Lecture Three

Design Layout and

Construction of Sewers
 Design
Layout and
Constructio
n of Sewers
Basic design concepts
 • An engineering design process is a process
used by engineers to help develop products.
the engineering design is defined as
• the process of devising a system, component

What is or process to meet desired needs. It is a

decision-making process (often iterative), in
which the basic sciences, mathematics, and
Design? engineering sciences are applied to convert
resources optimally to meet a stated objective.
Among the fundamental elements of the
design process are the establishment of
objectives and criteria, synthesis, analysis,
construction, testing, and evaluation.
Wastewater
Wastewater
Infrastructure
 Suspended solids: Screening, grit removal,
sedimentation
Biodegradable organics: Anaerobic and anaerobic
treatments, chemical oxidation, membrane
filtration
Nitrogen: Biological nitrogen removal, air stripping,
ion exchange
Unit
Operations/Processes Phosphorus: Biological nitrogen removal, chemical
treatment

Pathogens: Chlorination, ozonation, UV

VOCs: Air stripping, carbon adsoption

Determination of
design flow
Diurnal Variation
in Flow
Daily Variation in
Flow
Variation in
Loadings
Estimating Waste
Conc
Estimating Flow
Rate

1. The existing base flow

2. Estimated future flows for residential, commercial, institutional, and
industrial sources
3. Non excessive infiltration/inflow
Selection for
Design
 • The season (monthly variations)
• Weather conditions
• Week of the month , day of the week, time of
Design the day.
• Average daily water consumption per capita for
criteria: domestic areas (L/c/d), (Qavg).Average daily
water consumption per capita for institution
( school, offices, ….etc. ), (Qavg).Average daily
water consumption for commercial and
industrial areas.
 • Qinfil is taken as [24-95 m3/day/km] or [0.5
m3/day/diamwter (cm)],
• Qinflo is taken as 0.2-30 [m3/ha/day]. ( hectare =
10,000 m2)
• take the bigger value of two
• Qdes= Qmax+ QI/I( if found)
Design criteria • QI/I= Qinfil+ Qinflo
• Qmax= [0.80* Qavg] * Pƒ
Design criteria
• The minimum domestic wastewater flow (Qmin) is necessary to check
for the minimum velocity in the sanitary sewers, it is estimated from
the following formula:

[Qavg]w = 0.8 Qavg

A typical value of
Collection Mains
 Collection Mains
• Gravity Flow: The wastewater collection system shall be designed for gravity (open) flow
conditions, using a “Mannings” roughness coefficient of 0.013 to account for various
pipe materials and joints, service connections, and future interior pipe conditions.
 • Peak Flow Depth: Collection mains shall

Collection
normally be designed to carry the peak flow
with a flow depth of one-half of the full pipe.
• Pressurized Flow Prohibited: Pressurized
Mains surcharged or depressed (inverted siphon)
wastewater mains are prohibited in the City's
wastewater collection system.
 • Minimum Diameter: Collection mains shall be
a minimum eight (8) inches in diameter.
(200mm)

Collection
• Size Changes: All changes in pipe size shall
require a manhole at the size change.
• Easements: All wastewater mains shall be
Mains installed in public rights-of-way or easements,
as prescribed under urban regulation.
• Lot Frontage: All platted lots, whether existing
or proposed as part of a subdivision, shall
front on a collection main.
 • Minimum and Maximum Cover:

Collection • All collection mains shall have a minimum

depth of cover of three (3) feet, (90cm) and a

Mains maximum depth of cover of eighteen (18) feet

(540cm) feet, measured from the top of pipe
to the final surface grade.
 • Shallow Cover Protection:

Collection
• Where collection main depths are less than
four (4 feet) (120cm), and the main is located
under a right-of-way, street, driveway, parking

Mains lot, or other areas where live loading is a

concern, special pipe materials (such as ductile
iron pipe) or other structural measures (such
as concrete encasement) shall be provided.
 Provision for Basements:
Collection • Proposed collection mains shall be designed
with adequate depth to provide wastewater
Mains service to basements, where possible and
appropriate.
Collection Mains
Slope
Slope Changes: All changes in slope shall require a manhole at the slope change connection.

Slope Between Manholes: All collection mains shall be laid at a

constant slope between manholes.
Velocities:

Collection mains shall be designed

Minimum allowable slope shall
with an adequate slope to provide
provide half-full or full pipe flow
flow velocities of (0.6m/s) during
velocities of (0.6m/s)
peak flow conditions.

The design slope will usually be

Maximum allowable slope shall greater than the minimum
provide half-full or full pipe flow allowable slope, where less than
velocities (3m/s). half full or full pipe peak flow
conditions occur.
Minimum velocity
 • Shallow Cover Protection:

Collection
• Where collection main depths are less than
four (4 feet) (120cm), and the main is located
under a right-of-way, street, driveway, parking

Mains lot, or other areas where live loading is a

concern, special pipe materials (such as ductile
iron pipe) or other structural measures (such
as concrete encasement) shall be provided.
 • Straight Alignment Required: All collection
mains shall be laid in a straight alignment
between manholes.

Alignment • Alignment Changes: All changes in alignment

require a manhole at the alignment change
connection.
• Curvilinear Mains Prohibited: Curvilinear
collection mains will not be allowed.
 In normal practice, the ground slope is used as a
first trial for selecting the slope. However,
there are a number of exceptions. For
example:

Hints from
a. If the ground is flat, select the minimum
slope to achieve a velocity of 0.6 m/s with
the sewer flowing full.

the Field b. If there is a slight upgrade for a short

distance, select the minimum slope to
achieve a velocity of 0.6 m/s with the sewer
flowing full.
c. If the ground slope yields a velocity greater
than 2.5 m/s, then select a lower slope.
  A drop manhole may be used to minimize excessive velocity in a
steep sewer. Alternatively, consider designing the sewer as a
gravity force main or pressure pipe with energy dissipation at the
downstream end of the pipe (Orsatti, 1996).
 Because lift stations are expensive to build, operate, and maintain,

Hints from avoid them to the maximum extent possible by considering

alternative routing.
 Because drop manholes are expensive to build and often become

the Field
plugged or fail structurally, avoid them to the maximum extent
possible by considering the alternative of extra excavation.
 In the upper reaches of the collection system (e.g., in residential
subdivisions), there will seldom be enough flow at average or,
perhaps, even at maximum discharge rates to achieve a minimum
velocity of 0.6 m/s in a 200 mm diameter sewer at minimum slope.
This means that a regular maintenance program that includes
cleaning the sewer will be required.
Design Criteria
 • A gravity pipe serving a community of 50,000
inh. The length of the pipe is 200 m, and the
average water consumption is 120 L/c/d. Use

Example an infiltration rate of 30 m3/day.km, and a

wastewater production rate of 80% of the
water supply. Neglect the inflow for this
example. Calculate Qdes and Qmin.
Solution
Solution
Group Work -
1-