Alecsandra S.

Quisto BSOA 3-3N

Chapter 4: Respiratory system

Adenopathy

Adenopathy is any disease or inflammation that involves glandular tissue or lymph nodes. The term is
usually used to refer to lymphadenopathy or swollen lymph nodes.

Asthma
is a condition in which your airways narrow and swell and may produce extra mucus. 

Barrel chested

happens when the lungs become overfilled (hyperinflated) with air — like a balloon — as they
work harder. This keeps the rib cage open or expanded for a long time. This happens most
often because of a chronic lung condition, but other diseases and conditions may cause it as
well.

Bronchitis

is an infection of the main airways of the lungs (bronchi), causing them to become irritated and
inflamed.

Bronchospasm

is a narrowing of your airway that usually comes and goes. It may make it hard for you to
breathe

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

refers to a group of diseases that cause airflow blockage and breathing-related problems. It
includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

Congestion

presence of an abnormal amount of fluid in the vessels or passages of a part or organ,

especially of blood flow.

Cough

also known as tussis, is a voluntary or involuntary act that clears the throat and breathing
passage of foreign particles, microbes, irritants, fluids, and mucus; it is a rapid expulsion of air
from the lungs.

Crackle

An adventitious lung sound heard on auscultation of the chest, produced by air passing over
retained airway secretions or the sudden opening of collapsed airways.
Croup

refers to an infection of the upper airway, which obstructs breathing and causes a characteristic
barking cough. The cough and other signs and symptoms of croup are the result of swelling
around the voice box (larynx), windpipe (trachea) and bronchial tubes (bronchi).

Dysphagia
difficulty swallowing.

Dyspnea

Shortness of breath — known medically as dyspnea — is often described as an intense

tightening in the chest, air hunger, difficulty breathing, breathlessness or a feeling of suffocation.
Very strenuous exercise, extreme temperatures, obesity and higher altitude all can cause
shortness of breath in a healthy person.

Edema

is swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in your body's tissues. Although edema can affect
any part of your body, you may notice it more in your hands, arms, feet, ankles and legs.

Emphysema

is a lung condition that causes shortness of breath. In people with emphysema, the air sacs in
the lungs (alveoli) are damaged. Over time, the inner walls of the air sacs weaken and rupture
— creating larger air spaces instead of many small ones.

Exacerbation

refer to an increase in the severity of a disease or its signs and symptoms.

Exudate

fluid that leaks out of blood vessels into nearby tissues. The fluid is made of cells, proteins, and
solid materials. Exudate may ooze from cuts or from areas of infection or inflammation. It is also
called pus.

Fibrotic

thickening or scarring of the tissue. In this case, the normally thin, lacy walls of the air sacs in
the lungs are no longer thin and lacy, but get thick, stiff and scarred, also called becoming
fibrotic.

Friction rub

the sound, heard through a stethoscope, made by the rubbing together of the two inflamed
layers of pericardium in patients with pericarditis or of pleura in patients with pleurisy.

Hoarse
is when your voice sounds raspy, strained or breathy. The volume (how loud or soft you speak)
may be different and so may the pitch (how high or low your voice sounds).

Hydration
means adding back water that has been lost.

Infiltrate
an infiltrating substance or a number of infiltrating cells.

Injection
an act or instance of forcing a fluid (as a medicine) into a part of the body by using a special needle. 

Low grade fever

A low-grade fever is a mild elevation in body temperature above normal, which is 98.6°F (37ºC).

Malaise
is a feeling of weakness, overall discomfort, illness, or simply not feeling well. 

Orthopnea
is shortness of breath or difficulty breathing when you're lying down.

Otitis media

Pharyngitis

commonly known as sore throat — is an inflammation of the pharynx, resulting in a sore throat.

Phlegm
the thick viscous substance secreted by the mucous membranes of the respiratory passages,
especially when produced in excessive or abnormal quantities, e.g., when someone is suffering from
a cold.

Pneumonia
is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs.

Rales

an abnormal coarse crackling sound heard on auscultation of the chest, usually caused by the
accumulation of fluid in the lungs.

Rhinitis

when a reaction occurs that causes nasal congestion, runny nose, sneezing, and itching. Most
types of rhinitis are caused by an inflammation and are associated with symptoms in the eyes,
ears, or throat. There are several types of rhinitis.

Rhinorrhea
often used to refer to a runny nose. Rhinorrhea actually refers to a thin, mostly clear nasal
discharge. Rhinitis refers to the inflammation of nasal tissues. Rhinitis often results in a runny
nose.

Bronchi

The large air passages that lead from the trachea (windpipe) to the lungs.

Shotty nodes

Sinusitis

is an infection of the lining of the sinuses near the nose. These infections most often happen
after a cold or after an allergy flare-up.

Sputum
is a type of thick mucus that is produced by the lungs when they are diseased or damaged.

Suppurative

is a term used to describe a disease or condition in which a purulent exudate (pus) is formed
and discharged.

Tachypnea
is a condition that refers to rapid breathing.

Tonsilitis
Inflammation of one or both tonsils, typically as a result of infection by a virus or 'bacteria.

Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URI)

affects the upper part of your respiratory system, including your sinuses and throat. Upper
respiratory infection symptoms include a runny nose, sore throat, and cough. Treatment for
upper respiratory infections often includes rest, fluids, and over-the-counter pain relievers.

Wheeze

is a high-pitched whistling sound during breathing. It occurs when air moves through narrowed
breathing tubes in the lungs.

41

Chapter 5: Cardio 29

Anemia

is a condition in which you lack enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to your
body's tissues. Having anemia, also referred to as low hemoglobin, can make you feel tired and
weak. There are many forms of anemia, each with its own cause.

Angina
is chest pain or discomfort when there is not enough blood flow to your heart muscle.

Atherosclerotic heart disease (AHD)

is a potentially serious condition where arteries become clogged with fatty substances called
plaques, or atheroma.

Arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD)

is a thickening and hardening of the walls of the coronary arteries.

Bradycardia
is a slow heart rate.

Bruit
A sound heard over an artery or vascular channel, reflecting turbulence of flow. 

Congestive heart failure (CHF)

is a serious condition in which the heart doesn't pump blood as efficiently as it should. 

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

is a narrowing or blockage of your coronary arteries usually caused by the buildup of fatty material
called plaque.

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT)

occurs when a blood clot (thrombus) forms in one or more of the deep veins in the body, usually
in the legs. Deep vein thrombosis can cause leg pain or swelling. Sometimes there are no
noticeable symptoms. You can get DVT if you have certain medical conditions that affect how
the blood clots.

Dysrhythmia

is an abnormal rhythm of your heartbeat. If you experience an arrhythmia, the rhythm of your
heartbeat is too fast or too slow. If you experience dysrhythmia, the rate of your heartbeat is
irregular, but it's still within a normal range.

Epistaxis
(also called a nosebleed) refers to a minor bleeding from the blood vessels of the nose.

Fatigue

A condition marked by extreme tiredness and inability to function due to lack of energy.

Gallop
an abnormal heart rhythm marked by the occurrence of three distinct sounds in each heartbeat
like the sound of a galloping horse.

Hemorrhage

In medicine, loss of blood from damaged blood vessels. A hemorrhage may be internal or

external, and usually involves a lot of bleeding in a short time.

Hemorrhoids
also called piles, are swollen veins in your anus and lower rectum, similar to varicose veins.

Hypercholesterolemia
is the term used to refer to a high blood cholesterol level. 

Hypertension

High blood pressure, also known as hypertension, is a common disease that develops when
blood flows through your arteries at higher-than-normal pressures. 

Murmur

are sounds — such as whooshing or swishing — made by rapid, choppy (turbulent) blood flow
through the heart. The sounds can be heard with a device called a stethoscope. A typical
heartbeat makes two sounds like "lubb-dupp" (sometimes described as "lub-DUP") when the
heart valves are closing.

Myocardial infarction (MI)

A heart attack (myocardial infarction) happens when one or more areas of the heart muscle
don't get enough oxygen. This happens when blood flow to the heart muscle is blocked.

Occlusion

is a complete or partial blockage of a blood vessel.

Palpitation

A rapid or irregular heartbeat that a person can feel.

Peripheral
means "away from the center." It refers to areas away from the center of the body or a body part.

Rub

an auscultatory sound caused by the rubbing together of two serous surfaces, as in pericardial
rub; called also rub. pericardial rub (pericardial friction rub) a scraping or grating noise heard
with the heartbeat, usually a to-and-fro sound, associated with an inflamed pericardium.

Sickle Cell Anemia

is a form of sickle cell disease. It affects red blood cells, changing them into stiff, sticky sickle cells
that block blood flow.
Stenosis

a narrowing or constriction of the diameter of a bodily passage or orifice esophageal stenosis —

see aortic stenosis, mitral stenosis, pulmonary stenosis, spinal stenosis, subaortic stenosis.

Tachycardia

Rapid beating of the heart, usually defined as greater than 100 beats per minute.

Thrombophlebitis

is swelling (inflammation) of a vein. A blood clot (thrombus) in the vein can cause this swelling.

Thrombosis

occurs when blood clots block your blood vessels. There are 2 main types of thrombosis:
Venous thrombosis is when the blood clot blocks a vein. Veins carry blood from the body back
into the heart.

Varicose veins

are twisted, enlarged veins. Any vein that is close to the skin's surface (superficial) can
become varicosed. Varicose veins most commonly affect the veins in the legs. That's because
standing and walking increase the pressure in the veins of the lower body.

Vascular insufficiency

 is a condition in which the veins have problems sending blood from the legs back to the heart.

Chapter 9: Reproductive System

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

is the name used to describe a number of potentially life-threatening infections and illnesses
that happen when your immune system has been severely damaged by the HIV virus. While
AIDS cannot be transmitted from 1 person to another, the HIV virus can.

Atrophy

decrease in size or wasting away of a body part or tissue. 

Cancer
is a disease in which some of the body's cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the
body.

Cervicitis

is an inflammation of the cervix, the lower, narrow end of the uterus that opens into the vagina.
Possible symptoms of cervicitis include bleeding between menstrual periods, pain with
intercourse or during a pelvic exam, and abnormal vaginal discharge.
Chlamydia

is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) that's caused by a bacteria called chlamydia
trachomatis (C. trachomatis). Once a person's infected, they can spread chlamydia to their
partners through intercourse, anal sex or oral sex.

Cystic breast disease

Fibrocystic breasts are painful, lumpy breasts. Formerly called fibrocystic breast disease, this
common condition is, in fact, not a disease. Many women experience these normal breast
changes, usually around their period. The female breast is either of two mammary glands
(organs of milk secretion) on the chest.

Cystocele

is a condition in which supportive tissues around the bladder and vaginal wall weaken and
stretch, allowing the bladder and vaginal wall to fall into the vaginal canal. Usually, the muscles
and connective tissues that support the vaginal wall hold the bladder in place.

Dysmenorrhea

Menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea) are throbbing or cramping pains in the lower abdomen. Many
women have menstrual cramps just before and during their menstrual periods. For some
women, the discomfort is merely annoying.

Dysplasia
A term used to describe the presence of abnormal cells within a tissue or organ.

Endometriosis

is an often painful disorder in which tissue similar to the tissue that normally lines the inside of
your uterus — the endometrium — grows outside your uterus. Endometriosis most commonly
involves your ovaries, fallopian tubes and the tissue lining your pelvis.

Epididymitis
is inflammation (swelling and irritation) of the epididymis, a tube at the back of the testicle that
carries sperm.

Erosion

is an injury borne by the most superficial part of the skin, characterized by the losses of parts of
the epidermis. This can happen due to trauma, and if the conditions that cause the erosion are
frequent dermatological pathologies, especially of infectious type.

Eversion
a turning inside out; a turning outward.

Gonorrhea (GC)
is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI), and it can pass on during any kind of sexual
contact. 

Herpes

are caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2. These viruses are contagious and
transmitted from one person to another through skin-to-skin contact. Kissing or touching is the
main cause of HSV-1 transmission, and sexual contact is the main cause of HSV-2
transmission.

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)

A type of virus that can cause abnormal tissue growth (for example, warts) and other changes to
cells. Infection for a long time with certain types of human papillomavirus can cause cervical
cancer.

Induration
a hardening of an area of the body as a reaction to inflammation, hyperemia, or neoplastic
infiltration.

Inguinal hernia

occurs when tissue, such as part of the intestine, protrudes through a weak spot in the
abdominal muscles. The resulting bulge can be painful, especially when you cough, bend over
or lift a heavy object. However, many hernias do not cause pain. An inguinal hernia isn't
necessarily dangerous.

Introitus
The entrance into any hollow organ or body cavity. The term is often used to refer to the entrance to
the vagina.

Mastalgia
is the medical term used to describe breast pain.

Menses
the periodic flow of blood and mucosal tissue from the uterus

Menopause
is a point in time 12 months after a woman's last period. 

Menorrhagia

is menstrual bleeding that lasts more than 7 days. It can also be bleeding that is very heavy.
Metrorrhagia

is heavy bleeding, including prolonged menstrual periods or excessive bleeding during a

normal-length period. Metrorrhagia is bleeding at irregular intervals, particularly between
expected menstrual periods.

Oligomenorrhea

is the medical term for infrequent menstrual periods (fewer than six to eight periods per year). 

Orchitis
is an inflammation of one or both testicles. 

Osteoporosis
is a health condition that weakens bones, making them fragile and more likely to break.

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

is an infection of one or more of the upper reproductive organs, including the uterus, fallopian
tubes and ovaries. Untreated PID can cause scar tissue and pockets of infected fluid
(abscesses) to develop in the reproductive tract, which can cause permanent damage.

Pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS)

is a combination of symptoms that many women get about a week or two before their period. 

Prolapse of uterus

occurs when pelvic floor muscles and ligaments stretch and weaken and no longer provide
enough support for the uterus. As a result, the uterus slips down into or protrudes out of the
vagina. Uterine prolapse can occur in women of any age.

Pruritus
simply means itching.

Rectocele

a type of posterior vaginal prolapse, develops when the tissues between the rectum and vagina
weaken, causing the rectum to bulge into the vagina. Symptoms of a rectocele may include
pelvic, vaginal and rectal pressure.

Ruga/Rugae
A fold, ridge, or crease; a wrinkle. 

Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD)

are infections transmitted from an infected person to an uninfected person through sexual

contact. STDs can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. 
Trichomonas

is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by a parasite. In women, trichomoniasis can
cause a foul-smelling vaginal discharge, genital itching, and painful urination. Men who have
trichomoniasis typically have no symptoms.

Vaginosis

is a condition that happens when there is too much of certain bacteria in the vagina. This
changes the normal balance of bacteria in the vagina.

Wrinkle

are creases, folds, or ridges in the skin. They naturally appear as people get older. The first
wrinkles tend to appear on a person's face in areas where the skin naturally folds during facial
expressions. They develop due to the skin becoming thinner and less elastic over time.