14 OCTOBER -2022

NHB support
Exam
Neuroanatomy
-
- Mca

SAQ (easier )
Neurophysiology
-
-

-
One more Sita
paper
with definitions .

Biology of neurons

Equivalent circuit -

0hwis@
nina nik nice nic É =

# =
g. v

'
{ gwa ¥9k }gu Cue
Ina g.Natt
__ -

Eira
-
'

=
Ecl
-

Ena Ek

ie =
total current

Delayed rectifier
-
Kchauiels close
slowly
◦
chloride conductance
KCCL
NKCCI NDCB ?
U
Developing
'

↳ neurons need
sodium
↳ dependent
Calcium conductance
Nex _

secondary active ( Na / Ca exchanger)

transport
fueled cat pump (211+1 Ca App)
4
AM
-

Glutamate AMPA & NMDA

Gaba GABA A - L

Glycine

ionotropic receptors -
NAChR
-

AMPA, NMAA ,
kaiuate
T
Mga /
makes the

✓1
curve

Reversal potential
GABA -
U
-

and K+
Glycine a
-
-

6s -
CAMP/ PKA ⊕
Gi - PLA
AAG tips
6g
.
-

Direct TRANSDUCTION
→ receptor molecule acts as
effector in all response

in Direct misnomeron
2nd involved
messenger
→ -
 SUPERMOM 2 25Oct 2022

Vision
visual
angle in (ruin / see degree
°
•
-
→ 60min -_ 1
60sec =/ ruin .

• 0.3 Nhl on retina

1.75 An
7
0.3
run
. Go 10
< >
on retina am

A arc =

Visual acuity
-
STELLAR charts

TOP number -20mn

away 201200
20/100
length of light
Angular 1.220¥ diameter go/to
-
=

diameter -
20150
of point spread frack .

the smaller the pupil the

larger
Reflection
,

the point spread fraction

.

Refraction
Deprachou -

waves spread when they went through a hole

point spread function e* .
•

↓ ✓

A← E.iq?I.bfyrry
point retina
spread
traction
 -
Thickness of p.s.fr .
+
receptors spacing
Closeness
of
-

source

11 " "

m r r
not resolved
resolved barely
resolved

Receptor spacing has to be thaef the width of psf

• '
.

two 10-5 are min in fovea )

for points to →
be discerned .
distance

PS f limit
you need half
• -
- =
rare 0.5

Cornea does most refraction -

4 3D tautsurface 48A
,

power of bus
-18 D
Refractive
Chromatic aberration
h= 1 /air) •
Different colors have diff waveI
(blue ) →dff
oh 1 376 time refraction
.
-
= .

most
refractive
Lens with aberration
•
spherical
Rays at edge are focused more intensely than the
ones du bmiddk ( why squinting helps see . better)

↓
Lens and Correa
flattened at edges
a
Reduces
•

Longer pupil - ↑
spherical aberration
small sphericalas
pupil sharper image
• .
-

e Foreal tritanopia -
lack of blue cones → reduces chromatic
aberration
Glare
(from
Particles cause
light seater aqueous
humor)

Emmetropia -

lens is focused
Ametropia -

(
Hypermetropia longsightedbehind
-
can see
fan not close)
)
,

focus retinal doesn't converge enough

Myopia
-

shortsighted
-

divergent leers biconcave

-

A myope target more clearly

}
RED
•

Mayne a
due to
-

A
hypernetrope may GREEN less cheerly chromatic
◦
-
see a
aberrance .

Astigmatism
Abnormally curve of cornealhorizontal needs
-
a

bus
cylindrical
lines can see less than
vertical
?

to +
to
=

¥ =p / Power in dioplnes
object
a
Focal length ,

P
↑ changes when

image f changes
É
i.
'
☐ ↓ ↓

During focusing
>
u
at
different
distances
 -
O suspensory big
-

.
(tonite of tow)
CN
muscles II
ciliary
-

compressed -

focusing power is high .

Near Decrease in accowodat

Reflex .

-
Aecom 0mn70N LENS power of lens

CONVERGENCE OF EYES
presbyopia
-

-
PUPIL constriction
corrected by
Bifocnz LENS
CORNEA
collagen
- -

LENS
crystal u aqueous humor supply
-
-

↓
absorb UV light over
life .

cAmnh①
Drained by
ciliary body -
secretes aqueous → trabecular meshwork
↳ carnal of Schlein

¥angetGWNWM①
ifNOT
pu
Sphincter -
PNS
Dilator -
Sws

light reflex → light → CNI → Lateral → Prdldruu

genic .
↓
nucleus interneurons ✗2

Edinger c-
Westphal
 Sipubs doesnt react to light but it does
pupil
-

(AR) accomodalt (close/far)

• interneurons contribute to GLARE

Miller cells helps with
guiding light
• -

•
Fovea interneurons are displaced to prevent glare
-
.

t
high cones density got a lot of
frond fovea
-

Blue
:

macular
divergence
absorbing pigment
-

1 :3 Ge

Paravfoveal regions -
ROD density peaks
Iot of 16 -16€
'

get a
-

converge
vision2

( Pit
Bikurporal hemianopsia Chiasm
gland tumor)
-

Monocular blindness optical nerve

_

-
Homouiwous hemianopsia loss of left
-

Quadrant Upper field

-

auopia -

-
Scotoura E -

illuminance -

Luminance -

reflected illuminance lux-a.co/1m2

Albedo -

proportion reflected towards all directions

=

contrast = Ai / i l

CONES
photopic mainly
-

RODS -

Scotopic mainly (resolution

Outer
segment where phototransd. happen
Bank current -

things depolarize when MARK

cGMP + channels and Nat and call-in .

Inner Walk pump

segment -

Rhodopsin - abs 500mm

R* = meta rhodopsin = alltrans retinal

Ophw= pigment cat

enters -

Saturation / all cGMP broken down

Adaptation -

bleaching
Field adaptation

NCXK

Recoverin -
ads on meta
rhodopsin .
Bleaching adaptation into
-
saturation ( when walking a
bright
of shrinks )
speed room
-