Design Criteria

1 Waste Water Volume Estimation

Year
2015 2020 2025 2030
Residence, l/c/d 96 112 118 123

Water demands for commercial and institutions

Restaurants 10 l/seat
Boarding school 60 l/pupil
Day schools 5 l/pupil
Public offices 5 l/employee
Workshop/shops 5 l/employee
Mosques & Church 5 1/worshipper
Hospitals 50 - 75 l/bed
Hotels 25 -50 l/bed
Health centers per employee 15l
Industrial waste water flow rates vary with type and size of facility, the degree of water reuse,
and the onsite waste water treatment methods, if any. Typical values for estimating the flows
from industrial areas that have no or little wet process type industries are 9m 3/ha/.day for light
industrial developments and 14 m3/ ha.day for medium industrial developments. Assume
additional 5% domestic waste water contribution from the industries. Assume also that 50% of
the area reserved from industries will be used by light industries and 50% for medium industries
in both developments phases.
2 Hydraulic Design Equations
The design of sewer system will be a gravity system. There are several formulae in use for
carrying out the hydraulic design of sewers. The most common one is Manning’s formula. The
design of the sewers is based on this formula, which is expressed as:
V = 1/n R2/3 S1/2
Where V is the mean velocity
n is Manning’s coefficient
R is the hydraulic radius, cross-sectional area of flow divided by wetted perimeter
S is the slope of the sewer
3 Minimum and Maximum Velocity
The minimum velocity criterion serves the objective of achieving self-cleansing velocities at
least once every day. It also reduces the time of travel of the sewage and thus reduces the risk of
septic and sulphate corrosion of the pipelines. A minimum of 0.60 m/s will be used.
The maximum velocity criterion reduces the risk of erosion of the invert of the sewer fabric by
grit. Due to the steeply sloping topography and consequent steep falls on certain sections of
sewers, maximum velocity of 3.5 m/s will be maintained by introducing frequent backdrop
manholes.
The minimum allowable slopes, therefore, are those which will give the minimum required
velocity when the sewer is accommodating the peak flow.
4 Design Flows
Average daily flow: is the average flow rate occurring over a 24 period based on total annual
flow rate data. This is used in evaluating treatment plant capacity and in developing flow rate
ratios used in the design. It is also used to estimate pumping and chemical costs for operation,
sludge solids and organic loading rate.
Peak hourly flow: It is the peak sustained hourly flow rate occurring during a 24 hr period
based on annual operating data. This is needed for the design of collection and interceptor
sewers, waste water pumping stations, flow meters, grit chambers, sedimentation tanks, chlorine
contact tanks and conducts and channels in the treatment plant.
A sewer should be capable of dealing with the peak flows it will receive. A peak factor is
normally applied on the average wastewater flow to take account of this effect arising from
diurnal peaks, daily and seasonal fluctuation in water consumption together with an allowance
for extraneous flows such as groundwater infiltration.
Peak flow is defined by the formula:
Qp = Qavg x pf + I/I
Where: Qp = Peak domestic flow rate (L/s)
pf = Peak Factor
Qavg = Average domestic wastewater flow (L/s)
I/I = Infiltration & Inflow (L/s)
 Qavg = Pxq
Where:
P = Population to be served
q = The average per capita waste contribution (l/p/d) to be converted
to similar units to get Qavg in L/s.
Peaking Factor
The ratio of peak to average daily flow for domestic use is as determined from the Gifft
equation:
Pf = 5/P 0.16667 Where P is population in 1000’s
Minimum daily flow rates: The minimum flow rates that occur over a 24hr period based on
annual operating data. This is important in the sizing of sewers where deposition might occur.
(Typical value: Minimum daily flow = 2/3 of average daily flow).
Minimum hourly flow: It is the minimum sustained hourly flow rate occurring over a 24 hr
period based on annual operating data. They are needed to determine possible process effects.
For pumping, this rate is important to ensure that the pumping systems have adequate turndown
to match the low flow rates. (Typical value: Minimum hourly flow = 1/3 of average daily flow)
5 Infiltration
Sewers must be designed to carry unavoidable amounts of groundwater infiltration or seepage in
addition to peak flows. The rate of infiltration (l) into sewer pipes generally depends on the
following factors:
 Depth of water table
 Quality of workmanship and supervision during construction
 Condition and quality of pipes
 Frequency of occurrence of improper connections
 Condition and depth of manholes and manhole covers.
In this design an allowance of 0.5 litres/second/km will be made for groundwater infiltration
6 Design of Sewers
The design flow is the average domestic flow multiplied by the peak factor for domestic flows
plus the non-domestic dry weather flow multiplied by the peak factor for non-domestic use plus
provision for Infiltration & Inflow. Different practices use sizing of sewer lines at peak flows to
be 50% to 90% full in order to have a provision of additional capacity beyond the design
horizon, as factor of safety and also for ventilation purpose. Consider 80% full at peak flow.
7 Minimum Pipe Diameter
In order to reduce the risk of blockages and to simplify maintenance, The minimum size is kept
as 150mm
8 Minimum and maximum cover
Sewers laid within highways should have a minimum cover of 1.2 m measured from the top of
the pipe barrel to the finished road surface, in order to avoid interference with other underground
utility pipes and cables. Where this is not practicable, special protective measures may be
required.
Sewers not laid in the highway should be laid at a sufficient depth to avoid interference with land
drains and cultivation. Cover over the shallowest part of the pipeline structure of 0.9 m would
normally satisfy this requirement. There is no limit of maximum cover but the designer should
limit the maximum cover not to exceed 5 meters to avoid construction problems. In case this
limit is exceeded the geology of the site and availability of space for wide excavation should be
checked.
9 Material of Sewer Pipes
Sewer pipe network constitutes a major component of any sewerage system. Therefore the
choice of pipe material is a crucial part in any design process to ensure economy and
sustainability. Sewer pipes will be chosen depending on their ability to allow minimum hydraulic
gradients that can be obtained on the pipelines in order to satisfy the conditions of minimum self-
cleansing velocity. In addition, the ease of availability, durability, structural stability,
transportation costs economy of laying, corrosivity and geo-technical conditions of the soils are
other considerations.
a) Concrete Pipes
Concrete pipes are manufactured locally by a number of companies to the relevant Ethiopian
Standards. Spigot and socket jointed pipes are manufactured in sizes ranging from 200 mm to
915 mm diameter.
Rubber ring, flexibly jointed pipes are manufactured in sizes ranging from 150 mm to 975 mm
diameter reinforced.
The use of flexibly jointed pipes is technically preferable to the use of rigid jointed pipes,
particularly in soft ground conditions where differential settlement can cause failure of rigid
jointed pipelines. The use of flexibly jointed pipelines also eases pipe laying and allows cheaper,
granular beddings to be used. The sewer design will be based upon the use of these pipes for
diameters above 400 mm provided that the pipes are manufactured by sulfate resistance cement.
b) Unplasticised PVC (uPVC) Pipes
uPVC pipes have smaller frictional resistance and allow little ingress of groundwater. The pipes
are light to transport and therefore would incur lesser costs in transportation. The pipes are
flexible and the incidences of breakages during transportation are minimal. Due to their
resistance to chemical attacks, uPVC can be used in special circumstances such as in marshy
areas where the pH of the soils is likely to be high. Where the pipe is exposed above ground, use
of steel pipes, which are epoxy-lined externally, will be recommended.
Due to the resistance of uPVC pipes to acids and sulphates, this material will be used instead of
concrete pipes for diameters not exceeding 400 mm in the sewer network.
c) Steel Pipes
Steel pipes will be used for locations where sewers are exposed, since they are protected
internally and externally with bitumen sheathing, the external sheathing generally being
reinforced with glass fiber cloth. Joints are either bolted flanges or Viking Johnson couplings.
Ductile or steel pipes that are lined with protective materials are also feasible for use. The pipes
are generally more expensive than uPVC or concrete described above and are heavy to transport.
However, their use in the system may be allowed in special circumstances e.g. in road or aerial
river crossings due to their higher structural stability and strengths.
10 Manholes
Manholes are used as a means of access for inspection and cleaning. They are placed at intervals
of 90 to 150 m that will be decided based on sewer size, and at points where there is a change in
direction, change in pipe size, or considerable change in grade. The center-to-center interval
between subsequent manholes in reference to sewer sizes is 75 m for sewer diameters less than
600 mm, 125 m for 600 to 900 mm sewers, 150m for 900 to 1200 mm sewers, 250 m for sewers
between 1200 to 1500.
Manhole design has become largely standardized, and most of the larger cities have standard
plans which they have adopted for general use. The manhole has a cast-iron frame and cover
with 500 to 600 mm clear opening. Depending on the local topography of the location where
manhole is to be provided, the manhole cover may have openings for ventilation or blind type in
order not to permit rainwater, sand, and grit to enter the sewers.
Table Manhole sizes in Reference to Sewer Sizes and Depths
Description Manhole diameter
Less than 400mm pipe size and up to 3m depth 1 (minimum
of manholes requirement to have an
access)
For manholes deeper than 3m a minimum of 1.2 m
400 – 600mm pipe sizes 1.2m
700 – 900 mm pipe sizes 1.5 m
950 – 1200 2m
1200 – 1500 2.2

The above manhole diameters are set by considering the maximum external diameter of sewer
pipes and space for benching at the bottom of the manhole.
Where laterals or sub-mains join in a deeper sewer, excavation will be saved by keeping the
upper sewer at a reasonable grade and making a vertical drop at the manhole, which is known as
drop manhole. If the drop is less than 0.6 m, it is usually cared for by increasing the sewer grade
instead of using drop manholes.
11 Description of Land use Plan
Different types of residential buildings with similar capacity will be constructed in two phases.
Design period for phase-I is 2020 and for phase-II is 2030. Each building consists of 30 house
holds having similar living standards. Average size of one house hold is 5 persons.
Three Kg Schools with capacity of an average of 500 students and area requirement of 2000 m 2
each will be constructed in the area reserved for social services.
Health center; one health center will be constructed with 30 employees. Area required is 1000m2.
Lease reserved areas: (The reserved areas will be fully utilized in the first phase)
- One hospital with 200 beds. Required area 3500 – 3900 m2
- Two hotels with capacity of 100 and 50 beds with area requirement of 1500 and 1000m2
area
 - One building will be constructed for public offices that accommodates 300 employees
total area required for the building is 3200 m2
- Workshops: about 10 workshops will be constructed that will accommodate an average of
6 employees. The average area required for the workshops is 250m2’
- One University with a capacity of 10,000 students and 1,000 staffs is planned. Area
required is 10000m2. The University could be spitted in to two or maximum of three
campuses in case of absence of one unit area.
- One church and one mosque with 1000 worshipers will be constructed. Each need about
3000m2 area.
12 Tasks
To design the sewer collection system based on the above requirements for the specified design
period. The final output of the design should include the following:
 Layout of sewer on the site plan
 Size of sewer lines (Secondary lines and trunks only)
 Number and types of manholes and other appurtenances required
 Size of pump required to pump to the treatment plant site
A spread sheet or any software model could be used for the design.