Unit-III - Truss Element

3
UNIT - III
1D Finite Element
Analysis
ns e
Truss Element
io dg
3.1 FORMULATION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL TRUSSES
 Fig 3.1.1 shows a typical two dimensional (plane) truss. Such
at le
trusses can be analysed by using the method of joints and the
method of sections. However, these methods become tedious
when applied to large statically indeterminate trusses. In
ic w
addition, the displacements of joints can not be readily
obtainable.

bl o
The finite element method can be effectively used for the
analysis of statically determinate or indeterminate trusses. The
finite element method also determines displacements of joints.
n
Pu K
Fig. 3.1.1 : Two-Dimensional Truss
3.2 COORDINATE SYSTEMS AND TRANSFORMATION MATRIX FOR TRUSS

ch
ELEMENTS
 Plane truss element : A typical plane truss element, shown in local and global coordinate systems in Fig. 3.2.1,
has two nodes : 1 and 2.
Te
Fig. 3.2.1 : Local and Global Coordinate Systems
 Global coordinate system (X-Y) : The global coordinate system is fixed and does not depend on the orientation
of the element.
 Local coordinate system (X-Y) : The local coordinate system is such that the X-axis runs along the element
from node 1 towards node 2.
Computer Aided Engineering (SPPU) 3-2 1D Finite Element Analysis
Let,  = angle made by the local coordinate axis X with the corresponding global coordinate axis X measured
in counter clockwise direction
x = local coordinate of any point P on truss element
(x, y) = global coordinates of any point P on truss element

x1 = local coordinate of node 1of truss element
x2
ns e
= local coordinate of node 2 of truss element
(x1, y1) = global coordinates of node 1 of truss element
io dg
(x2, y2) = global coordinates of node 2 of truss element
le = Length of truss element = x2 – x1
= (x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2
3.2.1

at le
Relation Between Local Coordinates and Global Coordinates for Truss Elements :
From Fig. 3.2.1,

ic w
x = x cos  + y sin  ...(3.2.1)
bl o
 Hence, using Equation (3.2.1),
x1 = x1 cos  + y1 sin 

n
...(3.2.2)
and x2 =x2 cos  + y2 sin 
Pu K
 Equations (3.2.2) can be written as,

ch
x1 = cos   x1 + sin   y1 + 0  x2 + 0  ...(3.2.3)

y2
and x2 = 0  x1 + 0  y1 + cos   x2 + sin  
y2
Te
 Equations (3.2.3) can be written in matrix form as,

x1
 
 x1   cos  sin  0 0  y
 x 
1
  =  ...(3.2.4)
 x2   0 0 cos  sin  
 y 
2
Let x2 – x1
Cx = cos  = le
...(3.2.5)
and y2 – y1
Cy = sin  = le
 Substituting Equations (3.2.5) in Equation (3.2.4), we get,

x1
 x1   Cx Cy 0 0 
y 
x 
1
  =   ...(3.2.6)
 x2   0 0 Cx Cy 
y
2
or {x} = [ L ] {x} ...(3.2.7)

 x1 
ns e
where, {x} =   = Local coordinate vector
 x2 
io dg
 Cx Cy 0 0 
[L] =   = Transformation matrix ...(3.2.7(a))
 0 0 Cx Cy 
x1
y 
at le {x} = 
x 
y 
1
2
= Global coordinate vector
ic w
2
 Local   Transformation   Global 

 Coordinate  =    Coordinate 
bl o
 Matrix
 Vector  Vector
n
3.2.2 Relation between Local Nodal Displacement and Global Nodal Displacement for
Truss :
Pu K
 From Equation (3.2.6) using analogy,

U1
V 
ch
 U1   Cx Cy 0 0 
U 
1
  =   ...(3.2.8)
 U2   0 0 Cx Cy 
V 
2
2
Te
or { u } N
= [L] { uN } ...(3.2.9)
 U1 
where , { }
uN =  = Element nodal displacement vector in local coordinate system
 U2 
U1
V 
= 
U 
1
{ uN } = Element nodal displacement vector in global coordinate system
V 
2
 Element Nodal Displacement   Transformation   Element Nodal Displacement 

  Vector in Local  = Matrix   Vector in Global 
 Coordinate System  Coordinate System 
3.2.3 Relation between Local Load Vector and Global Load Vector :
( f  ) = [L] { f } ...(3.2.10)
 Element Load  Transformation  
Element Load 
  Vector in Local  =  Matrix  Vector in Global 
 Coordinate System  Coordinate System 
3.3 ELEMENT STIFFNESS MATRIX FOR TRUSS ELEMENTS IN GLOBAL

COORDINATE SYSTEM
ns e
Let, [ k ] = element stiffness matrix in local coordinate system
[k] = element stiffness matrix in global coordinate system
io dg
{ u }
N
= element nodal displacement vector in local coordinate system
{ uN } = element nodal displacement vector in global coordinate system
{ f  } = element load vector in local coordinate system
at le
{ f } = element load vector in global coordinate system
[L] = transformation matrix

ic w
 Element load vector in global coordinate system :
{ f } = [ k] { uN } ...(3.3.1)
bl o
 Relation between local and global parameters :
{ u }
n
N
= [L] { uN } ...(3.3.2)
{ f  } = [L]{ f } ...(3.3.3)
Pu K
 Element load vector in local coordinate system :

{ f } = [ k ] { u } ...(3.3.4)
ch
 Element stiffness matrix in global coordinate system :

Substituting Equations (3.3.2) and (3.3.3) in Equation (3.3.4)
[ L ] { f } = ( k  ) [L] { uN } ...(3.3.5)
Te
Substituting Equation (3.3.1) in Equation (3.3.5),

[ L ] [k] { uN } = [ k  ] [ L ] { uN }
or [L] [k] = [ k ] [L] ...(3.3.6)

–1
Premultiplying by [ L ] to both sides of Equation (3.3.6),
[ L ]– 1 [ L ] [ k] = [ L ]– 1 [ k  ] [ L ]
or [ k] = [ L ]– 1 [ k  ] [ L ] ...(3.3.7)
But for transformation matrix [L],
[ L ]– 1 = [ L ]T ...(3.3.8)
 Substituting Equation (3.3.8) in Equation (3.3.7), we get,
or [k] = [ L ]T [ k  ] [ L ] ...(3.3.9)
Equation (3.3.9) gives the element stiffness matrix in global coordinate system.
Ae Ee
where,[ k ] = l  1 – 1  = Element stiffness matrix in local coordinate system ...(3.3.10)
e
–1 1
 Cx Cy 0 0 
[L] =   = Transformation matrix [Refer Equation (3.2.7(a))] ...(3.3.11)
 0 0 Cx Cy 
Cx 0
C 
 0
 = Transpose of transformation matrix
ns e
y
T
 [L] = ...(3.3.12)
0 Cx

0 
io dg
Cy
Substituting Equations (3.3.10), (3.3.11) and (3.3.12) in Equation (3.3.9), we get,

Cx 0
C 
 A E
at le
[k] =
0
0
y
0
Cx
Cy
 l

e
e
e
 
C C 0 0 
 1 –1   x y

 – 1 1   0 0 Cx Cy 
ic w
(4  2) (2  2) (2  4)
Cx 0
C 
bl o
=
Ae E e  y
0
  Cx Cy – Cx – Cy 

le
0 
n
Cx – Cx – Cy Cx Cy 
0 Cy 
Pu K
(4  2) (2  4)
C2x Cx  Cy – C2x – Cx  Cy
 
ch
or [k] =
Ae Ee  Cx  Cy C2y – Cx  Cy

– C2y
...(3.3.13)
le
 – C2x – Cx  Cy C2x C C

x y
 C 
Te
– Cx  Cy – C2y Cx  Cy 2
y
(4  4)
 The above Equation (3.3.13) gives element stiffness matrix in global coordinate system.
3.4 ELEMENT STRESS FOR TRUSS ELEMENTS
 The stress at any point P within the element is given by,
 = Ee 
= Ee [ B ] { u }N
1
= Ee l [ – 1 1 ]
e
{ u }
N
Ee
or  = l [–1 1]
e
{ u }
N
...(3.4.1)
Substituting Equation (3.3.2) in Equation (3.4.1),

Ee
 = l [ – 1 1 ] [ L ] { uN } ...(3.4.2)
e
ns e
 Substituting value of [L] from Equation (3.3.11) in Equation (3.4.2), we get,
Ee  Cx Cy 0 0 
io dg
 = le [ – 1 1 ]  0 0 C C  { uN }
 x y 
Ee
or  = le [ – Cx – Cy Cx Cy ] { uN } ...(3.4.3)

at le (1  4) (4  1)
Knowing the element nodal displacement vector in global coordinate system, the stress induced in each element
ic w
can be determined by using Equation (3.4.3).
bl o
Example 3.4.1: A three bar truss is shown in Fig. P. 3.4.1(a). The modulus of elasticity of the material is 200 Gpa. If the cross
sectional area of each element is 2000 mm2, determine the nodal displacements and support reactions using finite element
n
method.
Pu K
ch
Te
Fig. P. 3.4.1(a)
Solution. :
Given : E = 200  103 N/mm2 ; P3x = 15  103 ;
P3y = – 20  103 N ; l1 = 4000 mm ;

l2 = 3000 mm ; A1 = A2 = A3 = 2000 mm2 .
l3 = l21 + l22 = (4000)2 + (3000)2 = 5000 mm.
1. Discretization :
ns e
io dg
at le Fig. P. 3.4.1(b)
ic w
 Fig. P. 3.4.1(b) shows an assemblage of three truss elements. The element connectivity for the assembly is given
in Table P. 3.4.1(a).
bl o
Table P. 3.4.1(a) : Element Connectivity

n
Element Global Node Number ‘n’ of

Pu K
Number ⓔ Local Node 1 Local Node 2
① 1 2
ch
② 2 3
③ 1 3
Te
In general, ⓔ i j
 Total d.o.f. of truss assembly, N = D.O.F. per node  Number of nodes in assembly = 2  3 = 6
 The dimension of the global stiffness matrix, [K] = (6  6);
 The dimension of the global load vector, {F} = (6  1);
 The dimension of the global nodal displacement vector, { UN } = 6  1.
 The values of Cx and Cy for all the elements are obtained as shown in Table P. 3.4.1(b).
Table P. 3.4.1(b) : Values of Cx and Cy
Element Length of Global Coordinates of

Number ⓔ Element ‘le’ in
Local Node 1 Local Node 2 Cx =
(x2 – x1)
Cy =
(y2 – y1)
mm le le
x y x y
① l1 = 4000
ns e
0 0 4000 0 1 0
② l2 = 3000 4000 0 4000 3000 0 1
io dg
③ l3 = 5000 0 0 4000 3000 0.8 0.6
2. Element stiffness matrices :
at le
The element stiffness matrix in global coordinate system is given by,
(2i – 1) 2i (2j – 1) (2j) n
ic w
C2x Cx  Cy – C2x – Cx  Cy
  (2i – 1)
Ae Ee  Cx  Cy C2y – Cx  Cy – C2y
 (2i)
bl o
[ k ]e = ...(a)
  (2j(2–j)1)
le
– C2x – Cx  Cy C2x Cx  Cy
 
n
– Cx  Cy – C2y Cx  Cy C2y
 Element 1 :
Pu K
i = 1 and j = 2 ; Cx = 1 and Cy = 0.
1 2 3 4 n 1 2 3 4 n
ch
1 0 –1 0 1 0 –1 0
  1
  1
[ k ]1 =
2000  200  10 3
 0 0 0 0 2
N/mm = 105
 0 0 0 0  2
N / mm
4000  –1 0 1 0 3  –1 0 1 0  3
Te
 0 0 0 0 4  0 0 0 0  4
...(b)
 Element 2 :
i = 2 and j = 3; Cx = 0 and Cy = 1.
3 4 5 6 n 3 4 5 6 n
0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 3
2000  200  103  0 1 0 –1  4  0 1.333 0 – 1.333  4
[ k ]2 =
3000  0 0 0 0  5
N/mm = 105  0 0 0 0  5
N/mm
 0 –1 0 1  6  0 – 1.333 0 1.333  6
…(c)
 Element 3 :
i = 1 and j = 3; Cx = 0.8 and Cy = 0.6.
1 2 5 6 n
0.64 0.48 – 0.64 – 0.48 1

2000  200  103  0.48 0.36 – 0.48 – 0.36  2
[ k ]3 =
5000  – 0.64 – 0.48 0.64 0.48  5
N/mm
 – 0.48 – 0.36 0.48 0.36  6
1 2 5 6 n
ns e
0.512 0.384 – 0.512 – 0.384 1
 0.384 0.288 – 0.384 – 0.288 2
io dg
or[ k ]3 = 105   5 N/mm …(d)
– 0.512 – 0.384 0.512 0.384
 – 0.384 – 0.288 0.384 0.288 6
3. Global stiffness matrix :
at le
Global Stiffness matrix of the truss is given by,
[K] = [ k ]1 + [ k ]2 + [ k ]3
ic w
1 2 3 4 5 6 n
(1 + 0.512) (0 + 0.384) –1 0 – 0.512 – 0.384 1

 (0 + 0.384) (0 + 0.288) 0 0 – 0.384 – 0.288  2
bl o
= 105
 –1 0 1+0 0+0 0 0  3 2
4 N/mm
 – 0.5120 0 (0 + 0) (0 + 1.333) 0 – 1.333

n
– 0.384 0 0 (0 + 0.512) (0 + 0.384) 5

 – 0.384 – 0.288 0 – 1.333 (0 + 0.384) (1.333 + 0.288)  6
Pu K
1 2 3 4 5 6 n
ch
1.512 0.384 –1 0 – 0.512 – 0.384 1

 0.384 0.288 0 0 – 0.384 – 0.288 2
[K] = 105
 –1 0 1 0 0 0 3 N/mm2
 – 0.5120 0
– 0.384
0
0
1.333
0
0
0.512
– 1.333
0.384
 54
 – 0.384 6
Te
– 0.288 0 – 1.333 0.384 1.621

…(e)
4. Global load vector :
The global load vector for the truss assembly is given by,
P1x
 
R1x
1
 1

   
P1y R
2 1y 2
P2x
   
3 0 3
{F} = N= N ...(f)
P2y 4 R2y 4
P3x 5

15  103
5

P3y 6 
– 20  103
6 
5. Global nodal displacement vector :
The global nodal displacement vector for the truss assembly is given by,
U1
V  12
U 1
3
V 4
2
{ UN } = mm ...(g)
2
U  56
V 
3
ns e
6. Global stiffness-nodal displacement - load relationship :
io dg
Hence, the resultant matrix equation for the truss assembly is,
[K] { Un } = {F}
1 2 3 4 5 6
at le
[K] = 105


1.512
0.384
–1
0.384 – 1
0.288
0
0
1
0 – 0.512 – 0.384
0 – 0.384 – 0.288
0 0 0

 

U1
V 1
U
1
 2
V 4 = 
2 3
 R
0
R1x
1y

 …(h)
ic w
 0 0 0 1.333 0 – 1.333
 U 52
R 2y
 V  6  – 20  10 
– 0.512 – 0.384 0 0 0.512 0.384
 15  10 3
3
– 0.384 – 0.288 0 – 1.333 0.384 1.621 3
bl o
3
7. Nodal displacements :
n
 At node 1 there is hinge support and at node 2 there is roller support. Hence, U1 = 0, V1 = 0, and V2 = 0. As d.o.fs 1,
2 and 4 are fixed, using elimination approach, first, second, and fourth rows and columns can be eliminated from
Pu K
Equation (h). Hence,

U
1 0 0  2   0 
ch
   
105 0 0.512 0.384  U3  =  15  103  ...(i)
 
 0 0.384 1.621   V   – 20  103 
3
U2
1 0 0     0 
Te
 0 0.512 0.384 
  U  3 =  0.15 
 – 0.2 
 0 0.384 1.621  V  3
U2
1 0 0 
 0 5.12 3.84 
   0 
   U  =  1.5 
3 ...(j)
 0 3.84 16.21   V   – 2.0 
3
(i) Subtracting 0.75  row II from row III,

U2
1 0 0 
 0 5.12 3.84 
   0 
  U  3 =  1.5  ...(k)
 – 3.125 
 0 0 13.33  V  3
From above matrix Equation (k),

U2 = 0 ...(l)
5.12 U3 + 3.84 V3 = 1.5 ...(m)

13.33 V3 = – 3.125
 U2 = 0 mm
and V3 = – 0.2344 mm
Substituting the value of V3 in Equation (m) ,
5.12 U3 + 3.84  ( – 0.2344) = 1.5
ns e
 U3 = 0.468 mm
io dg
U2 = 0 mm ; U3 = 0.468 mm and V3 = – 0.2344 mm ...Ans.
0
 0 
=   mm
0
{ UN } …Ans.
0
at le  0.468
– 0.2344

ic w
R 1x = – 40000 N ; R 1y = 0 N and R2z = 30000 N...Ans.
8. Supports Reaction:
bl o
From Equation (h),
R1x = 105 [1.512 U1 + 0.384 V1 – U2 – 0.512 U3 – 0.384 V3]
n
= 105 [0 + 0 – 0 – 0.512  0.468 – 0.384  (– 0.2344)]

= –14.96  103 N
Pu K
or R1x = 14.96 kN
R1y = 105 [0.384 U1 + 0.288 V1 – 0.384 U3 – 0.288 V3]

ch
= 105 [0 + 0 – 0.384  0.468 – 0.288  – 0.2344]

= –11.22  103 N
or R1y = –11.22 kN
Te
R2y = 105 [1.333 V2 – 1.333 V3]
= 105 [0 – 1.333  –0.2344]

= 31.25  103 N
or R2y = 31.25 kN
R1x = 14.96 kN; R1y = –11.25 kN and R2y = 31.25 kN …Ans.
Example 3.4.2 : For the truss structure shown in Fig. P.3.4.2(a), discretize the model and determine :
i) the nodal displacements; ii) the stresses in each element; and iii) the reactions at support.
Take E = 200 × 103 N/mm2 and A = 1500 mm2.
ns e
io dg
Fig. P. 3.4.2(a)
Solution :
E = 200 × 103 N/mm2 ; A1 = 1500 mm2 A2 = 1500 mm2 ;
Given :
at le l2 = 750 mm ; P2y = –50 × 103 N.

;
ic w
1. Discretization :
 From Fig. P. 3.4.2(b) ;

bl o
l1 = (500)2 + (750)2 = 901.39 mm
 Fig. Fig. P. 3.4.2(b) shows an assemblage of two truss elements. The element connectivity for the assembly is
n
given in Table P. 3.4.2(a).

Pu K
Table P. 3.4.2(a): Element Connectivity

ch
① 1 2
②
Te
2 3
In general,ⓔ i j
Fig. P. 3.4.2(b)
 Total d.o.f. of truss assembly, N = D.O.F per node  Number of nodes in assembly = 2  3 = 6.
 The dimension of the global stiffness matrix, [ K ] = (6  6).
 The dimension of the global load vector, { F } = (6  1).
 The dimension of the global nodal displacement Vector, { UN } = 6 1
 The values of Cx and Cy for all the elements are obtained as shown in Table P.3.4.2(b).
Global Coordinates of
Element Number ⓔ Local Node 1 Local Node 2 Cx =

(X2 – X1)
Cy =
y2 – y1
le le
Length of Element ‘le’ in mm
x y x y
ns e
① l1 = 901.39 0 0 750 500 0.832 0.555
io dg
② l2 = 750 750 500 0 500 –1 0
2. Elements stiffness matrices :
at le
The element stiffness matrix in global co-ordinate system is given by,
(2i – 1) 2i (2j – 1) (2j) n
ic w
C2x C x C y – C2x – C x C y (2i – 1)
Ae Ee
[ k ]e = l C x C y C2y – C x C y – C2y (2i) …(a)
bl o
e
– C2x – C x C y C2x C x C y (2j – 1)

n
– C x C y – C2y C x C y C2y (2j)
 Element 1 :
Pu K
i = 1 and j = 2; Cx = 0.832 and Cy = 0.555

ch
1 2 3 4 n
0.692 0.461 – 0.692 – 0.461 1

1500  200  103
[ k ]1 = 901.39 0.461 0.308 – 0.461 – 0.308 2 N/mm
Te
– 0.692 – 0.461 0.692 0.461 3

– 0.461 – 0.308 0.461 0.308 4
1 2 3 4 n
2.3 1.53 – 2.3 – 1.53 1

…(b)
or [k]1 = 105 1.53 1.025 – – 2
1.53 1.025
– 2.3 – 1.53 2.3 1.53 3
– 1.53 – 1.025 1.53 1.025 4
 Element 2 :
i =2 and j = 3 ; Cx = –1 and Cy = 0.
3 4 5 6 n
1 0 –1 0 3
0 
[ k ]2 =
1500  200  103  0 0 0 4
N/mm
750
– 1 0 1 0 5
 0 0 0 0 6
3 4 5 6 n
ns e
4 0 –4 0 3
0 
 0 0 0  4
io dg
5
or [ k ]2 = 10 N/mm …(c)
– 4 0 4 0 5
0 0 0 0 6
at le
The global stiffness matrix of the truss is given by,
2.3
1
1.53
2 3
– 2.3
4
– 1.53
5
0
6
0 1
n
ic w
1.53 1.025 – 1.53 – 1.025 0 0 2
[K] = [k]1 + [k]2 = 10 5
– 2.3 – 1.53 2.3 + 4 1.53 + 0 –4 0 3
bl o
– 1.53 – 1.025 1.53 + 0 1.025 + 0 0 0 4 N/mm

0 0 –4 0 4 0 5
n
0 0 0 0 0 0 6
Pu K
1 2 3 4 5 6 n
ch
2.3 1.53 – 2.3 – 1.53 0 0 1

1.53 1.025 – 1.53 – 1.025 0 0 2
or [K] = 105 – 2.3 – 1.53 6.3 1.53 –4 0 3
Te
– 1.53 – 1.025 1.53 1.025 0 0 4 N/mm ...(d)

0 0 –4 0 4 0 5
0 0 0 0 0 0 6
The global load vector for tress assembly is given by,

P1x
P  12  R  12
R1x
P 1y
3  0 3 1y
=   4 N =  – 50  10  4 N
2x
{F} 3 ...(e)
P 2y
P  65  RR  56
P 
3x 3x
3y 3y
The global nodal displacement refer for the truss assembly is given by,
U1
V 
U  1
=   mm
2
{UN} …(f)
V
ns e
2
U 
V 
3
io dg
3
6. Global stiffness nodal displacement load relationship :
The resultant matrix equation for the truss assembly is,
at le[K] {UN} = F}
1 2 3 4 5 6
ic w
U1
 V 
R1x
2.3 1.53 – 2.3
 1.53 1.025 – 1.53 – 1.025
– 1.53 0 0
0 2
1 1
 R 
 – 2.3 – 1.53 6.3 1.53
0
0 3
U  3  0 
2
1 1y
bl o
4 V  4
= 
– 50  10 
–4 2
[k] = 105 …(g)
– 1.53 
– 1.025 1.53 1.025 0 0 3
2
 U  5  
n
 0 0 0 0 
0 0 –4 0 4 0 5 R
V   R 
3 3x
0 0 6 6
Pu K
3 3y
ch
 At nodes 1 and 3 there are hinge support. Hence, U1 = 0, V1 = 0, U3 = 0 and V3 = 0.
 As d.o.f 1, 2, 5 and 6 are fixed, using elimination approach, first, second, fifth and sixth rows and column can be
eliminated from equation (g). Hence,
Te
 6.3 1.53   U2  =  0 

105   V 
1.53 1.025  2   – 50 × 103 
 63 15.3   U2  = 104  0 

104  
15.3 10.25  V2  –5
 63 15.3   U2  =  0 

  ...(h)
15.3 10.25  V2  –5
– 15.3
Adding 10.25  Row II to Row I,
U
 40.16 0   2   7.46 
  =   …(i)
 15.3 10.25   V2   –5 
– 15.3
Adding 40.16  Row I to Row II,
U
 40.16 0   2   7.46 
  =   …(j)
 0 10.25   V2   – 7.84 
From Equation (j)

40.16 U2 = 7.46
and 10.25 V2 = – 7.84
 U2 = 0.1857 mm
ns e
and V2 = – 0.765 mm …Ans.
io dg
0
 0 
 0.1857 
= 
– 0.765
{UN} mm …Ans.
 0 
at le 0
ic w
8. Reaction forces at supports :
From Equation (g),

R1x = 105 [ 2.3U1 + 1.53V1 – 2.3 U2 – 1.53V2]
bl o
R1x = 105 [ 0+0 –2.3 0.1857+1.53]

n
= 74.334  N
Pu K
or R1x = 74.334 kN
R1y = 105 [1.53U1 + 1.025 V1 –1.53U2–1.025V2]

ch
= 105 [0+ 01 –1.53 0.1857 + 1.025 ]
= 50 
or R1y = 50 kN
Te
R3x = 105 [– 4 U2 + 4U2]
R3x = 105 [– 4 0.1857]
= – 74.28 103 N
or R3x = – 74.28 kN
R3y =0
R1x = 74.33 kN; R1y = 50kN; R3x = – 74.28 kN and R3y = 0 …Ans.
9. Stresses in Elements :
 Stress in any element is given by,

Ee
 = l [ –Cx – Cy Cx Cy] { UN }
e
 Element 1 :
U1
E1  V  200  10 3
 0 
0
1 = l [ –Cx – Cy Cx Cy]  U  = 901.39
1
[ –0.832 – 0.555 0.832 0.555]  0.1857
V   – 0.765 
1 2
2
200  103
= 901.39 [ 0 + 0 + 0.832–]
ns e
or 1 = – 59.93 N/mm2
io dg
 Element 2 :
U2
E2  V  200  10 3
 0.1857 
– 0.765
C ]  U  = 750 [ 1 0 –1 0]  0 
2
2 = l [ – Cx – Cy Cx
at le 2
200  103
y
V 
3
3
[ 1 0.1857 + 0 + 0 + 0]
 0 
ic w
= 750
or 2 = 49.5 N/mm2
bl o
1 = –59.93N/mm2 and 2 = 49.5 N/mm2 …Ans.

n
Example 3.4.3 : For the truss shown in Fig. P. 3.4.3(a) acted upon by a force P, if the displacements of node 2 is found to be
Ux = 0.01 mm and Uy = – 0.02 mm, determine the force P.
Pu K
ch
Te
Fig. P. 3.4.3(a)
Solution :
Given : E = 200 × 103 N/mm2 ; A1 = 100 2 = 141.42 mm2 ; A2 = 50 mm2 ;
l1 = (100)2 + (100)2 = 141.42 mm ; l2 = 100 mm ; U2 = 0.01 mm ;

V2 = – 0.02 mm.
1. Discretization :
Fig. P. 3.4.3(b) shows an assemblage of two truss elements. The element connectivity for the assembly is given
Table P.3.4.3(a): Element Connectivity
① 1 2
ns e
2 3
In general,ⓔ i j
io dg
at le
ic w
bl o n
Pu K
Fig. P. 3.4.3(b)
ch
 The dimension of the global stiffness matrix, [ K ] = (6  6).
 The dimension of the global load vector, { F } = (6  1).
Te
 The dimension of the global nodal displacement Vector, { UN } = 6 1

(X2 – X1)
Cy =
y2 – y1
le le
Length of Element ‘le’ in mm x y x y
① l1 = 141.42 0 0 100 100 0.707 0.707
② l2 = 100 100 100 0 100 –1 0
2. Elements stiffness matrices :
 The element stiffness matrix in global co-ordinate system is given by,

(2i – 1) 2i (2j – 1) (2j) n
C2x C x C y – C2x – C x C y (2i – 1)

Ae Ee
[ k ]e = l C x C y C2y – C x C y – C2y (2i)
e …(a)
– C2x – C x C y C2x C x C y (2j – 1)
– C x C y – C2y C x C y C2y (2j)
ns e
io dg
 Element 1 :
i = 1 and j = 2; Cx = 0.707 and Cy = 0.707
1 2 3 4 n
at le [ k ]1 =
141.42  200  103
141.42
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
– 0.5
– 0.5
– 0.5
– 0.5
1
2
N/mm
ic w
– 0.5 – 0.5 0.5 0.5 3
– 0.5 – 0.5 0.5 0.5 4

bl o
1 2 3 4 n
n
1 1 –1 –1 1
…(b)
Pu K
or [k]1 = 105 1 1 –1 –1 2
–1 –1 1 1 3
ch
–1 –1 1 1 4
 Element 2 :
i =2 and j = 3 ; Cx = –1 and Cy = 0.
Te
3 4 5 6 n
1 0 –1 0 3
50  200  103 0 0 0 0 4
[ k ]2 = 100 N/mm
–1 0 1 0 5
0 0 0 0 6
3 4 5 6 n
1 0 –1 0 3
0 
or [ k ]2 = 10

5
0 0 0 4
N/mm …(c)
– 1 0 1 0 5
0 0 0 0 6

1 2 3 4 5 6 n
1 1 –1 –1 0 0 1
1 1 –1 –1 0 0 2
[K] =[k]1 + [k]2 = 10 5
–1 –1 1+1 1+0 –1 0 3
–1 –1 1+0 1+0 0 0 4 N/mm
0 0 –1 0 1 0 5
ns e
0 0 0 0 0 0 6
io dg
1 2 3 4 5 6 n
1 1 –1 –1 0 0 1
1 1 –1 –1 0 0 2
or [K] = 105 –1 –1 2 1 –1 0 3
at le –1
0
–1
0
1
–1
1
0
0
1
0
0
4
5
N/mm ...(d)
ic w
0 0 0 0 0 0 6

bl o
The global load vector for truss assembly is given by,
P1x
P  12  RR  12
n
1x
P 1y
 3 0 3 1y
=   4 N =  – P 4 N
Pu K
2x
{F} ...(e)
P
 65  RR  56
2y
P 3x
P 
ch
3x
3y 3y
The global nodal displacement refer for the truss assembly is given by,
Te
U1
V 
U  1
=   mm
2
{UN} …(f)
V 2
U 
V 
3
6. Global stiffness nodal displacement load relationship :
The resultant matrix equation for the truss assembly is,

[K] {UN} = {F}
1 2 3 4 5 6
U1
 V 
R1x
1
1 1
1 –1 –1 0 0

1 1
R 
– 1 – 1
–1 –1 0 0
0 3
2
U  3  0 
2 1 1y
4 V  4
= 
– P
2 1 –1 2
[k] = 105 …(g)
–01 –01 1 1 0 0
 
2
R 
0 0
–1 0 1
0 6
0 5
 U  5
ns e
V  6 R 
3 3x
0 0 0
3 3y
io dg
 At nodes 1 and 3 there are hinge support. Hence, U1 = 0, V1 = 0, U3 = 0 and V3 = 0
 As d.o.f 1, 2, 5 and 6 are fixed, using elimination approach, first, second, fifth and sixth rows and column can be
at le
eliminated from equation (g). Hence,
2 1  U2  =  0 
  V
ic w
105 ...(h)
1 1  2   – P 
From Equation, (h)
bl o
105 (2U2 + V2) = 0 and

n
105 (2  0.01 – 0.02) = 0
L. H. S. = R. H. S.
Pu K
Again,
ch
105 (U2 + V2) = – P
105 (0.01 – 0.02) = – P
 P = 1000 N …Ans.
Te
Example 3.4.4: Determine the nodal displacements, stresses in each member and the support reactions for a truss shown in
Fig. P. 3.4.4(a). Take modulus of elasticity as 200 GPa.
Fig. P. 3.4.4(a)
Solution :
Given :
l1 = 800 mm ; A1 = 1500 mm2 ; A2 = A3 = 2000 mm2 ;
F3y = –150 × 103 N ; E = 200 × 103 N/mm2.
1. Discretization :
From Fig. P. 3.4.4.(a),
ns e
l2 = (400)2 + (400)2 = 565.68 mm
io dg
at le
ic w
bl o n
Fig. P. 3.4.4(b)
Pu K
 Fig. P. 3.4.4(b) shows an assemblage of three truss elements. The element connectivity for the assembly is given
ch
Table P. 3.4.4(a) : Element Connectivity
Element Number ⓔ Global Node Number ‘n’ of

Local Node 1 Local Node 2
①
Te
1 2
② 2 3
③ 1 3
In general, ⓔ 1 j
 The d.o.f. of truss assembly, N = D.O.F. per node  Number of nodes in assembly = 2  3 = 6
 The dimension of the global stiffness matrix, [K] = (6  6);
 The dimension of the global load vector, {F} = (6  1);

 The dimension of the global nodal displacement vector, {UN} = 6  1.
Elements Number Length of Element Global Coordinates of (x2 – x1) y2 – y1

Cx = le Cy = le
‘le’ in mm
ⓔ Local Node 1 Local Node 2
x y x y
l1 = 800
① 0 0 800 0 1 0
ns e
l2 = 565.68
② 800 0 400 400 – 0.707 0.707
io dg
l3 = 565.68
③ 0 0 400 400 0.707 0.707
2. Element stiffness matrices :
at le
The element stiffness matrix in global coordinate system is given by,
(2 i – 1) (2i) (2j – 1) (2j) n

ic w
C2x Cx  C y C2x – Cx  Cy
 C C –
 (2i – 1)
[k]e =
Ae Ee  x y
C2y – Cx  Cy – C2y  (2i)
…(a)
 –C – Cx  Cy C

2
le C2x Cx (2j – 1)
bl o
x y
– C  C
x y
– C2y Cx  Cy C 2
y
(2j)
n
 Element 1 :
i = 1 and j = 2; Cx = 1 and Cy = 0.
Pu K
1 2 3 4 n
ch
 1 0 –1 0  1
1500  200  103  0 0 0 0  2
[k]1 = 3 N/mm
800 – 1 0 1 0 
 0 0 0 0  4
Te
1 2 3 4 n
 3.75 0 – 3.75 0  1
or [k]1
 0
= 105 – 3.75
0 0 0 2
N/mm …(b)
 0 3.75 0  3
 0 0 0 0 4
 Element 2 :
i = 2 and j = 3; Cx = – 0.707 and Cy = 0.707.
3 4 5 6 n
 0.5 – 0.5 – 0.5 0.5 3

2000  200  103 – 0.5 0.5 0.5 – 0.5 4
[k]2 = 5 N/mm
565.68 – 0.5 0.5 0.5 – 0.5
 0.5 – 0.5 – 0.5 0.5 6
3 4 5 6 n
 3.535 – 3.535 – 3.535 3.535 3

or [k]2
– 3.535 3.535 3.535 – 3.535
5
= 10 – 3.535
4
N/mm …(c)
 3.535 3.535 – 3.535 5
 3.535 – 3.535 – 3.535 3.535 6
 Element 3 :
i = 1 and j = 3; Cx = 0 and Cy = 0.866.
ns e
1 2 5 6 n
io dg
 0.5 0.5 – 0.5 – 0.5 1
2000  200  103  0.5 0.5 – 0.5 – 0.5 2
[k]3 = 5 N/mm
565.68  – 0.5 – 0.5 0.5 0.5
 – 0.5 – 0.5 0.5 0.5 6
at le 1 2 5
 3.535 3.535 – 3.535 – 3.535  1

6 n
ic w
or [k]3
 3.535 3.535 – 3.535 – 3.535  2 N/mm
5
= 10 – 3.535 –3.535 …(d)
 3.535 3.535  5
– 3.535 – 3.535 3.535 3.535  6
bl o
Global stiffness matrix of the truss is given by,

n
[K] = [k]1 + [k]2 + [k]3

Pu K
1 2 3 4 5 6 n
ch
3.75 + 3.535 0 + 3.535 – 3.75 0 – 3.535 – 3.535 1

 0 + 3.535 0 + 3.535 0 0 – 3.535 – 3.535  2
= 105
 – 3.75 0 3.75 + 3.535 0 – 3.535 – 3.535 3.535  3
N/mm
 0
– 3.535
0
– 3.535
0 – 3.535 0 + 3.535
– 3.535
3.535 – 3.535
3.535 3.535 + 3.535 – 3.535 + 3.535
 4
5
 
Te
– 3.535 – 3.535 3.535 – 3.535 – 3.535 + 3.535 3.535 + 3.535 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 n
7.285 3.535 – 3.75 0 – 3.535 – 3.535 1

 3.535 3.535 0 0 – 3.535 –3.535  2
Or = 105
 – 3.75 0 7.285 – 3.535 – 3.535 3.535  3
4 N/mm …(e)
– 3.5350 0 – 3.535 3.535 3.535 – 3.535
– 3.535 – 3.535 3.535 7.07 0
 5
– 3.535 – 3.535 3.535 – 3.535 0 7.07  6

The global load vector for the truss assembly is given by,
P1x
 P 1y
 12 R1x
 R  12
1y
P
= P  345 N =   345
2x 0
{F} N …(f)
R
 – 1500 10  6
2y 2y
 PP 3x
3y
 6 3
ns e
io dg
U1

V1 1
2

U2
{UN} = V2 3
4 mm  …(g)
 
at le U3
V3
5
6
ic w
6. Global stiffness-nodal displacement-load relationship :
[K] = {UN} = {F}
bl o
U1

7.285 3.535 – 3.75 0 – 3.535 – 3.535

1
 V 12  RR  1x
 0 
n
3.535 3.535 0 0 – 3.535 –3.535 2 1

1y
  U
10 5

– 3.75
0
0 7.285 – 3.535 – 3.535 3.535
0 – 3.535 3.535 3.535 – 3.535

3
4  V 45  R 
2 3
= …(h)
Pu K
 UV 6  – 1500 10 
2 2y
– 3.535 – 3.535 – 3.535 3.535 7.07 0 5

– 3.535 – 3.535 3.535 – 3.535 0 7.07  6 3
3
3
ch
At node 1 there is hinge support and at node 2 there is roller support. Hence, U1 = 0, V1 = 0, and V2 = 0. As d.o.fs
1, 2 and 4 are fixed, using elimination approach, first, second, and fourth rows and columns can be
Te
eliminated from Equation (h). Hence,

U
 7.285 – 3.535 3.535  2   0 
10 – 3.535
5 7.07 0  U3  =  0  …(i)
 3.535 0 7.07  V
 3   – 150  10 3
Adding 0.5  row II to row I,

U
 5.5175 0 3.535 
 2   0 
10  – 3.535 7.07
5 0  U3  =  0 
 3.535 0 7.07  V
 3   – 150  10 3
– 3.535
Adding 5.5175  row I to row III,
U
 5.5175 0 3.535  2   0 
10  – 3.535 7.07
5 0   U3  =  0  …(j)
 0 0 4.805  
 V3   – 1.5 
From above matrix Equation (j),

5.5175 U2 + 3.535 V3 = 0
–3.535 U2 + 7.07 U3 = 0
4.805 V3 = – 1.5
 V3 = – 0.312 mm
5.5175 U2 – 3.535  0.312 = 0
ns e
 U2 = 0.2 mm
–3.535  0.2 + 7.07 U3 = 0
io dg
 U3 = 0.1 mm
U2 = 0.2 mm; U3 = 0.1 mm and V3 = – 0.312 mm …Ans.
0
 0 
at le {UN} = 
0.2
0
 – 0.312
0.1 
 mm

…Ans.
ic w
Example 3.4.5 : A four bar truss is loaded as shown in Fig. P. 3.4.5(a). Assuming that for each element the cross- sectional
bl o
area is 2000 mm2 and modulus of elasticity is 200 GPa, determine the deflection, reaction forces and stresses in each
element.
n
Pu K
ch
Te
Fig. P. 3.4.5(a)
Solution :
Given :
E = 200 × 103 N/mm2 ; A1 = A2 = A3 = A4 = 2000 mm2 ;
l1 = l4 = 4000 mm ; l2 = l5 = 3000 mm ;
P3y = – 30 × 103 N.
1. Discretization :
 At nodes 1 and 4, the supports are hinge supports. Hence, elements 5 is a frame. Therefore, no need to account
for element 5.
ns e
io dg
at le Fig. P. 3.4.5(b)
ic w
 From Fig. 3.4.5(b) :
l3 = l21 + l22 = (4000)2 + (3000)2 = 5000 mm

bl o n
 Fig. 3.4.5(b) Shows an assemblage of four truss elements. The element connectivity for the assembly is given in
Table 3.4.5(a).
Pu K
Table 3.4.5(a) : Element connectivity

ch
Local Node 1 Local Node 2

Number ⓔ
① 1 2
② 2 3
Te
③ 1 3
④ 3 4
In general, ⓔ i j
 The dimension of the global stiffness matrix [ K ] = (8  8).
 The dimension of the global load vector { F } = (8  1).

 The dimension of the global nodal displacement Vector { UN } = 8  1
 The values of Cx and Cy for all the elements are obtained as shown in Table 3.4.5(b).
Table 3.4.5(b) : Values of Cx and Cy
(X2 – X1)
Cy =
y2 – y1
le le
Length of Element ‘le’ in mm x y x y
① l1 = 4000 0 0 4000 0 1 0
② l2 = 3000 4000 0 4000 3000 0 1
ns e
③ l3 = 5000 0 0 4000 3000 0.8 0.6
io dg
④ l4 = 4000 4000 3000 0 3000 –1 0
2. Elements stiffness matrices : The element stiffness matrix in global co-ordinate system is given by,
(2i – 1) 2i (2j – 1) (2j)
at le Ae Ee
[ k ]e = l
e
C2
x
Cx  Cy
Cx  Cy
C2
y
– C2
x
– Cx  Cy
– Cx  Cy
– C2
y
(2i – 1)
(2i)
ic w
– Cx  Cy Cx  Cy …(a)
– C2
x C2
x (2j – 1)
bl o
– Cx  Cy – C2 Cx  Cy C2 (2j)
y y
 Element 1 :
n
i = 1 and j = 2; Cx = 1 and Cy = 0
Pu K
1 2 3 4 n
1 0 –1 0 1
ch
0 0 0 0 2
2000  200  103 N/mm
[k]1= 4000 –1 0 1 0 3
0 0 0 0 4
Te
1 2 3 4 n
 1 0 –1 0 1
 0 0 0
[ k ]1 = 105 – 1 0
0 2
 1 0 3 N/mm …(b)
 0 0 0 0 4
 Element 2 :
i = 2 and j = 3 ; Cx = 0 and Cy = 1.
3 4 5 6 n
0 0 0 0 3
0 1 0 –1 4
2000  200  103 N/mm
[k]2= 3000 0 0 0 0 5
0 –1 0 1 6
3 4 5 6 n
 0 0 0 0  3

or [ k ]2 = 105 0
0 1.33 0 – 1.33 4
 0 0 0  5 N/mm …(c)
0 – 1.33 0 1.33  6
 Element 3 :
i = 1 and j = 3; Cx = 0.8 and Cy = 0.6.
ns e
1 2 5 6 n
 0.64 0.48 – 0.64 – 0.48  1
io dg
2000  200  103  0.48 0.36 – 0.48 – 0.36  2
[ k ]3 = N/mm
5000 – 0.64 – 0.48 0.64 0.48  5
– 0.48 – 0.36 0.48 0.36  6
1 2 5 6 n
 0.512 0.384 – 0.512 – 0.384 1
at le  0.384 0.288 – 0.384 – 0.288

or [ k ]3 = 105 – 0.512 – 0.384
 0.512 0.384
– 0.384 – 0.288 0.384 0.288
2
5 N/mm
6
…(d)
ic w
 Element 4 :
i = 3 and j = 4; Cx = – 1 and Cy = 0.
bl o
5 6 7 8 n
 1 0 –1 0 5
2000  200  103  0
n
0 0 0 6
[ k ]4 = 7 N/mm
4000 – 1 0 1 0
 0 0 0 0 8
Pu K
5 6 7 8 n
 1 0 –1 0 5
ch
or
 0
[ k ]4 = 105 – 1
0 0 0 6
 0 1 0 7 N/mm …(e)
 0 0 0 0 8
Te

[K] = [k]1 + [k]2 + [k]3 + [k]4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 n
(1 + 0.512) (0 + 0.384) –1 0 – 0.512 – 0.384 0 0 1

(0 + 0.384) (0 + 0.288) 0 0 – 0.384 – 0.288 0 0 2
–1 0 (1 + 0) (0 + 0) 0 0 0 0 3
 [K] = 105 0 0 (0 + 0) (0 + 0 – 1.33 0 0 4 N/mm
1.333)
– 0.512 – 0.384 0 0 (0 + 0.512 + 1) (0 + 0.384 + 0) –1 0 5
– 0.384 – 0.288 0 – 1.333 (0 + 0.384 + 0) (1.33 + 0.288 + 0) 0 0 6
0 0 0 0 –1 0 1 0 7
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 n
1.512 0.384 –1 0 – 0.512 – 0.384 0 0 1

0.384 0.288 0 0 – 0.384 – 0.288 0 0 2
–1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3
0 0 0 1.333 0 – 1.333 0 0 4 N/mm ...(f)
ns e
or [K] = 105 – 0.512 – 0.384 0 0 1.512 0.384 –1 0 5
– 0.384 – 0.288 0 – 1.333 0.384 1.621 0 0 6
io dg
0 0 0 0 –1 0 1 0 7
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
4.
at le
Global load vector :
P1x
  1
P1y
ic w
2
 P2y  34
P2x
{F} = P 5 N
bl o
3x
 P  67
P3y
 P4y4x  8
n
Pu K
R
 R1x1y  12
 R02y  43
ch
or {F} =  0  65 N …(g)
 – 30R4x× 10  78
3
 R4y 
Te
U1
  1
V1
2
 V2  34
U2
{ UN } =  U  5 mm …(h)
3
 U  67
V3
 V44  8
6. Global stiffness-nodal displacement-load relationship :
[ K ] { UN } = { F }
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
U1
1.512 0.384 – 1 0 – 0.512 – 0.384 0 0  V1  1  RR1y1x 
  U2 23  0 
ns e
0.384 0.288 0 0 – 0.384 – 0.288 0 0
   UV2  45 =  R02y 
–1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
io dg
0 0 0 1.333 0 – 1.333 0 0
or [ K ] = 105 …(i)
 – 0.512 – 0.384 0 0 1.512 0.384 – 1 0
  V33  67 – 30 × 103
  U4  8  RR4x 
– 0.384 – 0.288 0 – 1.333 0.384 1.621 0 0
 0 0 0 0 –1 0 1 0
 V4 
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4y
7.
 at le
Nodal displacements :
At nodes 1 and 4 there are hinge support, while at node 2 there is roller support. Hence, U1 = 0, V1 = 0, V2 = 0,
ic w
U4 = 0 and V4 = 0
bl o
 As d.o.fs. 1, 2, 4, 7 and 8 are fixed, using elimination approach, first, second, fourth, seventh and eight rows and
column can be eliminated from equation (i). Hence,
n
U
 1 0 0    2   0 
5
10  0 1.512 0.384 U
  3 =  0 
Pu K
0 0.384 1.621  V  
 – 30 × 10 3
3
U2
1 0 0    0 
ch
 0 1.512 0.384 
 
U3 =  0  ...(j)
  – 0.3 
 0 0.384 1.621  V3 
– 0.384
Adding 1.512  row II to row III,
Te
U2
1 0 0    0 
 0 1.512 0.384 
 
U3 =  0  ...(k)
  – 0.3 
 0 0 1.523  V3 
From matrix Equations (k),
U2 = 0 ...(l)
1.512 U3 + 0.384 V3 = 0 ...(m)
1.523 V3 = – 0.3 ...(n)
From Equation (n),

V3 = – 0.197 mm
From Equation (m),

1.512 U3 – 0.384  0.197 = 0
 U3 = 0.05 mm
U2 = 0 mm
U3 = 0.05 mm
V3 = – 0.197 mm ...Ans.
ns e
8. Reaction forces at supports :
From matrix Equations (i),
io dg
R1x = 105 [1.512 U1 + 0.384 V1 – U2 – 0.512 U3 – 0.384 V3 ]
= 105 [0 + 0 – 0 – 0.512  0.05 + 0.384  0.197]

or R1x = 5004.8 N
at le R1y = 105 [0.384 U1 + 0.288 V1 – 0.384 U3 – 0.288 V3 ]
R1y = 105 [0 + 0 – 0.384  0.05 + 0.288  0.197]

ic w
or R1y = 3754 N
R2y = 105 [1.333 V2 – 1.333 V3 ]

bl o
R2y = 105 [0 + 1.33  0.197]

n
or R2y = 26260 N
R4x = 105 [– U3 + U4 ]
Pu K
R4x = 105 [– 0.05 ]

ch
or R4x = – 5000 N
R4y = 0 N
R1x = 5004.8 N ; R1y = 3754 N ;

Te
R2y = 26260 N ; R4x = –5000 N ;

R4y = 0 …Ans.
5004.8
 3754
0

=  
26260
{F} 0 ...Ans.
 30000
–5000 
0


Unit-III - Truss Element

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Unit-III - Truss Element

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3

 Fig 3.1.1 shows a typical two dimensional (plane) truss. Such

Fig. 3.1.1 : Two-Dimensional Truss

3.2 COORDINATE SYSTEMS AND TRANSFORMATION MATRIX FOR TRUSS

Fig. 3.2.1 : Local and Global Coordinate Systems

(x, y) = global coordinates of any point P on truss element

le = Length of truss element = x2 – x1

= (x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2

From Fig. 3.2.1,

x1 = x1 cos  + y1 sin 

 Equations (3.2.2) can be written as,

x1 = cos   x1 + sin   y1 + 0  x2 + 0  ...(3.2.3)

 Equations (3.2.3) can be written in matrix form as,

 Substituting Equations (3.2.5) in Equation (3.2.4), we get,

or {x} = [ L ] {x} ...(3.2.7)

 Local   Transformation   Global 

 From Equation (3.2.6) using analogy,

 Element Nodal Displacement   Transformation   Element Nodal Displacement 

3.3 ELEMENT STIFFNESS MATRIX FOR TRUSS ELEMENTS IN GLOBAL

[k] = element stiffness matrix in global coordinate system

{ uN } = element nodal displacement vector in global coordinate system

{ f  } = element load vector in local coordinate system

[L] = transformation matrix

 Relation between local and global parameters :

 Element load vector in local coordinate system :

 Element stiffness matrix in global coordinate system :

Substituting Equation (3.3.1) in Equation (3.3.5),

or [L] [k] = [ k ] [L] ...(3.3.6)

Substituting Equations (3.3.10), (3.3.11) and (3.3.12) in Equation (3.3.9), we get,

3.4 ELEMENT STRESS FOR TRUSS ELEMENTS

 The stress at any point P within the element is given by,

Substituting Equation (3.3.2) in Equation (3.4.1),

P3y = – 20  103 N ; l1 = 4000 mm ;

l3 = l21 + l22 = (4000)2 + (3000)2 = 5000 mm.

Table P. 3.4.1(a) : Element Connectivity

Element Global Node Number ‘n’ of

Number ⓔ Local Node 1 Local Node 2

 The dimension of the global stiffness matrix, [K] = (6  6);

 The dimension of the global load vector, {F} = (6  1);

 The dimension of the global nodal displacement vector, { UN } = 6  1.

Table P. 3.4.1(b) : Values of Cx and Cy

Element Length of Global Coordinates of

② l2 = 3000 4000 0 4000 3000 0 1

2. Element stiffness matrices :

0.64 0.48 – 0.64 – 0.48 1

(1 + 0.512) (0 + 0.384) –1 0 – 0.512 – 0.384 1

– 0.384 0 0 (0 + 0.512) (0 + 0.384) 5

1.512 0.384 –1 0 – 0.512 – 0.384 1

– 0.288 0 – 1.333 0.384 1.621

Equation (h). Hence,

(i) Subtracting 0.75  row II from row III,

From above matrix Equation (k),

5.12 U3 + 3.84 V3 = 1.5 ...(m)

= 105 [0 + 0 – 0 – 0.512  0.468 – 0.384  (– 0.2344)]

R1y = 105 [0.384 U1 + 0.288 V1 – 0.384 U3 – 0.288 V3]

= 105 [0 + 0 – 0.384  0.468 – 0.288  – 0.2344]

R2y = 105 [1.333 V2 – 1.333 V3]

= 105 [0 – 1.333  –0.2344]

at le l2 = 750 mm ; P2y = –50 × 103 N.

 From Fig. P. 3.4.2(b) ;

given in Table P. 3.4.2(a).

Table P. 3.4.2(a): Element Connectivity