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INTRODUCTION
Sewer system plays a vital role in the economic development of a country. Sewers are must
for the drainage of waste water. In order to have an effective sewage system the sewers
should be properly designed and more care should be taken in finding the invert levels
otherwise whole design may get wrong. Sewers are designed for the drainage of waste water
coming from houses, industries, streets, runoff etc to protect the environment and people
from serious diseases, as more than 50 diseases spread from sewage. So for a good living, the
sewers should be properly designed and the sewage should be treated properly before
discharging it into the river.
Some of the important and relevant terms for sewer system are discussed below….
Sewage
Sewer
It is the pipe or conduit for carrying sewage. It is generally closed and flow takes place undr
gravity (Atmospheric Pressure).
Sewerage
Sewerage is the system of collection of waste water and conveying it to a point of final
disposal with or without treatment.
Domestic
Industrial
Storm water
Domestic
It is the waste water from houses, offices, other buildings, hotels and institutions.
Industrial
It is the liquid waste from the industrial places from their different industrial processes like
dying, paper matting, tanneries, chemical industries, etc.
Storm Water
It includes surface runoff generated from rainfall and the street wash.
Separate System
It is the system in which storm water is carried separately from domestic and industrial waste
water. This system is preferred when
There is an immediate need for collection of sanitary sewage but not for storm water
When sanitary sewage needs treatment but the storm water does not
Combined System
It is the type of system in which sewer carries both the sanitary and storm water. Combined
system is favored when
Types of Sewers
Sanitary Sewers
It carries sanitary sewage i.e. waste water from municipality including Domestic and
Industrial wastewaters.
Storm Sewer
Combined Sewer
House Sewer
Lateral sewer
Sub-Main Sewer
It receives discharge from all collecting system and conveys it to the point of final disposal.
Sewage flow
It is flow derived from the sanitary and industrial sewage that is the raw water from these
industries and houses, so it means it has direct relation with the amount of water consumed.
Generally 80 to 90 % of the water consumption is taken as sewage or waste water flow.
Variation in sewage flow
Like water supply, sewage flow varies from time to time. Since sewers must be able to
accommodate Maximum Rate of Flow, the variation in the sewage flow must be studied.
Generally Herman Formula is used to estimate the ratio of Maximum to Average Flow
P is population in thousands
WASA Lahore Design Considers the following relationship for sewer design
Infiltration
It is amount of water that enters into the sewers through poor joints, cracked pipes, walls and
covers of manholes.
Design Period
Sewer System
Period of design is indefinite. The system is designed to take care for the maximum
development of the area. But we take design period of 20 years for our sewer system.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The project is based on the design of Partially combined sewerage system of a community
which is having approximately a flat terrain because the difference in the reduce levels is
very small. I have designed the sewage pumping station along with the hydraulic statement
and the required drawings plus some extra drawings. I am confident that my design will
work successfully and there will be not any problems. The Layout of the community is given
as under.
DESIGN CRITERIA
Design Flow
First of all calculate the average sewage flow on the basis of water consumption and the
population at the end of the design period. i.e at the full development of the area. Then the
design flow for sanitary sewer and partially combined sewers can by calculated by using the
following formulae.
Design Equation
Where
V = Velocity of flow in m/sec
R = Hydraulic mean depth (A/P) = D/4 when pipe is flowing full or half full
S = Slope of the sewer
n = Coefficient of roughness for pipes
Sewage should flow at all times with sufficient velocity to prevent the settlement of solid
matter in the sewer. Self Cleansing Velocity is the minimum velocity that ensures non
settlement of suspended matter in the sewer.
Maximum velocity
The maximum velocities in the sewer pipes should not exceed more than 2.4 m/sec. This
max velocity in the sewer should not exceed this limit of 2.4 m/sec. It is to avoid the
excessive sewer abrasion and also to avoid steep slopes.
225mm is taken as the minimum sewer size. The reason being that, the choking does not take
place even with the bigger size particles, which are usually thrown into the sewer through
manholes.
For (Sewer Size) 225mm to 380mm spacing not more than 100m
For (Sewer Size) 460mm to 760mm spacing not more than 120m
For (Sewer Size) greater than 760mm spacing not more than 150m
Design of Sewer
Size of Sewer
Slope of Sewer
Select the minimum velocity value and use the Manning’s formula
Invert Level
The lowest inside level at any cross-section of a sewer pipe is known as Invert Level at that
Cross-section.
Invert Level = NGSL/Road Level – Depth of Sewer – Thickness of Sewer – Dia. of Sewer
Joints in Sewers
Manholes
Cleaning
inspection and
house connection
At
No of Plots = 281
No of Apartments = 3
No of Flats = 3
POPULATION FORECAST
Present (2009) Design (2029)
Persons/plot 7 10
Persons/apartment 400 600
Persons/flat 200 400
POPULATION FORECASTING
Design Population Pd
1) Pd = Pp x (1+2.1/100)20
Pd = 3767x(1+2.1/100)20 = 5709
Pd = 5810 ( From Table)
Per capita water consumption = 350 + 44= 394 lpcd (liters per capita per day)
Average Design flow = Pd x water consumption x 0.8 / 1000
(80% goes to sewers as waste water)
= (394 x 5810 x 0.8 ) / 1000
Qavg = 1831.312 m3/day
Peak factor = 4 (from WASA table)
Pumping capacity
P = Qmax = 10.237 m3/min
Length = 3.6 m
Width = 3.6m
Height = 3 m
Volume = 3.6*3.6*3 = 38.88m3
Pump must run for at least 2 minutes
Check the cycle time , should be greater than 2 minutes
t = V/(P-Qmin) = 38.39 / (10.237 – 0.6358) = 3.99~=4
So 4 minutes is greater than 2 minutes ..( OK)
For Qmin = 38.39 / (10.237 – 0.6358) + 38.398/0.6358 = 64.391 min > 15min (OK)
For Qavg = 38.39 / (10.237 -1.271) + 38.39/1.271 = 34.48 min > 15min (OK)
MANHOLE
DROP MANHOLE
SEWER JOINTS
SEWER BEDDINGS
COMMENTS
RESULTS
Diameters are less then 600mm so Infiltration rate used is 5% of average sewage
flow.
Bell & Spigot joints have been used as the diameters are less then 600mm.
One Drop Manhole is coming at M15 as the vertical drop is more than 0.6m.
In Sewers (M9-M8, M8-M11, M10-M11, M12-M13, M5-M18, M20-M21, M24-
M21, M21-M22, M25-M26), Velocity is less than the self cleansing velocity So,
Flush tanks will be provided here.
Most of the diameters are of 225mm ensuring the economic side of the project.
Wet well dimensions are 2.5×3.5×4.4.
Cycle time of 15 minutes is satisfied ensuring the adaptability of small pumps so
more economic.
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