Lect 5 Chapter 3 IWWT

Chapter 3
Treatment Technologies for Industrial wastewater

 Primary Sedimentation Basins
• Two types of primary sedimentation basins
 conventional
 high rate
• Conventional basins are rectangular or circular
• they are 15 to 20 feet deep to allow proper sedimentation
• Detention time of water in these basins is 4 to 6 hours
• length to width ratio is 20 to 1
• Dimensions and proper baffling of these basins allow proper mixing, low
velocity,& no short circuits.
• Sludge is normally collected into a hopper close to the inlet end and is
discharged periodically
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Chapter 3

Chapter 3
 High Rate Basins
• High rate basins are designed for a better treatment
with high load and less detention time
• They are compact units.
• Detention time is generally 1 to 2 hours,
• These basins consist of
• tube settler basins,
• plate settler basins,
• solid contact basins
Chapter 3
 Tube Settler Basins
• have tubes installed in them to increase the settling surface &
adequate baffling for better sedimentation in less space

Chapter 3
 Plate Settler Basins
• have plates instead of tubes for a similar function

Chapter 3
 Solid Contact Basins
• are compact units with rapid mixing, coagulation, & sedimentation zones in one
unit
• A small percentage of previously formed floc is mixed and recirculated with the
coagulating water in the central part for a fast & economical flocculation

Chapter 3

Chapter 3
Factors Affecting Sedimentation
• Detention time- shorter the detention time, the less the settling,
higher the turbidity, and vice versa
• Velocity- higher velocities cause the scouring (resuspension) of the
settled floc, which may rise to the surface and cause high effluent
turbidity.
• Surface turbulence- greater the turbulence, the less is the rate of
sedimentation, and vice versa
• Short circuits- causes a short detention time, which results in an
inefficient sedimentation
Chapter 3
Factors Affecting Sedimentation
• Temperature- higher the temperature, the faster is the
sedimentation, and vice versa.
• At higher temperatures water is lighter, and settling is faster
• Dimensions- proper dimensions of the basins are also important,
particularly depth, which is generally 15 feet or more.
• Inlets and outlets- inlets and outlets of the horizontal flow basins
should be properly located to allow proper mixing of the water to
prevent short circuits.
• Chemical feed points-feed points of the chemicals should be
carefully located for proper reaction of each chemical with its
target substance, i.e. alum should always be applied before lime
• Sludge withdrawal-denser sludge settles readily and must be
removed at a higher rate when compared to a ligher fluffy or
flakey
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Chapter 3
a = Inlet zone; b = Settling zone;

c = Outlet zone; d =Sludge zone
Chapter 3
• The bottom is slightly sloped to facilitate sludge scraping

• A slow moving mechanical sludge scraper continuously pulls the
settled material into a sludge hopper from where it is pumped
out periodically

Chapter 3
 Inlet and Outlet Arrangement
 Inlet devices
• Inlets shall be designed to distribute the water equally & at
uniform velocities
• A baffle should be constructed across the basin close to the inlet &
should project several feet below the water surface to dissipate
inlet velocities & provide uniform flow;

Chapter 3
 Outlet Devices
• Outlet weirs or submerged orifices shall be designed to
maintain velocities suitable for settling (no resuspension) in the
basin and to minimize short-circuiting
• consist of an overflow weir &a receiving channel or launder

Chapter 3
Circular Basins
• When the flow enters at the center & is baffled to flow radially to
wards the perimeter, the horizontal velocity of the water is
continuously decreasing as the distance from the center increases
• Thus, the particle path in a circular basin is a parabola
• Sludge removal mechanisms in circular tanks are simpler &

require less maintenance

Chapter 3

Chapter 3
 Rectangular basin

Chapter 3
a. Inlet Zone
 Incoming flow is uniformly distributed over the cross section of
the tank
b. Settling Zone
 The concentration of each size particle is uniform throughout
the cross section (2D)
c. Outlet Zone
 Clarified effluent is collected & discharged through an outlet weir
d. Sludge Zone
 Provides for the collection of particles removed from suspension

Chapter 3
Assumptions
 Turbulence near entrance & exit
 uniform dispersion of suspended solids at all depth
 continuous flow at constant rate (steady) flow
 there is no re-suspension of settled particles
 no dead space or short circuiting in the volume above the sludge
zone
 particles move forward with the same velocity as the liquid
 no liquid movement in the sludge zone

Chapter 3
Important design parameters
• Sedimentation velocity Vs ~dp
• Horizontal velocity (Vh= Q/A), where A=WH
• Surface loading rate (Vo= Q/As) , where As= WL
• Detention/ residence time (Td= Q/V)
• Scoring velocity

Chapter 3
• Design step 1: Select Vo: (depends on settling velocity
of particles)
By using Stokes’ law
Sedimentation experiment
Literature:
• Vo= 5 –10 mm/s (sand traps)
• Vo= 0.2 –1 mm/s (primary sedimentation)
• Vo= 0.1 –0.5 mm/s (secondary clarifier)

Chapter 3
• Design step 2: Select Vh: (depends on critical scour
rate)
 Vh ≤ Vsc
 Re < 2000 (laminar)
 Literature
 Vh= 0.3 m/s (sand traps)
 Vh= 1 cm/s (primary sedimentation)
 Vh= 0.1 cm/s (secondary clarifier)

Chapter 3
• Detention period / Residence time
– for plain sedimentation: 3 to 4 h
– for coagulated sedimentation: 2 to 2.5 h
• To be able to cope with peak loads: hydraulic residence

time: 1 to 1.5

Chapter 3
Typical design criteria for horizontal-flow rectangular tanks
Parameter Value
Type Horizontal flow rectangular
Minimum number of tank 2
Water depth, m 3-5
Minimum length-to-depth ratio 15:1
Width-to-depth ratio 3:1-6:1
Minimum length-to-width ratio 4:1-5:1
Surface overflow rate, m/h 1.25-2.5
Horizontal mean flow velocity (at Qmax-day), m/min 0.3-1.1
Detention time, h 1.5-4
Launder weir loading, m3/m.h 9-13
Reynolds number <20,000
Froude number >10-5
Bottom slope for manual sludge removal systems, m/m 1:600
Bottom slope for mechanical sludge scraper equipment 1:300
Sludge collector speed for collection path, m/min 0.3-0.9
Sludge collector speed for the return path, m/min

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Chapter 3
This means complete removal when settling velocity:
 Vs ≥Vo=100% sedimentation efficiency
 Vs< Vo= efficiency < 100%
i.e
 all particles with settling velocity > Vo will be removed i.e Particles with a
settling velocity larger than the surface loading will completely settle in a
settling tank
 fraction of particles with settling velocity < Vo will be removed in the
proportion Vs/Vo = depends on the position of the particles

Chapter 3

Chapter 3
 Experimental determination of settling velocity (settling test)
• A completely mixed suspension with an initial suspended solid
concentration of (Co ) is determined after the suspension is
allowed to settle for a time ( t1) a second sample is drown off
• Another Concentration C1 is determined. (this particles have
a settling velocity) V1< Ho/td= V0
• Thus the mass fraction of particles with V1 is X1=C1/C0

Chapter 3
• The process is repeated several times with xi always being the
mass fraction of particles with Vi< V0

Chapter 3
• When this values are plotted the fraction of particles
corresponding to any settling velocity can be obtained

Chapter 3
• For a given detention time td, an overall percentage removal
can be obtained
R= 1-Xo + ƩΔX*Vi/Vo
• Example: settling column analysis of type -1 suspension
• The column is 1.5m, and the data are given bellow
a) Draw the velocity distribution plot for the suspension

b) Calculate the over all removal if the surface loading rate a
clarifier is to be 240 m3/m2.day

Chapter 3
Solution
a) To draw the velocity distribution graph it is required to prepare
the velocity of particles at each time of sampling & conversion of
the fraction removal data to fraction of remaining
• Settling velocity of particle, & fraction remaining is given by;
• V= Ho/ts,
• Fr = 1-F

Chapter 3
b) The over all removal efficiency of the discreet settlement is given by
R= 1-Xo + X= 1-Xo + ƩΔX*Vi/Vo
• For 240m/day (0.16 m/min) over flow rate the value of Xo is o.o4% & settling
velocity for two points from the velocity distribution curve are tabulated as
bellow

Chapter 3

Chapter 3
 Dilute suspensions of flocculent particles (~500 mg/L)

 Deals with hindered settling of flocculent materials
 Settling velocity is changing because particle size is constantly
changing
Examples:
 Silt, ground toilet paper, Al(OH)3, CaCO3, Mg(OH)2
Applications:
 Flocculator in WTP (Alum or iron coagulation)
 Primary settling tank in WWTP

Chapter 3
 Settling-column analysis is usually used to determine the settling

characteristics of flocculated particles
 Clear plastic column with sampling ports uniformly spaced
along the length of column time
port no. t1 t2 t3 t4
1 C11=Co C12 C13 C14

2 C21=Co C22 C23 C24
3 C31=Co C32 C33 C34
4 C41=Co C42 C43 C44
Chapter 3
 Step 1: convert the concentrations to percentage removals at

each depth

Chapter 3
 Construct a depth vs. time with % solid removed as a parameter (iso-conc.

lines) and fill intermediate steps by interpolation

Chapter 3
 Construct a depth vs. time with % solid removed as a parameter

(iso-conc. lines) and fill intermediate steps by interpolation
 Percent removal at time ti can be expressed in the following
equation

Chapter 3

Chapter 3
Design settling velocity

 equivalent to: = lab column depth/design detention time (td)
= D/td = Q/AS
Correction factor = safety factor
 Td: multiply by 1.25 to 1.75
 uo = Q/AS: divide by 1.25 to 1.75

Chapter 3
 Concentrated suspension of flocculent particles (≥1000 mg/L)

 flocculent materials in higher concentrations than type II
suspension
 settle as a mass, there is a distinct clear zone &sludge zone
(sludge blanket)
 Hindered settling
 particles stay in the same position relative to other
particles.
Examples:
 5/9/2022 By Kenatu Anassa (PhD) 40
Chapter 3
 Applications
 Settling tank for biological sludge
(activated sludge in a secondary clarifier) in WWTP.
 Settling tank for chemical flocculent
(e.g., lime sludge, coagulant sludge) in WTP, l
ime-softening sedimentation

Chapter 3
 Very concentrated suspension of flocculent particles

 The particles are in physical contact with one another &
supported partially by the compacting mass
 compression results when the concentration increases to the
point where the particles are in physical contact with one
another
 Settling is extremely slow
 Floc forms a structure & water is squeezed out through pores
• Applications: Thickener in WWTP

NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES Chapter 3
Wastewater Treatment – Processes
Primary Secondary Tertiarary
Remove Remove
organics and nutrients and
pathogens
ammonia
43
Sludge treatment
www.umb.no
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NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES Chapter 3
 Biological Unit Processes (mainly secondary)
• The treatment method in which the removal of contaminants is
brought about by biological activity are known as biological unit
process. Some examples are:
– aerobic processes - presence of dissolved oxygen
• Biofilters
• Trickling filters
• Activated sludge
– anaerobic processes – absence of dissolved oxygen
• Denitrification (tertiary)
• Septic tanks
57
• Ponds
• Constructed wetland system
www.umb.no
Chapter 3
Biological Treatment
• In the case of domestic wastewater treatment, the objective of
biological treatment is:
– To stabilize the organic content
– To remove nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus
Types:
Attached Growth
Aerobic Processes Suspended Growth
Anoxic Processes Combined Systems
Anaerobic Processes
Combined Aerobic- Aerobic
Maturation
Anoxic-Anaerobic Facultative
Processes Anaerobic
Chapter 3
Major Aerobic Biological Processes
Type of Common Name Use

Growth
Suspended Activated Sludge (AS) Carbonaceous BOD removal
Growth
Aerated Lagoons Carbonaceous BOD removal
Attached Trickling Filters Carbonaceous BOD removal

Growth
Roughing Filters (trickling Carbonaceous BOD removal
filters with high hydraulic
loading rates)
Rotating Biological Contactors Carbonaceous BOD removal
Packed-bed reactors Carbonaceous BOD removal

Chapter 3
Trickling Filters
• It consists of a bed of
permeable medium
• Microorganisms become
attached to the media and
form a biological layer or fixed
film
• OM in the WW diffuses into
the film, where it is
metabolized
Chapter 3
Trickling Filters

Biofilter
Porous media
LWA
Diam: 2,5 mm
Surface area
> 5000m2/m3
Bacteria on
LWA
surface
Biofilter: trickling filter (fixed biofilm)
By Kenatu
5/9/2022 Anassa (PhD)
www.umb.no
Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, P.D. Jenssen
63
63
NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
Chapter 3
Advantages Disadvantages
• Good quality (80-90% BOD5 • High capital costs

removal) for 2-stage efficiency • Clogging of distributors
could reach 95% or beds
• Moderate operating costs (lower • Snail, mosquito and
than activated sludge) insect problems
• Withstands shock loads better
than other biological processes
Chapter 3
Activated Sludge Process
• The aeration tank contains a suspension of the wastewater
and microorganisms, the mixed liquor. The liquor is mixed
by aeration devices (supplying also oxygen)
• A portion of the biological sludge separated from the

secondary effluent by sedimentation is recycled to the
aeration tank
• Types of AS Systems: Conventional, Complete-Mix,

Sequencing Batch Reactor, Extended Aeration, Deep Tank,
Deep Shaft
Chapter 3
Activated Sludge Process

Biological treatment: Activated sludge
(biofilm in suspension)
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Chapter 3
Rotating Biological Contactors
• It consists of a series of circular disks of
polystyrene or polyvinyl chloride that
are submerged in WW & rotated slowly
through it
• The disk rotation alternately contacts
the biomass with the OM & then with
atmosphere for adsorption of oxygen
• Excess solids are removed by shearing
forces created by the rotation mechanism
Biofilter: Rotating biological contactor - RBC
(fixed biofilm)
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www.umb.no
Chapter 3
Advantages and Disadvantages
• Short contact periods • Shaft bearings and mechanical
• Handles a wide range of flows drive units require frequent
• Easily separates biomass maintenance
from waste stream
• Low operating costs
• Short retention time
• Low sludge production
• Excellent process control
Chapter 3
Anaerobic Process
• Untreated wastewater is mixed with recycled
sludge solids and then digested in a sealed
reactor
• The mixture is separated in a clarifier
• The supernatant is discharged as effluent,
and settled sludge is recycled
Chapter 3
Major Anaerobic Biological Processes
Type of Growth Common Name Application
Suspended Anaerobic Contact Process Carbonaceous BOD removal

Growth
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge- Carbonaceous BOD removal
Blanket (UASB)
Attached Anaerobic Filter Process Carbonaceous BOD removal,

Growth waste stabilization
(denitrification)
Expanded Bed Carbonaceous BOD removal,

waste stabilization
Chapter 3
• Methane recovery • Heat required
• Small area required • Effluent in reduced
• Volatile solids destruction chemical form requires
further treatment
• Requires skilled operation
• Sludge to be disposed off is
minimal
Chapter 3
Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
• WW flows upward through a sludge
blanket composed of biological granules
that decompose OM
• Some of the generated gas attaches to
granules that rise and strike degassing
baffles releasing the gas
• Free gas is collected by special domes
• The effluent passes into a settling
chamber
Chapter 3
• Low energy demand • Long start-up period

• Requires sufficient amount of granular
• Low land requirement
seed sludge for faster start-up
• Low sludge production • Significant wash out of sludge during
initial phase of process
• Less expensive than other
• Lower gas yield than other anaerobic
anaerobic processes
processes
• High OM removal • Cannot remove nutrient and pathogen
efficiency
Chapter 3
Major Anoxic and Combined Biological Processes
Type of Type of Common Name Use
Process Growth
Anoxic Suspended Suspended Growth Denitrification

Growth Denitrification
Attached Fixed-film Denitrification

Growth Denitrification
Combined Suspended Single- or multi- Carbonaceous BOD removal,

Aerobic, Growth stage processes, nitrification, denitrification,
Anoxic, various processes phosphorus removal
and
anaerobic Attached Single- or multi- Carbonaceous BOD removal,
Processes Growth stage processes nitrification, denitrification,
phosphorus removal
Chapter 3
Pond Treatment Processes
Common Name Comments Use
Aerobic Treatment with aerobic bacteria; oxygen Carbonaceous BOD

Stabilization is supplied by algal photosynthesis and removal
Ponds natural surface reaeration; depth of 0.15
to 1.5 m
Maturation Use aerobic treatment; applied loadings Secondary effluent
(tertiary) Ponds are low to preserve aerobic conditions polishing and seasonal
nitrification
Facultative Ponds Treatment with aerobic, anaerobic and Carbonaceous BOD
facultative bacteria; the pond has 3 removal
zones: a surface aerobic zone, a bottom
anaerobic zone, and an intermediate
zone partly aerobic-anaerobic
Anaerobic Ponds Treatment with anaerobic bacteria; Carbonaceous BOD

depths of up to 9.1 m to conserve removal (waste
anaerobic conditions stabilization)
Chapter 3
• Flexible, can adapt to • High operating costs (skilled
minor pH, organic and labor, electricity, etc.)
temperature changes • Generates solids requiring
• Small area required sludge disposal
• Degree of nitrification is • Some process alternatives are
controllable sensitive to shock loads and
• Relatively minor odor metallic or other poisons
problems • Requires continuous air
supply

Chapter 3
Anaerobic treatment technology
• Mechanism - Four key stages
– Hydrolysis
• Complex organic molecules are broken down into simple sugars, amino
acids and fatty acids
– Acidogenesis
• Remaining components are further broken down into VFAs, ammonia,
carbon dioxide, & hydrogen sulfide
– Acetogenesis
• simple molecules created through the acidogenesis phase are further
digested by acetogens to produce largely acetic acid, as well as carbon
dioxide and hydrogen
– Methanogenesis
• methanogens use the intermediate products of the preceding stages
and convert them into methane, carbon dioxide, and water

Lect 5 Chapter 3 IWWT

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Chapter 3

Treatment Technologies for Industrial wastewater

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a = Inlet zone; b = Settling zone;

• The bottom is slightly sloped to facilitate sludge scraping

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• Thus, the particle path in a circular basin is a parabola

• Sludge removal mechanisms in circular tanks are simpler &

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– for plain sedimentation: 3 to 4 h

– for coagulated sedimentation: 2 to 2.5 h

• To be able to cope with peak loads: hydraulic residence

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Minimum number of tank 2

Water depth, m 3-5

Minimum length-to-depth ratio 15:1

Width-to-depth ratio 3:1-6:1

Minimum length-to-width ratio 4:1-5:1

Surface overflow rate, m/h 1.25-2.5

Horizontal mean flow velocity (at Qmax-day), m/min 0.3-1.1

Detention time, h 1.5-4

Launder weir loading, m3/m.h 9-13

Reynolds number <20,000

Froude number >10-5

Bottom slope for manual sludge removal systems, m/m 1:600

Bottom slope for mechanical sludge scraper equipment 1:300

Sludge collector speed for collection path, m/min 0.3-0.9

Sludge collector speed for the return path, m/min

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a) Draw the velocity distribution plot for the suspension

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 Dilute suspensions of flocculent particles (~500 mg/L)

5/9/2022 By Kenatu Anassa (PhD) 33

 Settling-column analysis is usually used to determine the settling

1 C11=Co C12 C13 C14

 Step 1: convert the concentrations to percentage removals at

5/9/2022 By Kenatu Anassa (PhD) 35

 Construct a depth vs. time with % solid removed as a parameter (iso-conc.

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 Construct a depth vs. time with % solid removed as a parameter

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