. In the Philippines rice still holds the largest share in agricultural production. 9. _____
10. Garlic as one of the important spices in the Philippines holds the lowest 10. ____
Share in terms of production.
11. Luzon is the highest producer of rice in the Philippines. 11. ____
12. Visayas is the highest producer of corn in the Philippines. 12. ____
13. In Luzon the Region which has the lowest production of corn 13. ____
is the Bicol Region.
14. Philippine population had reached more than 90 million in the year 2000. 14. ____
15. The projected population of the Philippines in the year 2030 is 99 million. 15. ____
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A. World Population and Food Supply

The continuous food prices sharp increase globally as manifested by the increasing number of
hungry and malnourished people is truly attributed to the insufficient food production to the
population demand.
The scientific forecast of the world population will give insights to the future agriculturists in
solving the puzzle that would meet with the existing and future demand for uncontaminated and
nutritious food.
In this section we are going to visit world population data its different region and its specific
food supply for us to identify whether the demand for food for people is really meet.

B. Status of World Population and Food Supply

The main socio-economic factors that drive increasing food demand are population growth,
increasing urbanization and rising incomes. As regards the first two, population growth and
urbanization, there is little uncertainty about the magnitude, nature and regional pattern of their
future development.
The latest revision of the UN population prospects (medium variant), the world population
is projected to grow by 34 percent from 6.8 billion today to 9.1 billion in 2050. Compared to the
preceding 50 years, population growth rates will slow down considerably. However, coming off a
much bigger base, the absolute increase will still be significant, 2.3 billion more humans. Nearly all of
this increase in population will take place in the part of the world comprising today’s developing
countries. The greatest relative increase, 120 percent, is expected in today’s least developed
countries.

Source: Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of

the United Nations Secretariat (2007)
Figure 1. World Population 1965 and Projections to 2050

All of the growth in the world’s population, and some more, will take place in urban areas. By
2050 more than 70 percent of the world's population is expected to be urban.
Urbanization will bring with it changes in life styles and consumption patterns. In combination
with income growth it may accelerate the on-going diversification of diets in developing countries.
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While the shares of grains and other staple crops will be declining, those of vegetables, fruits, meat,
dairy, and fish will increase. In response to a rising demand for semi-processed or ready-to-eat
foods, the whole structure of market chains is likely to continue its dynamic change towards a further
concentration of supermarket chains. While the share of the urban population is growing, however,
rural areas will still be home to the majority of the poor and hungry for quite some time. Currently,
one billion people cannot even satisfy their basic needs in terms of food energy. Living in hunger hot
spots, often ecologically fragile areas, many of them have to cope with conditions of high population
pressure and deteriorating ecosystems (FAO, 2017)

Crop Production

The importance of crop production is related to harvested areas, returns per hectare (yields)
and quantities produced. For the past five decades, growth in crop production has been driven mainly
by a significant increase in yields per unit of land, together with crop intensification. Trends are not
uniform across regions, however. Most of the growth in wheat and rice production in Asia and
Northern Africa has been from gains in yield, while expansion of harvested land has led to production
growth of maize in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa, and this has had an impact on people in
developing countries who depend on agriculture for their living standards.
Table 1. Top five items produced (2016) (thousand tones)

2006 2016

Sugarcane 1 417 376 1 890 662

Maize 707 932 1 060 107

Wheat 614 538 749 460

Rice, Paddy 640 706 740 961

Potatoes 297 111 376 827

World Food Status

By 2050 the world’s population will reach 9.1 billion, 34 percent higher than today. Nearly all
of this population increase will occur in developing countries. Urbanization will continue at an
accelerated pace, and about 70 percent of the world’s population will be urban (compared to 49
percent today). Income levels will be many multiples of what they are now. In order to feed this
larger, more urban and richer population, food production (net of food used for biofuels) must
increase by 70 percent. Annual cereal production will need to rise to about 3 billion tons from 2.1
billion today and annual meat production will need to rise by over 200 million tons to reach 470
million tons.
In the first half of this century, global demand for food, feed and fiber is expected to grow by
70 percent while, increasingly, crops may also be used for bio-energy and other industrial purposes.
New and traditional demand for agricultural produce will thus put growing pressure on already scarce
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agricultural resources. And while agriculture will be forced to compete for land and water with
sprawling urban settlements, it will also be required to serve on other major fronts: adapting to and
contributing to the mitigation of climate change, helping preserve natural habitats and maintaining
biodiversity. To respond to those demands, farmers will need new technologies to produce more from
less land, with fewer hands (FAO, 2017)
On the very onset of the 1970’s production of cereals reached an almost 600 million tons for
developed countries and less than 500 million tons for developing countries. The production of
cereals continuously grow as the population becomes bigger and bigger (Table 1). By the start of
millennial era the total world population that becomes doubled that is 4.9 billion and 1.3 billion for
developing and developed countries respectively. In 2050 projections population will be 7.9 billion
and 0.3 billion for developing and developed countries. World cereal production in line with the
population also nearly doubles by the start of the year 2000 but the trend should continue up to the
projected production in the year 2050.

Figure 2. World Cereal Production 1970 and Projections to 2050

According to FAO’s baseline projections, it should be possible to meet the future food and feed
demand of the projected world population in 2050 within realistic rates for land and water use
expansion and yield development. However, achieving this will not at all be automatic and several
significant challenges will have to be met. The global average daily calorie availability would rise to
3050 kcal per person, a 10 percent increase over its level in 2003/05.

To achieve this, global cereal production would need to increase by 40 percent overall, or by
some 900 million tons between the 2006/08 average and 2050. The advent of biofuels has the
potential of changing all that and causing world demand to be higher, depending on the energy
prices and government policies. Without biofuels, much of the increase in cereals demand will be for
animal feed to support the growing consumption of livestock products. Meat consumption per caput
for example would rise from 41 kg at present to 52 kg in 2050 (from 30 to 44 kg in the developing
countries. Should this perspective be realized by 2050, the level of per-caput food availability will still
vary widely between countries, although at higher levels. Industrial countries will have average
availability levels of nearly 3600 kcal/person/day; the developing countries as a group may reach
almost 3000 kcal (FAO, 2017)
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Year 1995 2005 2016

Population,total (mill) 722.9 924.8 1 256.3
Food production value, net (2004-06 mill. 1$ 107 110 156 988 206 866
AFRICA

Agriculture, value added (%GDP) 15 14 16

Crops 68 100 134
Cereals 69 100 132
Vegetable oils 68 100 142
Roots and tubers 66 100 133
Fruits and vegetables 67 99 132
Sugar 79 101 115
Population,total (mill.) 782 899.2 1 006.8
Food production value, net (2004-06 mill. 1$ 341 451 441 044 560 367
AMERICA

Agriculture, value added (%GDP) 2 2 2

Crops 76 100 131
Cereals 79 101 131
Vegetable oils 64 102 158
Roots and tubers 92 98 99
Fruits and vegetables 83 99 113
Sugar 79 96 150
Population,total (mill.) 3 489.3 3 964.3 4 504.4
Food production value, net (2004-06 mill. 1$ 630 659 875 322 1 185 192
Agriculture, value added (%GDP) 6 6 7
ASIA

Crops 74 100 136

Cereals 87 101 124
Vegetable oils 60 98 147
Roots and tubers 80 103 131
Fruits and vegetables 60 100 151
Sugar 97 96 132
Population,total (mill.) 728.1 730.3 724.1
Food production value, net (2004-06 mill. 1$ 287 756 296 360 334 280
EUROPE

Agriculture, value added (%GDP) 3 2 2

Crops 89 98 115
Cereals 83 99 119
Vegetable oils 69 97 148
Roots and tubers 120 98 97
Fruits and vegetables 90 98 109
Sugar 108 102 103
Population,total (mill.) 29.2 33.6 40.7
Food production value, net (2004-06 mill. 1$ 27 576 33 911 38 032
OCEANIA

Agriculture, value added (%GDP) 4 3 3

Crops 75 97 110
Cereals 72 88 90
Vegetable oils 59 98 161
Roots and tubers 82 100 107
Fruits and vegetables 73 101 107
Sugar 97 100 89
Table 2. World Food Production in the Years 1995, 2005, and 2016

B. Status of Philippine Population and Food Supply

Philippine Population

The total of the Philippine population by the year 2014 already reach almost 100 million. By
the start of 2015 an increase in more than one percent per year is already achieved. In 2018, 2019,
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and 2020 total population reached in an increase of about 1.57, 1.55, and 1.52 percent respectively.
The growing population given favorable conditions will continue to grow up to the year 2050 and in
this year about more than 2 percent increase from the total population will be achieved.
Table 3. Philippine Population Data 2014-2020

Year Male Female Total

2014 50, 385, 100 49, 495, 200 99, 880, 300
2015 51, 234, 200 50, 328, 100 101, 562, 300
2016 52, 081, 400 51, 161, 500 103, 242, 900
2017 52, 927, 400 51, 994, 000 104, 921, 400
2018 53, 772, 880 52, 825, 800 106, 598, 600
2019 54, 617, 400 53, 656, 900 108, 274, 300
2020 53, 460, 900 54, 487, 000 109, 947, 900

Food Supply

Agriculture grew by 0.59 percent in 2018. Gains in production were noted in livestock and
poultry while declines in outputs were registered in crops and fisheries.)

Table 5. Crops: Volume Production, Philippines, 2014-2018

Crops registered a 0.99 percent reduction in output. Palay and corn suffered as production
dropped by 1.09 percent and 1.81 percent, respectively. Sugarcane production declined by 15.56
percent, Coconut posted a 4.82 percent growth in output. Increases in production were noted in the
other crops such as banana, pineapple, peanut, mongo, tomato, eggplant, abaca and rubber.
Meanwhile, downtrends in outputs continued in coffee, mango, tobacco, cabbage and calamansi
(PSA, 2019)
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With the trend of energy food consumption in the form of carbohydrates which can be
obtained from cereals like rice, the Philippines total crop production share holds the highest which is
followed by corn in total percentage share. For the demand of animal feed and processed food raw
materials cassava production also holds the highest share percentage than any other root crops
grown. Pineapple production of different varieties also holds the highest percentage share that is
attributed to its exportations (PSA, 2019)

Table 5. Major Crop: Percentage Distribution of Production by Region, Philippines, 2018

SUGAR
REGION PALAY CORN COCONUT PINEAPPLE BANANA MANGO COFFEE
CANE

PHILIPPINES (‘000
19, 066.1 7,771.9 14, 726.2 24,730.8 2,731.0 9,358.8 711.7 60.3
mt)

LUZON (%) 58.26 40.75 26.37 12.58 10.53 8.10 45.08 11.14

CAR 2.05 2.67 0.01 0.12 0.03 0.22 0.38 3.65

Ilocos Region 9.02 7.22 0.29 0.08 0.01 0.45 23.55 0.26

Cagayan Valley 12.48 20.91 0.50 1.61 1.42 3.70 6.68 1.46

Central Luzon 18.96 3.50 0.73 3.11 0.07 0.54 6.21 1.72

CALABARZON 2.20 1.18 11.41 6.75 3.44 1.23 5.73 3.41

MIMAROPA 6.46 1.67 5.37 - 0.02 1.11 2.21 0.26

Bicol Region 7.08 3.60 8.06 0.91 5.54 0.84 0.33 0.38

VISAYAS (%) 18.30 6.60 13.78 70.57 1.16 7.95 17.30 7.41

Western Visayas 11.71 4.00 3.32 59.42 0.65 3.23 6.89 7.00

Central Visayas 1.62 1.64 3.02 9.88 0.22 2.22 10.33 0.32

Eastern Visayas 4.97 0.95 7.44 1.27 0.29 2.50 0.07 0.10

MINDANAO (%) 23.44 52.66 59.85 16.84 88.31 83.95 37.63 81.45

Zamboanga
3.82 3.33 12.03 a/ 0.04 2.77 11.00 0.84
Peninsula

Northern
3.99 16.59 12.49 12.41 57.57 20.85 7.12 9.52
Mindanao

Davao Region 2.56 3.53 13.12 1.59 0.98 37.99 7.50 17.96

SOCCSKSARGEN 7.04 15.84 7.72 2.38 29.59 12.91 7.37 33.00

CARAGA 2.68 1.75 5.40 a/ 0.11 3.09 2.60 2.76

ARMM 3.35 11.61 9.09 0.46 0.03 6.34 2.03 17.37

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Assessment 1

Direction. Encircle the correct letter of the correct answer. Answers in this post – test will be
submitted to Mary Ann Pandaan Caro Account within the week in screenshot.

1. The total world population projection in 2050 will be around _______ billion.
a. 8.1B b. 91B c. 7.1B d. 9.2B
2. Among the top 5 crop produced worldwide, the highest crop recorded was ______
a. Sugarcane b. Wheat c. Potato d. Maize
3. The reason why cereals were recorded highest in production was due to this.
a. Cereals was chosen as the primary staple food throughout the world
b. Cereals was the primary source of energy for humans
c. Cereal had a good storage capacity than other crops
d. All of the above
4. Among the top 5 crops produced worldwide rice was recorded as the ____ in production
a. Lowest b. second to lowest c. third in rank d. fourth in rank
5. In the year 2000 cereal production had an estimate total of ______
a. 2B b. 3B c. 1B d. 4B
6. By the year 2016 America is the highest producer of _____
a. Sugar b. Vegetables c. Cereals d. Fruits
7. In the Philippines ______ still holds the largest share in Agricultural production.
a. Rice b. Cassava c. Sugarcane d. Pineapple
8. Garlic as one of the important spices in the Philippines holds the __________
Share in terms of production.
a. . Lowest b. Highest c. Third in rank d. Fourth in rank
9. The largest producer of rice in the Philippines is _______.
a. Luzon b. Visayas c. Central Luzon d. Mindanao
10. Visayas is the highest producer of __________ in the Philippines.
a. Rice b. Pineapple c. Sugarcane d. Banana
13. In Luzon the Region which has the lowest production of corn is the
_______Region
a. Bicol Region b. CALABARZON c. Ilocos Region d. MIMAROPA
14. Philippine population had reached more than _________ in the year 2015.
a. 90 million b. 98 million c. 100 million d. 80 million
15. The population of the Philippines in the year 2020 reached to about _______.
a. 100 million b. 90 million c. 110 million d. 80 million
16. Mindanao is the highest producer of the following crops.
a. Banana, Coffee, Pineapple, Coconut, and Corn
b. Banana, Palay, Pineapple, Coconut, and Corn
c. Mango, Coffee, Pineapple, Coconut, and Corn
d. Banana, Coffee, Pineapple, Coconut, and Sugarcane
17. The total food production in the Philippines in 2018 alone is around _______.
a. 87 mt b. 90 mt c. 97 mt d. 77 mt
18. Mango production in the Philippines was recorded highest in _______.
a. Mindanao b. Luzon c. MIMAROPA d. Mindanao
19. Palay production in the Visayas was recorded highest in _______.
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a. Western Visayas b. Central Visayas c. Eastern Visayas d. Cebu

20. Banana production in the Philippines was recorded highest in _______.
a. Mindanao b. Luzon c. CARAGA d. Mindanao

Assessment 2.

Explain the following:

1. Discuss the current status of the population and food supply of the World, Asia, and the
Philippines.
2. Enumerate the countries in different parts of the world of highest producer of cereals,
fruits, and vegetables.
3. Enumerate the Province in the Philippines of highest producer of rice, corn, fruits and
vegetables.
4. Explain the importance of identifying the amount of agricultural produce in the World,
Asia, and Philippine setting.
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C. Definition of Pest/s

What is PEST/S?

A Pest is any animal or plant deleterious to human concerns. The term is particularly used for
creatures that damage crops, livestock and forestry, or cause a nuisance to people especially in their
homes (Wikipedia)

Pests are insects and other small animals that can harm health, damage crops and food supplies,
and destroy homes and other buildings. (toxtowm.nlm.nih.gov.)

A pest is any animal or plant which has a harmful effect on humans, their food or their living
conditions. Pests include animals which:

 carry disease – causing microorganisms and parasites, for example mosquitoes which carry
Ross River Virus and Murray Valley encephalitis.
 attack and eat vegetable and cereal crops, for example, caterpillars and hoppers.
 damage stored food, ex. Rats and mice may eat grain in silos, rice, and biscuits in shops and
homes and contaminate this food with their feces and urine.
 attack and eat farm and station animals. For example, feral dogs (dingoes) kill or maim many
sheep and goats each year; foxes will kill poultry, lambs and many species of native wildlife;
and feral cats also prey on native wildlife.
 damage clothing. Silverfish, for example, eat holes in clothes.
 damage buildings. For example, termites can cause considerable damage to timber in
buildings.
 bite people. For example, bed bugs (so called because they often bite people in their beds) are
very difficult and expensive to control. Their bites can cause great irritation to those bitten
and, like mosquito bites, can become infected if scratched.
Pests are species whose existence conflicts with people’s profit, convenience or welfare, such
organisms include principally certain insects, nematodes, bacteria, fungi, weeds, birds, rodents, or
any terrestrial or aquatic plant or annual life.
- are living organisms causing economic harm to us and our resources (crops, animals,
buildings, clothing and other properties)

Pests could be:

1. Insect
2. Pathogen (Bacteria, Fungi, Virus)
3. Nematodes
4. Birds
5. Rodents
6. Mollusks

D.ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF PESTS

Pests and diseases have encountered to affect production of crops and have a serious impact
on the economic output of the farm. Pests are organisms that might compete with or damage
crop species.
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The latest data indicate that pests reduce the yield of agricultural crops in the world for 42%
and in Europe for 28%. Approximately one half wastes on weed damage, one quarter on disease,
and second quarter on pest damage (Agrivi.2020)
The Impact of Pests on the Agriculture Industry

Pest species causes major concern not only due to the potential loss of revenue due to crop
damage but, it left untreated, they can also cause significant damage to machinery, equipment
and property as well.
Let us consider some of the major problems with pests that concern those within the
agricultural industry.

Crop Damage.
Insects are a big threat. They are responsible for two major kinds of damage to growing
crops.
 The first is direct injury to plants caused by insect – eating leaves and burrowing holes in
stems, fruit and / or roots
 The second is indirect damage, where the insects themselves do little or no harm, but transmit
bacterial, viral or fungal infection to a crop. Aphids are one of the main culprits in this regard,
carrying diseases from plant to plant often uncontrollably as numbers multiply.
It’s not just insects that those in the agricultural industry have to contend with. Rats and mice
are common pests which most farmers will have experienced with particularly during the main
harvest seasons, when the rodents will often cause untold damage to crops as a result of food
scavenging and gnawing. They eat seeds, leaves, roots, while young plants, fruits and grain.
Nothing is off the menu when it comes to rodents. .
Birds too are an issue – particularly pigeons. These birds can cause major problems to edible
crops, with peas, beans, brassicas and fruit including plums, cherries and currants- being most
commonly attacked.

Damage to Finished Product

Pest species can also cause much harm to finished products that are getting ready for sale.
They are called as Stored Product Insects (SPIs) and they are big problem in this regard. These
creatures infest grain and commodities, causing damage to raw food materials and contaminating
finished products. There are many different SPIs species.
The main culprits are: Moths and Beetles and an infestation can leave products unfit for
human consumption, resulting in loss of revenue and reputational damage among costumers.
Another species is the Khapra beetle, is a particular nuisance (to put it lightly). This insect can be
difficult to control due to the fact that it feeds on a variety of dried materials. It is resistant to
insecticides and can go for long periods without food. % Infestations of Khapra beetle can result in
up to 70% grain damage, leaving the products inedible and unmarketable.
Although many SPI species are so small that they may be unnoticeable at first, there are a
number of signs to look out for. These includes:
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 Visible damage to raw materials and foodstuffs

 Holes appearing in piles of grain (these are exit holes left by emerging weevils)
 Insect tracks left in floury dust
 Webbing (produced by the larvae of warehouse moths and mill moths)
 Fecal pellets
Rats and mice also pose great threats to finished products. They will infest barns and storage
areas, happily gnawing through sacks and urinating everywhere and on everything. They are also
carrier of bacterial diseases, bacteria such as Salmonella and will leave a trail of contamination on
every surface and foodstuff they come into contact with. An infestation, therefore, can have a
serious negative impact on the economics of a farm – whole harvests can be considered to refuse
as health risks render the products unfit for sale and human consumption.

Equipment and Machinery Damage

Rodents are the biggest problem. Rats and mice are known to cause huge damage to farm
buildings and equipment. These animals have incisor teeth that continue to grow at a rate of about 5
inches a year throughout their whole lifespans and need to be worn down by gnawing. As such, both
rats and mice will gnaw at wood, concrete, metals and even electrical wiring and cables, posing a fire
hazard and causing untold and expensive damage to machinery and damage to machinery,
equipment and vehicles.
There can be a knock – on effect in terms of production. When rats and mice leave machines
broken, not only do costs begin to mount up for repairs and replacements, but productivity can also
be put on hold until the equipment is restored. This can have a serious impact on a business’ ability
to generate revenue. (safeguard, the pest control people)

Pests and Pathogens Place Global Burden on Major Food Crops

At a global scale, pathogens and pests are causing wheat losses of 10 percent to 28 percent,
rice losses of 25 percent to 41 percent, maize losses of 20 percent to 41 percent, potato losses of 8
percent to 21 percent, and soybean losses of 11 percent to 32 percent, according to the study,
published in the journal Nature, Ecology & Evolution.

Food loss

"We are losing a significant amount of food on a global scale to pests and diseases at a time when
we must increase food production to feed a growing population," said co-author Neil McRoberts, co-
leader of UC ANR’s Sustainable Food Systems Strategic Initiative and Agricultural Experiment Station
researcher and professor in the Department of Plant Pathology at UC Davis.

While plant diseases and pests are widely considered an important cause of crop losses, and
sometimes a threat to the food supply, precise figures on these crop losses are difficult to produce.

"One reason is because pathogens and pests have co-evolved with crops over millennia
in the human-made agricultural systems," write the authors on the study’s
website, globalcrophealth.org. "As a result, their effects in agriculture are very hard to disentangle
from the complex web of interactions within cropping systems. Also, the sheer number and diversity
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of plant diseases and pests makes quantification of losses on an individual pathogen or pest basis, for
each of the many cultivated crops, a daunting task."

Top pests and diseases

There were 37 individual pathogens and pests that attack the crops, with very large variation
in the amount of crop loss they caused

For wheat, leaf rust, Fusarium head blight/scab, tritici blotch, stripe rust, spot blotch, tan spot,
aphids, and powdery mildew caused losses higher than 1 percent globally.

In rice, sheath blight, stem borers, blast, brown spot, bacterial blight, leaf folder, and brown
plant hopper did the most damage.

In maize, Fusarium and Gibberella stalk rots, fall armyworm, northern leaf blight, Fusarium
and Gibberella ear rots, anthracnose stalk rot and southern rust caused the most loss globally.

In potatoes, late blight, brown rot, early blight, and cyst nematode did the most harm.

In soybeans, cyst nematode, white mold, soybean rust, Cercospora leaf blight, brown spot,
charcoal rot, and root knot nematodes caused global losses higher than 1 percent. (Kan- Rice, 2019

E. Various Disciplines in Crop Protection

The disciplines in crop Protection are the following:

1. Microbiology

2. Entomolgy

3. Nematology

4. Bacteriology

5. Mycology

6. Virology

7. Phytopathology

8. Integrated Pest Management

 Sorsogon State College
Castilla Campus
PRINCIPLES OF CROP PROTECTION

Assessment 3

Direction.

In a sheet of paper, answer the following questions. Submit your answer to Mary Ann Pandaan
Caro account within the week in screenshot.

_____________________1. It is an SPI where an infestation can leave products unfit for human
consumption, resulting in loss of revenue and reputational damage among costumers.

_______________________2. are species whose existence conflicts with people’s profit, convenience
or welfare, such organisms include principally certain insects, nematodes, bacteria, fungi, weeds,
birds, rodents, or any terrestrial or aquatic plant or annual life.
_____________________3. It is a collective term for pest species that can also cause much harm to
finished products that are getting ready for sale.
_____________________4. There were how many individual pathogens and pests that attack the
crops, with very large variation in the amount of crop loss it caused.

_____________________5. At a global scale, pathogens and pests are causing wheat losses of what
range in percent?

_____________________6. What pest specifically in rice that did the most damage. Give only one
disease.

___________________7. Why precise figures on crop losses is difficult to produce?

_____________________8. Infestations of Khapra beetle can result in up to how many percent?

_____________________9. The latest data indicate that pests reduce the yield of agricultural crops
in the world for how many percent?

____________________10. How many percent (in range) of rice losses?

 Sorsogon State College
Castilla Campus
PRINCIPLES OF CROP PROTECTION

References:

Articles:
1. Pam, 2019. Pests and Diseases Cause Worldwide Damage to Crops. Pests and Pathogens place
global burden on major food crops. @

2. Selected Statistics on Agriculture 2019, Philippine Statistics Authority, PSA CVEA Building,East
Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines 1101. Info@psa.gov.ph

3. How to Feed the World in 2050.

4. FAO. 2018. World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Pocketbook 2018. Rome. 254 Pp.
Licence: Cc By-Nc-Sa 3.0 Igo.

5. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019).
World Population Prospects 2019: Data Booklet (ST/ESA/SER.A/424).

Websites:

1. http:how.2050.org

2. https://californiaagtoday.com/pests-diseases-cause-worldwide-damage-crops/
3. https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/ohp-
enhealth-manual-atsi-cnt-l~ohp-enhealth-manual-atsi-cnt-l-ch5~ohp-enhealth-
manual-atsi-cnt-l-ch5.1
4. www.agrivi.com