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∈ℝ
⎧
{ + + = +
⎨ + = .
{
⎩ + + =
=
, ∈ℝ
+
( )=
+
= ⟶ +∞
∫ ⋅ ( ) .
( )=( − − + )/( − ).
∣ ∣= ,
, , , , , ∈ℝ
∣ − − − ∣.
=( , , ) ≡ + + =
≡ − + = = ( , ,− ) = ( , , )
( )= − + ( )= −
= ( , , ) = ( , , ) = ( , , )
=( , , ) ∈ℝ
( )=( − − )/( + )
⋅ + =
−
=( ); =( ).