HI 362: INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

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LECTURE 5: SEWERAGE SYSTEM DESIGN

• Sewerage system

• Classification of sewerage

• Types of sewerage system

• Sewerage design
o Quantity of sewage

o Design volume of sewage

o Channel sizing
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SEWERAGE SYSTEM

• An infrastructure that conveys sewage from one point to

another
• It encompasses receiving drains, manholes, pumping
stations, storm overflows,
• It includes screening chambers of the combined
sewer or sanitary sewer.
• Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment
plant or at the point of discharge into the environment.

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SEWERAGE SYSTEM

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SEWERAGE SYSTEM

• Sewage - also known as wastewater, is a water-carried

waste, in solution or suspension, that is intended to be
removed from a community.
• About 99% of sewage is water
• It is characterized by :
 volume or rate of flow
 physical condition
 chemical constituents
 bacteriological organisms that it contains
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SEWAREGE SYSTEM

• Classes of sewage include :

 Sanitary wastewater
 Commercial wastewater
 Industrial wastewater
 Agricultural and surface runoff

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SEWERAGE SYSTEM

• Sanitary/domestic sewage: from residences and

institutions, carrying primarily feces, urine, washing water,
food preparation wastes, laundry wastes, and other waste
products of normal living
• Commercial sewage: from stores and service
establishments serving the immediate community
• Industrial sewage: from production or manufacture of
goods. Their flows and strengths are usually more varied,
intense, and concentrated. 
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CLASSIFICATION OF SEWERAGE SYSTEM

• Sewerage system can be classified as:

 Separate system
 Combined system
• Separate system: domestic and industrial waste water are
taken in one set of sewers and storm water is taken in a
separate system
• Combined system: both sanitary and storm water in the
same system

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CLASSIFICATION OF SEWERAGE SYSTEM

Separate system
• It has small quantity of sewage which results in economic
design of waste water treatment plant.
• It is cheaper than combined system (construction and
operation cost)
• Self cleaning velocity is a problem due to small quantity of
sewage, therefore flushing is required at various points
• Storm water may enter sanitary sewer and cause
overflowing and heavy load to the treatment plant
• Maintenance expensive (double system). 8
CLASSIFICATION OF SEWERAGE SYSTEM

Combined system
• Overcome the overflow effect
• Less cost of construction
• Storm water helps to provide self cleaning velocity in the
system
• Low cost of operation since flushing of the system is not
required
• Leads to high volume of water to the treatment plant
• High cost of construction is needed because the pipes are
large 9
SEWERAGE SYSTEM
Channel Types
• Common types are
 Rectangular channel
 Trapezoidal channel
Rectangular channel
 Circular channel

Trapezoidal channel

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SEWERAGE SYSTEM
Channel lining
• Channel can be lined or unlined
• Unlined channel can erode-dimensions affected.

Concrete culvert

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QUANTITY OF SEWAGE
 Domestic wastewater

• Estimation of sewage from average per capita waste load

 Projected population
Projected population = Current population x Growth factor
where r = growth rate

 Projected waste water

Projected sewage (L/day) = Per capita sewage () x Population

 Peak of waste water, peak factor are 1.2,1.3,1.5,2 and 3

Sewage (L/day) = Per capita sewage (L/cap/day) x Population x Peak factor

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QUANTITY OF SEWAGE
Domestic wastewater

• Estimation of sewage from water supply

Qdomestic = (70-80%) Qwater supply

Industrial
Qindustrlal = f(category of industry)

Total waste water

• Includes the domestic and industrial waste water flow rates

Qsewage = Qdomestic + Qindustrlal

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SEWER SIZING

Channel sizing involves :

• Sewage design quantity ???

• Economic cross sections ???

• Self cleansing velocity ???

• Channel friction slope ???

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SEWER SIZING
Design quantity of sewage and/or storm water
• Analytical combination of sewage and stormflow
Qtotal = Qstormwater + Qsewage

• Empirical Analytical combination of sewage and stormflow

Since, Qstorm = 10 Qsewarage then

Qtotal = 10 Qsewage + Qsewage therefore

Qtotal = 11 Qsewage

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SEWER SIZING
 Design quantity of sewage and/or storm water
• Sewers should be designed large enough to carry maximum
discharge while flowing

 2/3 for large channels ( > 75mm wide/diameter)

for large channels
for large channels

 ½ for small channels ( < 75mm wide/diameter)

for small channels
for small channels

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SEWER SIZING

Economic cross sections

• Rectangular channel
 Less economic cross section
 Easy to construct
• Trapezoidal channel
 It is better economic cross section
 A bit involving in construction
• Circular channel
 It is the best economic cross section
 Expensive to construct

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SEWER SIZING
Economic cross sections

• Chezy equation
Where, Q = discharge in the section (m³/s)
CZ = Chezy’s roughness coefficient (m¹′² /s)
𝑄=𝐶 𝑍 . 𝐴. √ 𝑅 .𝑆
 
A = Flow area (m²)
R = Hydraulic radius (m)
S = Friction slope (m/m)

• Manning’s equation
Where, Q = discharge in the section (m³/s)
  2
3 1
𝑅 2
n = Manning’s roughness (-)
𝑄= 𝐴 . .𝑆 A = Flow area (m²)
𝑛
R = Hydraulic radius (m)
S = Friction slope (m/m)
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SEWER SIZING
Economic cross sections

D 𝒃=𝟐
  𝒚 𝒃=𝟐 𝟐
  𝟐𝒚 ( √𝟏+𝒙 𝟐− 𝟐 𝒙 )   d
A
    𝒚 ( 𝟐 √ 𝟏+𝒙 −𝟑 𝒙 )
𝑨= A
 
0.3 D

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SEWER SIZING
Self cleansing velocity
• Minimum velocity at which no solids get deposited in the sewer
• Required self cleansing velocity depends on types of materials

• Check design velocity against self cleansing velocity in the

table  
𝑉 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 ≥ 𝑉 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔
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SEWER SIZING
Self cleansing velocity
• Continuity equation – relates flow and its velocity
• Flow at any given point is the same

𝑄= 𝐴 .𝑉
 

Where,
Q = Discharge in the section (m³/s)
A = Flow area (m²)
V = Velocity of flow (m/s)

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SEWER SIZING
Channel friction slope
• By Conservation of Energy - consider the control volume of a
channel
𝐿 
• Channel
friction
slope is
related to
Chezy and
Manning’s
equations
 
Channel slope, 22
Example 5-1
• The main sewer was designed to serve an area of 50km² with a
30-years population of 1 million people. The average waste
water flow rate is 80 l/cap/day and the maximum flow is 30%
more than average flow. What is the economic size of the
circular sewer if velocity of flow is 0.16 m/s ? State
assumptions made.
Solution
 Qsewage = W X Pn X pf
 Qdesign = Qsewage x 1.5
 Qdesign = Area x Velocity
 Area = 0.68 D ²

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Example 5-2
• Design a combined economic circular sewer (diameter, flow
depth and slope) with wetted cross section area of 0.72 m² for
conveying sewage of 0.13 m³/s. Assume that flow velocity can
cleanse both fine sand and clay. Manning’s n = 0.020. State
assumptions made.

Solution
 Area = 0.68 D ²
 Depth = 0.81 D
 Velocity = Q/A
 Hydraulic radius = 0.3 D
 Slope in Velocity eqn

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REFERENCES

• French, R.H., 1985. Open-channel hydraulics.

• Akan, A.O., 2011. Open channel hydraulics. Elsevier.
• Te Chow, V., 1959. Open channel hydraulics. McGraw-Hill
Book Company, Inc; New York.

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End of Lecture 5

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