RMM - Calculus Marathon 101 - 200

ROM A N IA N MAT HEMAT IC AL MAG AZINE

Founding Editor
DANIEL SITARU
Available online ISSN-L 2501-0099
www.ssmrmh.ro
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RMM
CALCULUS
MARATHON
101 – 200
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Proposed by
Daniel Sitaru – Romania
Hoang Le Nhat Tung – Hanoi – Vietnam
Rovsen Pirguliev – Sumgait – Azerbaidian
D.M. Bătinețu – Giurgiu – Romania
Neculai Stanciu – Romania
Abdallah Almalih – Damascus – Syria
Geanina Tudose – Romania
Soumitra Mandal - Chandar Nagore – India
Uche Eliezer Okeke – Anambra – Nigeria
Nitin Gurbani – India
Nguyen Viet Hung – Hanoi – Vietnam
Vidyamanohar Sharma Astakala – Hydebarad – India
Adil Abdullayev – Baku – Azerbaidian
Maria Elena Panaitopol – Romania
Koczinger Éva – Romania
Kovács Béla – Romania
Seyran Ibrahimov – Maasilli – Azerbaidian
George Apostolopoulos – Messolonghi – Greece
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Solutions by
Daniel Sitaru – Romania
Igor Soposki – Skopje, Bedri Hajrizi – Mitrovica – Kosovo,
Ravi Prakash - New Delhi – India, Rovsen Pirguliyev – Sumgait – Azerbaidian
Shivam Sharma - New Delhi – India, Sujeetran Balendran - Sri Lanka
Kunihiko Chikaya – Tokyo – Japan, Carlos Suarez – Quito – Ecuador,
Hasan Bostanlik – Sarkisla – Turkey, Boris Colakovic – Belgrade – Serbia
Khanh Hung Vu - Ho Chi Minh – Vietnam, Hoang Le Nhat Tung – Hanoi – Vietnam
Myagmarsuren Yadamsuren – Darkhan – Mongolia, Soumava Chakraborty - Kolkata-India
Nguyen Thanh Nho - Tra Vinh – Vietnam, Subhajit Chattopadhyay – Bolpur – India

Togrul Ehmedov – Baku – Azerbaidian, Abinash Mohapatra – India

Șerban George Florin – Romania, Lazaros Zachariadis – Thessaloniki – Greece
Soumava Pal – Kolkata – India, SK Rejuan - West Bengal – India
Abdelhak Maoukouf – Casablanca – Morocco, Nawar Alasadi – Babylon – Iraq
Chris Kyriazis – Greece, Leonard Giugiuc – Romania
Quang Minh Tran – Vietnam, Soumitra Mandal – Chandar Nagore – India
Saptak Bhattacharya – Kolkata – India, Antonis Anastasiadis - Katerini-Greece
Kays Tomy – Nador – Tunisia, Michel Rebeiz – Lebanon, Anisoara Dudu-Romania

Dimitris Kastriotis – Greece, Abdallah El Farissi – Bechar – Algerie

Geanina Tudose – Romania, Vidyamanohar Sharma Astakala – Hydebarad – India
Nirapada Pal – Jhargram – India, Madan Beniwal – India
Yen Tung Chung – Taichung – Taiwan, Francis Fregeau – Quebec – Canada
Seyran Ibrahimov – Maasilli – Azerbaidian, Rozeta Atanasova – Skopje,
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Abdallah Almalih – Damascus – Syria, Avishek Mitra – Kolkata – India

Mehmet Șahin – Ankara – Turkey, Koczinger Éva – Romania
Kovács Béla – Romania, Shahlar Maharramov – Jebrail – Azerbaidian
Uche Eliezer Okeke – Anambra – Nigeria, Rustem Zeynalov -Baku-Azerbaidian
Kevin Soto Palacios – Huarmey – Peru, Anas Adlany - El Zemamra – Morocco,
Anunoy Chakraborty – India
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101.

: + = ; : + = , > . Find yellow area and red area.

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution by Igor Soposki-Skopje
=
+ = ∧ + = ⇒ ; ( , )= ; , =
=
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= ⋅ − − −

( )
= = =
( + )

=
= ⋅ − = = =
=

= ∫ = + = ⋅ + ⋅ − | =

= ⋅ − + − =
√ + +

= ⋅ − − ⇒
√ + +
( ) ( )
= − − ( ) + + =
+ √ + +

= − ( ) + ⋅
√ +
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( , ), = , =

= ⋅ − − =

= ⋅ + ⋅ − | − =

( )
= ⋅ + − =
√ + + +
( ) ( )
= ⋅ + −
√ + + +

=
√ +

102. Solve in natural numbers the following equation:

⋅ !+ ⋅ ! + ⋯ + ( + )! −
=
( + )!
Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania
Solution 1 by Bedri Hajrizi-Mitrovica-Kosovo, Solution 2 by Ravi Prakash-New
Delhi-India, Solution 3 by Rovsen Pirguliyev-Sumgait-Azerbaidian, Solution 4
by Shivam Sharma-New Delhi-India, Solution 5 by Sujeetran Balendran-Sri
Lanka, Solution 6 by Kunihiko Chikaya-Tokyo-Japan
Solution 1 by Bedri Hajrizi-Nis-Serbia
Let ( ) = ⋅ !+ ⋅ ! + ⋯+ ( + )! ; ( ) = ⋅ =
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( )= ⋅ !+ ⋅ != + !
( )= + !+ ⋅ != + ⋅ != + ⋅ !
( )= + ⋅ !+ ⋅ != + ⋅ != + ⋅ !
Suppose that ( ) = + ( − )( + )!
We must proof that ( + ) = + ( + )!
Readly: ( + ) = ( ) + ( + ) ( + )! =
= + ( − )( + )! + ( + )( + )! =
= +( + + + − )( + )! =
= +( + )( + )! = + ( + )! Q.E.D.
So: ⋅ !+ ⋅ ! + ⋯+ ( − ) != + ( − )( + )!
⋅ !+ ⋅ ! + ⋯ + ( + )! −
=
( + )!
+ ( − )( + )! −
= ; ( − )( + ) = ⋅ ; =
( + )!
Solution 2 by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India
For ≥ , write ≡ ( + )( + ) + ( + ) +
Put =− , = ; Put =− , =− + ⇒ =−
∴ ≡ ( + )( + ) − ( + ) +
⇒ ( + )! = ( + )! − ( + )! + ( + )!
= ( + )! − ( + )! − ( + )! − ( + )!

⇒ ( + )! = ( + )! − ! − ( + )! − !

= ( + )! − ( + )! +
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∴ ( + )! − = ( + )! ( + − ) = ( + )! ( − )

∑ ( ) ( + )! −
∴ =
( + )!
⇒ ( + )( − ) = ⇒ + − =
⇒( + )( − ) = . As ∈ ℕ, =
Solution 3 by Rovsen Pirguliyev-Sumgait-Azerbaidian

∑ ( + 1)! − 2
= , ( + )! = ( − )( + )! + ,
( + 1)!
( )( )! ( )( )!
then ( )!
= ( )!
= ( − )( + ),

( − )( + ) = ⇒ =
Solution 4 by Shivam Sharma-New Delhi-India
∑ ( )( )!
( )!
= . Applying partial sum, we get,

( + )( − ) + − ( + )! ( − ) + −
= ; =
( + )! ( + )!
( + )( + )! ( − ) + −
= ; ( + )( − ) =
( + )!
− +√ +
+ − = ; + − = ; =

We get, = [Valid]; =− [Invalid]. Hence, =

Solution 5 by Sujeetran Balendran-Sri Lanka
∑ ( + )! ( + ) [Theory]; ( ) = ( + + )! ; ( ) = ( + )!
( + )− ( )= ( + + )! − ( + )!
= ( + )! [ + + − ] = ( + )! ( + )
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( + )! ( + ) = ( + ) − ( ) = ( + + )! − ( + )!

∑ ( )!
My solution = ( )!

= ( + )! = ( + + )( + )! − ( + )( + )!
= ( + )( + )! − ( + )( + )!

= ( + )( + )! − ( + )( + )!

= ( + )! − − ( + )! + = ( + )! − ( + ) +
∑ − ( + )! − ( + )!
= = =
( + )! ( + )!
+ + − − − = ; + − =
( + )( − ) = ; = , =−
Solution 6 by Kunihiko Chikaya-Tokyo-Japan
⋅ ! ⋅ ! ⋯ ( )!
Solve in ∈ ℕ; (*) ( )!
= . Ans. =

( + )! = {( + ) − ( + )}( + )!
Telescopic sum
= ( + )( + )! − ( + − )( + )!
=( + − )( + )! − ( + − )( + )!
= ( + )! − ( + )! − {( + )! − ( + )!}

∴ ( + )! = ( + )! − ! − {( + )! − !}

= ( + )! − ( + )! + = ( + )! ( + − )+ =
= ( − )( + )( + )! +
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∴ (*) ⇔ ( + )( − ) = increase monotonous

= …= ; = …=

103. Find ∈ ℕ, > 1:

!( − ) + !( − ) + ⋯+ !( − )−
=
−
Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania
Solution 1 by Carlos Suarez-Quito-Ecuador, Solution 2 by Kunihiko Chikaya-
Tokyo-Japan
Solution 1 by Carlos Suarez-Quito-Ecuador

( − )( + )! + −
( − ) !=( − )( + )! + ; =
( − )

( − )( + )!
= ; ( + )! = ; =
( − )
Solution 2 by Kunihiko Chikaya-Tokyo-Japan
! ! ⋯ !
Find ≥ such that (*) =

( − ) != { ( ) − ( − )} = ( ) − ( )

=( − )( + )! +
( )=( + − − ) !=( − )( + )!
∴ (*) ⇔ ( + )! = !
∴ =
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104. Find , , ∈ ℕ∗ such that:

… – … = …
" " " " " "

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution 1 by Hasan Bostanlik-Sarkisla-Turkey, Solution 2 by Boris Colakovic-
Belgrade-Serbia, Solution 3 by Khanh Hung Vu-Ho Chi Minh-Vietnam
Solution 1 by Hasan Bostanlik-Sarkisla-Turkey
− − ⋅( − )
⋅ − ⋅ =

( − ) ( − ) ( − )
= ⇒ ⋅ − ⋅ =

⋅( − )
( + )− = ; ( + )− = ⋅ −

( − )= + − { ≠ ⇒ ( − )> + − }
= ⇒ = , = , = ; = , = , =
Solution 2 by Boris Colakovic-Belgrade-Serbia

… – … = ( … )− ( … )= ( … )⇔
" " " "

− − −
⇔ ⋅ − = ⋅ ⇔

−
⇔ ⋅ − ⋅ + − = ⇔

( − ) −
⇔ √ − − = ⋅ ⇒
√

−
⇒ = , = ⇒ ( ⋅ − ) = ⋅ ⇔
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− −
⇔ ⋅ = ⋅ ⇒ =

Solutions are ( , , ) = ( , , ) ∈
Solution 3 by Khanh Hung Vu-Ho Chi Minh-Vietnam

… – … = … (1)
" " " " " "

We have … = ( + + ⋯+ + )= ⋅
" "

Similalry, we have … = ⋅ and

" "

−
… = ⋅
" "
−

We have (1) ⇒ ⋅ − ⋅ = ⋅

− − −
⇒ ⋅ − ⋅ = ⋅ ⇒
− − −
( − )− ( − ) ( − )
⇒ =

⇒ [ ( − )− ( − )] = ( − ) ⇒
⇒ [ ( + )− ]= ( − )⇒( − )⋅ =− − + (2)
We have − ≤− ≤ − ,− ≤− ≤ − and ≤ ≤
⇒− ≤− − + ≤ ⇒− ≤− − + ≤ ⇒
⇒− ≤( − )⋅ ≤ ⇒ =
On the other hand, we have ≤ ≤ and
≤ ≤ ⇒ ( , ) = ( ; ); ( ; ); ( ; )
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* If ( ; ) = ( ; ), we have (2) ⇒ − − + = ⇒ =
* If ( ; ) = ( ; ), we have (2) ⇒ − − + = ⇒ =
* If ( ; ) = ( ; ), we have (2) ⇒ − − + = ⇒ = (Absurd)
So, the equation (1) has 2 roots: ( ; ; ) = ( ; ; ); ( ; ; )

105. Find ∈ ℕ, ≥ such that:

− (
= − )

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India
− ( − )( − ) = [ ( − )−
= + ]= ( − )− +

− ( − )−
∴ = +

= ( − ) − +

( − ) − −
= − +
− −

= ( − )[ − ]− − ( − ) + − − − ( − )

= ( − ) − ( − )− + + ( − )+ − − − ( − )

= ( − ) −( − ) −
∴ ( − ) −( − ) − = ( − )
⇒ ( − ) −( − ) − ( )+ =
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⇒ ( − )− ( − )− + ( )= ;
⇒ − − + ( )= ⇒ ( )= + −
As RHS is an integer, and ≥ , ≤ ≤ .
But = , , , , do not satisfy it . So, no solution.

106. Solve the question in :

√ − + + ⋅√ − + + ⋅√ − = + (1)

Proposed by Hoang Le Nhat Tung – Hanoi – Vietnam

Solution 1 by proposer
Solution 2 by Myagmarsuren Yadamsuren-Darkhan-Mongolia
Solution 1 by proposer

− + ≥ ( − + )≥
* We have: ⇔ ⇔
− ≥ ( − )≤
(( − ) + ) ≥
⎧
⇔ ⇔ ≤ ≤
⎨ ≤ ≤
⎩

* Because: − + = − + + = − + ≥ >0

- Therefore, since inequality AM – GM for , , real numbers:

− + + ⋅ − + + ⋅ −

= ( − + )+ ⋅ ( − + )⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ( − )⋅ ⋅ ≤
+ − + ( +( − )+ + )
≤ +( − + )+ + +

⇒ − + + ⋅ − + + ⋅ − ≤
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− + − + +
≤ + − + +

⇔√ − + + ⋅√ − + + ⋅√ − ≤ (2)

- Since (1), (2):

⇒ + ≤ ⇔ ≤

⇔ − + ≤− + − + ⇔ − + ≤
⇔ ( − + )≤
⇔ ( − )+ ( − )− ( − ) ≤ ⇔ ( − )( + − )≤ ⇔

⇔ ( + )( − ) ≤ (3)
- Other, ≥ , ( + ) ≥ . That ( − ) ≥ ; ∀ ∈ therefore
( + )( − ) ≥ (4)
= − +
− + =
* Since (3), (4): ⇒ ( + )( − ) = ⇔ ⇔
= − =
( + )( − ) =
( − )( − )=
⎧ ( )=
−
⇔ ⇔ =
⎨ + − = ; =
⎩ ( + )( − ) =
Solution 2 by Myagmarsuren Yadamsuren-Darkhan-Mongolia

√ − + + ⋅√ − + + ⋅√ − = + (*)

( ): − + ≥ ⇔ < ≤ (1)
− ≥

( ): ∈ ;
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=
= − +
I. ⋅( − + )≤
= + =
⇒ =
(∗)
=
− + =
II. ⋅ ⋅( − + )≤ − +
− =
⇒ =
(∗)
III. √ − = ⋅ ⋅( − )⋅ ⋅ ≤
=
+ − = ( )
≤ ⏞
− = ⇒ =
− =
IV. (*)⇒ + ≤
⏟ +( − + )+
⇓
( )
( ) ⋅( )⇒

( − ) ⋅( + )= ⇒ =
I; II; III; IV ⇒ = . Done

107. Solve for real numbers:

[ ]⋅ [ ]= − ?

Proposed by Rovsen Pirguliev-Sumgait-Azerbaidian

Solution 1 by Myagmarsuren Yadamsuren-Darkhan-Mongolia, Solution 2 by
Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India, Solution 3 by Soumava Chakraborty-Kolkata-
India
Solution 1 by Myagmarsuren Yadamsuren-Darkhan-Mongolia
=[ ]
⇒ − ≤ [ ] ≤ + ; [ ] ∈ {− ; ; }
=[ ]
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1) If [ ] = − ⇒ is [ ]⋅ [ ]= (− ) ⋅ (− ) =

= ⋅ = =

= ⋅ − ⇔ − ⋅ + = ⇒ < 0, ∈∅

2) If [ ] = is [ ]⋅ [ ]= ⋅ =

= ⋅ = =

=
= ⋅ − ⇒ ⇒ =
= ⇒[ ]≠ ⇒

3) If [ ] = + is ⋅ = ⋅ =
= ⇒[ ]≠
= ⋅ − ⇒ = ; = ; =
= ⋅ =

Solution 2 by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India

If [ ] = greatest integer then, [ ] = − , ,
1. [ ] = − , − ≤ < 0, the equation becomes,

− = − ⇒ − − =

± ±
⇒ = = = , − . Not possible

2. For [ ] = , ≤ < 1. The equation becomes

= − ⇒ = or =

3. For [ ] = , ≤ < 2, The equation becomes

= − ⇒ = or = ∴ in this case solution is ,

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Solution 3 by Soumava Chakraborty-Kolkata-India

[ ]⋅ [ ]= − → Solve − ≤ [ ] ≤ ⇒[ ]=− , ,

Case 1) [ ] = − ⇒ −≤ <0
∴ given equlity becomes: (− ) ⋅ (− ) = −

⇒ − ( )= − ⇒− = − ⇒ − − =

± − ( )(− ) ±
⇒ = = =− ,

But − ≤ < 0 ⇒ no sol in this case

Case 2) [ ] = ⇒ ≤ <1
∴ given equality becomes: ( )⋅ ( )= −

⇒ − = ⇒ = (∵ ≠ as ≤ < 1)

Case 3) [ ] = ⇒ ≤ <2
∴ given equality becomes: ( ) ( )= −

⇒ − = ⇒ = as ≤ < 2 ∴ solutions are: = ,

108. Find , , ∈ ℝ∗ such that:

+ + + =
+ ( + )( + ) ( + )( + )( + )
Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania
Solution 1 by Hoang Le Nhat Tung-Hanoi-Vietnam
Solution 2 by Nguyen Thanh Nho-Tra Vinh-Vietnam
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Solution 1 by Hoang Le Nhat Tung-Hanoi-Vietnam

( + )+
+ + =
( + )( + ) ( + )( + )( + )

⇔ ( )( )( )
+ = ⇔ ( )( )( )
= −

⇔ = ⇔( + )( + )( + )=
( + )( + )( + )
By AM-GM ( + )( + )( + )≥ ⋅ ⋅ =
⇒ Equality occurs if ⇔ = = =
Solution 2 by Nguyen Thanh Nho-Tra Vinh-Vietnam

− + − + − + =
( )

− + = ⇔( + )( + )( + )=
( + )( + )( + )

⇔ + + + = ; + ≥ , + ≥ , + ≥

⇒ + + + ≥ ; “ =” ⇔ = = =

109. Find , , , ∈ ℝ such that:

+ + + − − − − + =
Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania
Solution by Subhajit Chattopadhyay-Bolpur-India
+ + + − − − − + =

or, − + + + − − − + =

√
or, − + − + − + − + =
√
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√ √ √
or, − + − + − + − + =
√ √ √

√ √ √
or, − + − + − + −√ =
√ √ √ √

√ √ √
, , , ∈ℝ⇒ = ; = ; = ; =√
√ √ √ √

⇒ = , = ; = ; =

110. From the book “Math Energy”

Find:

=
→ ( + )

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution 1 by Igor Soposki-Skopje, Solution 2 by Togrul Ehmedov-Baku-
Azerbaidian, Solution 3 by Carlos Suarez-Quito-Ecuador, Solution 4 by Shivam
Sharma-New Delhi-India
Solution 1 by Igor Soposki-Skopje

= ; = = =
→ ( + ) ( + ) =

= ⇒ = = + = = =
( + ) ( + ) =

=− =− }= ⋅ − ⋅ =− +
( + ) ( + ) +
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=∫ = ∫( )( )
=∫ +∫

+
= + | ⋅ ( + )( − + )⇒
+ + − +
⇔ = ( − + )+( + )( + ) + = =−
⇔ = − + + + + + ⇒ − + + = ⇔
⇔ = ( + ) + (− + + ) + + + = =

=∫ =− ( + ); = ∫ = ∫ =
−
= + = ⋅ + ⋅
− + + +
+ +
=∫ = =∫ = = ( − + )
( − ) =
− =
=∫ =∫ = =∫ = ⋅
√ √ √ √
=
−
= ⋅ ( − + )+ ; = +
√ √

=− ( )
+ ⋅ = ⋅ ( )
− + √
√

− + − √
= − + √ + =
→ ( + ) + √
√
= ⋅ √ + √ = ⋅ √ ⋅ =

Solution 2 by Togrul Ehmedov-Baku-Azerbaidian

= =
→ ( + ) ( + )
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−
= =
( + )
( + )

= , = ⋅ = = ⋅ =
( ) √

Solution 3 by Carlos Suarez-Quito-Ecuador

= ; = = ,
→ ( + ) √

∫ = ( − + )− − ( + )+ √
( ) √

=
[( + )( − + )] ( + ) ( − + )

+ +
+ + + =
+ ( + ) − + ( − + )
( + )
− − +
( − + ) ( − + ) ( + ) ( + )
Solution 4 by Shivam Sharma-New Delhi-India

⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ( ) ; −
( + ) ( + ) √ ( + )

⇒ ( ) − (OR) =
√ √

(Q.E.D)
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111. If , , > 0

( )=
+ +√ +

then:

( )+ ( )+ ( )≥
( + + )
Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania
Solution 1 by Togrul Ehmedov-Baku-Azerbaidian, Solution 2 by Shivam
Sharma-New Delhi-India
Solution 1 by Togrul Ehmedov-Baku-Azerbaidian

( )= =
+√ + + +√ + −

( )= +
+√ + + +√ + −

( )= ⇒ ( )= =

( )+ ( )+ ( )=
( + + )
Solution 2 by Shivam Sharma-New Delhi-India

(− )
− + +√ +

( )= +
√ + + + √ + + −
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+ ( )
( )= ( ) ⇒ ⇒ −

(OR) ( ) = . Now, ∑ ( ) ≥ ( )

112. Find:

+ + + +
=

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution 1 by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India, Solution 2 by Togrul Ehmedov-
Baku-Azerbaidian, Solution 3 by Shivam Sharma-New Delhi-India
Solution 1 by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India

+ + + +

= + + + − −

= + + − −

+√ √ −
= + −
−√ +√
√ + +√ − √ − −√
= +
−
− +
= =
−
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∴ = =

= | ( )| = − = √ =
√
Solution 2 by Togrul Ehmedov-Baku-Azerbaidian

+ + + +
= =

= [ ] = √ − =

= √ =

+ + + +
= <

Solution 3 by Shivam Sharma-New Delhi-India

( )+ + + − −

( ) ( )

( )−
( )+ + ( )
⇒ ( )+ +
− ( ) ( ) ( )
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( )+√ ( )−√
( )+ +
−√ ( ) +√ ( )
⇒
( ) ( )

( )− ( )

− √
⇒
( ) ( )

[ ( )− ( )]
− ( )
⇒ ⇒
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

⇒ ( ) ⇒ − ( )

⇒ ∫ ( ) . Let = ⇒ ∫ ( ) ⇒ [ | ( )|] ⇒

⇒ ⋅ ⋅ ( ) (OR) = ( ) (Answer)

113. If ∈ , find:

=
+

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution 1 by Togrul Ehmedov-Baku-Azerbaidian
Solution 2 by Abinash Mohapatra-India
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Solution 1 by Togrul Ehmedov-Baku-Azerbaidian

∫ . Let =

= =

= [ + ] =

Solution 2 by Abinash Mohapatra-India

=∫ , ∈ , . Applying by:

∫ −∫ ∫ ; | −∫

∴ = = ; ⋅

()
Let = ⇒ − = ⇒ =∫

⇒ =∫ =∫ (variable change)
( ) ( )

⇒ equating (I) and (II) we get

= ⇒ ( )= ⇒ = ⇒ =

Thus =
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114. If > 0, : ℝ → ℝ continuous one, ( ) + (− ) = ,∀ ∈ ℝ

then find:

( )
=

Proposed by D.M. Bătinețu – Giurgiu & Neculai Stanciu – Romania

Solution 1 by Serban George Florin-Romania, Solution 2 by Lazaros
Zachariadis-Thessaloniki-Greece, Solution 3 by Shivam Sharma-New Delhi-
India, Solution 4 by Soumava Pal-Kolkata-India, Solution 5 by SK Rejuan-West
Bengal-India
Solution 1 by Serban George Florin-Romania

(− )
=− ⇒ =

( ) + (− )
= = =

= | = − − ; = ( + )= , =

Solution 2 by Lazaros Zachariadis-Thessaloniki-Greece

( ) (− )
( ) + (− ) = ⋅ ⇒ + =
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( ) (− )
⇒ + = =( )

⇒ + = ( + )⇒ = ⇒ =

(− ) − = , =− ( )
∗ − =
=− , =
= , =−

Solution 3 by Shivam Sharma-New Delhi-India

As we know, the following Lemma,

( ) , ( )
( ) =
, ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
Using this, we get, =∫ ( )
then, =∫ ( )

( )
= ; = ( ) ⇒ [ ( )]
( )

(OR) = (Answer)
Solution 4 by Soumava Pal-Kolkata-India

( ) − − − ( )
= = =
− −
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= − ⇒ = ( ) = ( − (− )) = ⇒ =
–

Solution 5 by SK Rejuan-West Bengal-India

( )
=∫ (1)

( )
=∫ ⇒ =∫ (2)

( ) ( )
Adding (1) & (2) we get =∫

= [ ( ) + (− ) = ]

= = [ ] = ( − ( )) = ⇒ = ⇒ =
–

115. Find the integral

+ +
=
( + )
Proposed by Abdallah Almalih-Damascus-Syria
Solution 1 by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India, Solution 2 by Abdelhak
Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco, Solution 3 by Nawar Alasadi-Babylon-Iraq
 www.ssmrmh.ro

Solution 1 by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India

( )( )
=∫ . Note { ( + )}
( )

= + = + + +

= + + + −
= + + + ( − )
∴ = − where

( + )
= = | ( + )|
( + )
( − )
= = | + |+
( + )
Thus, = | ( + )| − | + |+
Solution 2 by Abdelhak Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco
Let us denote by ( )= ( + )
⇒ ( )= + + +
( )
then ∫ ( )
=∫ ( )
+∫ ( )

( − ) ( + )
= | ( )| − = | ( )| −
( + ) +
( )
= | ( )| − | + |+ = + , whith ∈ℝ
( )

Finally we get ∫ ( )
= +

Solution 3 by Nawar Alasadi-Babylon-Iraq

+ +
=
( + )
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+ ( + )+ + −
=
( + )
+ + + − +
=
( + )
( + )+ ( + )− ( − )
=
( + )
−
= + −
+

= | |+ | |− | + |+ = +
+

116. Find:

=
( − )
Proposed by Geanina Tudose – Romania
Solution by proposer
⋅ ⋅
∫ =∫ ⋅ ⋅
⋅
⋅
⋅

= =
⋅ ⋅
= ∫ ⋅ = ∫ = (*), = , =
⋅ ⋅

− +
= = + = + +
( − ) ( − ) ( − ) −

(*) = ∫ +∫ +∫ = + − ( − ) + ∁=

= − + + ∁= + + ∁= + ( ) +∁
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117. Find:

= , ∈ ,
( − )
Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania
Solution by Nguyen Thanh Nho-Tra Vinh-Vietnam
= − = − =
= ( − ); ∗ =

⇒ =∫ ( )⋅
= ∫ =− +

118. If : [ , ] → ( , ∞) is a continuous function such that

∫ ( ) = , then

( ) ( ) ( ) ≤

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution 1 by Chris Kyriazis-Greece ,
Solution 2 by Soumitra Mandal-Chandar Nagore-India
Solution 1 by Chris Kyriazis-Greece
It’s obvious that ( ) ≥ ∀ ∈ [ , ]. Because of AM – GM, we take:
( )
( )= ( )⋅ ⋅ = so if we integrate, it follows that:
( )
∫ ( ) ≤∫ = ∫ ( ) + = ⋅ = (1)

Doing it the same way we take that: ∫ ( ) ≤ (2)

and ∫ ( ) ≤ (3)
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Multiplying (1) × (2) × (3) (every party is non negative!)

We have the result we want!
Solution 2 by Soumitra Mandal-Chandar Nagore-India

( ) ≤ ( ) =

( ) ≤ ( ) =

( ) ≤ ( ) =

( ) ( ) ( ) ≤

119. If : [ , ] → ( , ∞), < , continuous, increasing then:

( ) ( ) ( ) ≥ ( )
−

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution by Leonard Giugiuc – Romania
By Chebyshev,

+
( ) ≥ ⋅ ( ) = ⋅ ( ) .
−

Similarly,
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+ + +
( ) ≥ ⋅ ( )

By Cauchy, ∫ ( ) ≥ ⋅ ∫ ( )

By AM – GM, ⋅ ≥ . We multiply and get

( ) ( ) ( ) ≥ ( )
−

120. From the book: “Math Accent”

( − ) ( − )
=

Prove that: > ( )

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution by Shivam Sharma-New Delhi-India
( )
If =∫ . Then, prove that: > −

[ ( − )+ ( + )] ( − )
⇒

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
⇒ ∫ + ∫ . Let, =∫

( )
⇒ ⇒ ( ) ⇒
−
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( ) ( )
⇒ ⇒ − +
+ + ( + ) ( + )

⇒ ∑ (OR) = ( )
( ) ( )
Let =∫
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
⇒ ∫ − ∫ ( )( )
⇒ − ∫ −∫
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Now, applying I.B.P., we get, ⇒ −∫ + ∫
( ) ( )
Now, again applying I.B.P., we get ⇒ −∫ + ∫

Let, = − , in second integral, we get = −

( )
⇒ [− ( )] + ⇒ ( )+ [ ( )]

⇒ − ( ) ⇒ − ( ) (OR) = − ( ).

Combining all, we get, = + ⇒ ( ) + − ( )

(OR) = ( )> ( )

121. If [ , ] → ( , ∞) continuous; ∫ ( ) = √ then:

( ) ( ) ( ) ≥

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution 1 by proposer
Solution 2 by Chris Kyriazis-Greece
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Solution 1 by proposer

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) =

= ( ) ( ) ⋅ ( ) ( ) ⋅

⋅ ( ) ( ) ⋅ ( ) ( ) ⏞
≥

≥ ( ) ⋅ ( ) =

= ( ) ⏞
≥ ( ) =

√ ( ) ( ) ( ) ≥

( ) ( ) ( ) ≥

Solution 2 by Chris Kyriazis-Greece

By Holder’s Inequality (only if ≥ )

( ) ⋅ ≥ ( )
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⇒∫ ( ) ≥ √ = (1). Working the same way, we have

∫ ( ) ≥ √ ⇔∫ ( ) ≥ (2) and

∫ ( ) ≥ √ ⇔∫ ( ) ≥ (3)

Multiplying (1) × (2) × (3) we have

∫ ( ) ⋅∫ ( ) ⋅∫ ( ) ≥ as we want!

122. In all ,

Proposed by Soumitra Mandal-Chandar Nagore-India

Solution by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

≥ + → ≤ →
+

≤
+ +

≤ ⏞
≤
+ +

≤ ⏞
≤
+ +
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LEMMA:
+ +
≤
+ +
By Adil Abdullayev

We have, = , = , = , + + = and

+ + = + +

+ + + +
≤ ⇔ ≤
+ + + +

+ + ( + + ) +
⇔ ≤ ⇔ ≤
( + + ) ( + + )
+ + + + + +
⇔ ≤

⇔ + + + + + ≤ +
⇔ + + + + ≤ +
We know, ≤ + + , then we need to prove,
( + + )+( + ) + ≤ +
( + )
⇔ ( − )+( + ) ≤ ⇔ ≥
−

Again, we know, ≥ − , we will show, − ≥

⇔ − + ≥( − )( − ) ≥ , which is true.
Hence Proved
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123. From the book: “Sinergy Math”

If , , ∈ ( , ∞)

( + ) +
( )=
→
( + ) +( + )
Then:

( )+ ( )+ ( )<3+2
+
Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania
Solution by Quang Minh Tran-Vietnam
( )
If in positive real number we have ( )=
( )( )
( )
Now we must prove ∑ ( )( )
− <3⇔∑ <3⇔

⇔ − < 3⇔ 3−2 <3

+ +

124. <∫ ∫ ( + ) <

( + ) ≤ ( +( − ) ) , <

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution by Soumitra Mandal-Chandar Nagore-India
We have, by . ≥ . ≥ . ; ( + )≥( + ) ≥

+ ≥ ( + ) ≥
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≥ ∫ ∫ ; ≥∫ ∫ ( + ) ≥ > (Proved)

We have, ≤ ≤ ⇒ ≤ ≤ , similarly, ≤ − ≤
⇒ ≤ ( − ) ≤ . Adding we have, ≤ + ( − )≤ +

+ ( − ) ≤ ( + ) = ( + )

125. If , ∈ ℕ, ≥ , ≥ then:

⎛ √ ⎞⎛ √ ⎞≥
+
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania
Solution by Soumitra Mandal-Chandar Nagore-India

+ +
= ⋅ ,− < , <1
+ +

( ) ( − )=

⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞

⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
+ − + −
= ⋅

+ + + +
= − ⋅ −

( + ) ( + )
= = ⏞
≥
+
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126. From the book: “Math Accent”

√

( ) < √ −
+

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution by Togrul Ehmedov-Baku-Azerbaidian
√

= − ; = ( − )( )
+

( − )( ) ⏞
< ; ( − )( ) =
,√

√ √

( − )( ) < ; ( − )( ) <

< √ −

127. Prove that if ∈ ℝ then:

+ ≤ +

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution 1 by Soumitra Mandal-Chandar Nagore-India
Solution 2 by Leonard Giugiuc – Romania
Solution 1 by Soumitra Mandal-Chandar Nagore-India
Lemma: Let be a convex function defined on ⊆ ℝ then for any
≤ ≤ in we have, ( − + )≤ ( )− ( )+ ( )

Now, = + > 0 for all ∈ℝ

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Let = + and = + then from ( − + ) ≤ ( )− ( )+ ( ) ⇒

⇒ ( + )+ ( + )≤ ( )+ ( + ) where ∈ [ , + ] then

( + ) + ( + ) ≤ ( ) + ( + )

⇒ ( ) + ( ) ≤ ( ) + ( )

∴ + ≤ +

Solution 2 by Leonard Giugiuc – Romania

Let be an antiderivative of on . Then

( )= ( + ) > 0, ∀ ∈ .

Let : → , ( )=∫ . Then ( )= ( + )− ( )≥ ,

because strictly increasing. Hence is convex.

We need to prove ( + ) + ( + ) ≤ ( ) + ( + ).
We have: < +4< +8< + 12 and + + = + + + ,
hence by Karamata ( + ) + ( + ) ≤ ( ) + ( + ).

128. If , , , ∈ ℝ, < , > 1, + = then:

( − ) ≤ ≤( − ) −

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution 1 by Soumitra Mandal-Chandar Nagore-India, Solution 2 by Saptak
Bhattacharya-Kolkata-India
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Solution 1 by Soumitra Mandal-Chandar Nagore-India

We have, + = and , > 0 now, and are convex functions,

hence by Hermite – Hadamard Inequality

≥( − ) , ≥( − )

∴ = ≥( − )

∵
=( − ) √ . Now, ≤ +
+ =

⇒ ≤ +

=( − ) − + =( − ) −

∴( − ) ≤ ≤( − ) −

Solution 2 by Saptak Bhattacharya-Kolkata-India

( )= is a convex function, so by first half of Hermite Hadamard
inequality; (note that = > 0)

⋅
≥ ⋅( − )

≥( − ) =( − ) (i)
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Since > 0; let = ∈ ( , ). Then − = ∈( , )

Also ( ) = is convex. Thus; by Jensen

( +( − ) )≤ ( )+( − ) ( )

( )
⇒ ≤ ( +( − ) )

= +( − ) ( − ) − =( − ) − (Proved) (ii)

129. For ∈ ( , ], ∀ ∈ [ , ]
Prove:

⋅ ≤ … … ≤ ⋅

Proposed by Uche Eliezer Okeke-Anambra-Nigeria

Solution by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

< < (Jordan)

≤ ≤

⋅ ≤ ≤ ⋅ ,

⋅ ≤ ≤ ⋅

...........................................................................................................
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⋅ ≤ ≤ ⋅ ,

⋅ ≤ ≤

⋅ ≤ … … ≤

130. If , , , ∈ ℝ, < , > 1, + = then:

+ + ∫ ∫ ( + ) + +
< <
( − ) ( + )
Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania
Solution by Soumitra Mandal-Chandar Nagore-India
+
= + = + +
+
+
= + +
+

( − )( − ) ( − )( − ) ( − )
= + +

+ + + ( + )
= + +
( − ) +

( + ) ( + ) ( + )
≥ + + ∵ + + ≥

( )
= + = . Similarly, ( )
∫ ∫
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≤ + + = + =

131. Prove:

+√ <

Proposed by Uche Eliezer Okeke-Anambra-Nigeria

Solution by Daniel Sitaru-Romania
≥ + , ∈ ℝ, ( + )≤ , > −1 → +√ ≤√ →

+√ ≤ ≤ ; +√ < =

132. ( , ) = ∫ + ,
< < < <
Prove that:
+
( , )+ ( , )+ ( , )≥ √ +
− − −

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution 1 by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India, Solution 2 by Saptak
Bhattacharya - Kolkata-India, Solution 3 by Soumitra Mandal-Chandar
Nagore-India
Solution 1 by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India

=
+ + + −
 www.ssmrmh.ro

−
−
= = + = +
( + )+( − ) − −
+ +
+ +

Put = ∴ = = +

−
⇒ = + = +
+ +
Similarly,
− −
= + = −
+ +

∴ ( , )= + = ( − )⇒ ( , )= +
−

Thus, ( , )+ ( , )+ ( , )= ( + + )

Now, ≥√ [ ≥ ] and ≥

⇔( + ) − ( + )≥ ⇔( − ) ≥

+ +
∴ + ≥√ + ⇒ ( + )≥ √ +

Solution 2 by Saptak Bhattacharya-Kolkata-India

+
( , )= + +
−
( + )( + )

( + + )
=
( + ) + ( + )
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=∫ ( )
=∫ =∫ =

( )
Now, ( , )= = = =

√
⏞
≥ . Hence ( , )≥√ +

( , ) +
⇒ ≥ √ +
−
Solution 3 by Soumitra Mandal-Chandar Nagore-India

( , )= +
+ +
− −
− +
= + + +
− −
+ −
+ +
− −
= − + +
+ +

−
= = ⇒ ( , )= +
−

( + )
∴ ( , )= ( + + )= ( + )= ( + )
−

+
⏞
≥ √ +
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133. If , , > 0, + + = then:

+ ( + ) ( + ) ( + )<

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution 1 by Saptak Bhattacharya-Kolkata-India,
Solution 2 by Soumitra Mandal-Chandar Nagore-India
Solution 1 by Saptak Bhattacharya-Kolkata-India

Let ( ) = − ; ( ) = − > 0. So, ∀ > 0;

( )> ( )= thus: ( ) < ⇒ < ;

∫ < . Thus, ∑ ∫ <∑ (I)

Now, consider ( )= − ( + )
( − )
( ) = ; ( )= − = >0
+ +
So, ( ) > 0 ∀ > 0 ⇒ ( + ) < . Thus, ∏ ( + )< (ii)

Now, by ≥ ∑ ≥ ⇒∑ ≥ > 1 [∵ < 4; < 16 < 18]

Thus, <∑ = ∑ (iii). Combining (i) & (iii)

< + =( + + ) =

Solution 2 by Soumitra Mandal-Chandar Nagore-India

Let = , =
when = , = , when = , =
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( )= = ( )
→ + →

−
= ( ( − )) = ⋅
→ → +

−
= ⋅ = = − ( )
→
+

⇒ ( )= ⇒ ( )= . So,∑ ( )=

≥ = ⋅ ⋅

134. If < < then:

+ − < < + −

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution by Khanh Hung Vu-Ho Chi Minh-Vietnam

If < < then + − < ∫ < + −

We need to prove that + < < + (1) ∀ > 0

Put = ⇒ < < . We have (1) ⇒ + < < +

⋅
∗ ( )= − − . We have ( )= − =
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅

On the other hand, by Jordan’s inequality, we have

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> ⇒ > ⇒ − ⋅ <4 − ⋅ = ⇒ ( )<0

⇒ ( ) is a decreasing function ⇒

⇒ ( )> → − ⋅
− ⇒ ( )>0⇒ ⋅
+ < (2)

∗ ( )= + −

⋅ ⋅ ( )( )
We have ( )= − = =
⋅ ⋅

On the other hand, by Jordan’s inequality, we have

≤ ⇒ ( )≤ ⇒ ( ) is a decreasing functioin

⇒ ( )> → + − ⇒ ( )>0⇒ < + (3)

⋅

(2) and (3) ⇒ ⋅

+ < < ⋅
+ ⇒ (1) True ⇒

⇒ + < < +
⋅

⇒ + − < < + −

135. If < < then:

<
− +

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution by Chris Kyriazis-Greece
Using the inequality ( + ) ≥ , , > 0 we have that:

+ ≥ ⇔ ≤ + ⇒∫ ∫ ≤ ∫ ∫ +

⇔∫ ∫ ≤ ⋅ ( − ) ⇔ ∫ ∫ ≤
 www.ssmrmh.ro

so, it suffices to prove that < or < 26 which holds!

136. If:
( , ) ( , )

( )= + + + , >0
( , ) ( , )

then:
( ) ( ) ( )
+ + ≥ √

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution 1 by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India, Solution 2 by Antonis
Anastasiadis-Katerini-Greece
Solution 1 by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India

Let ( , ) = + + + , , ≥

( )= ( , ) = ( , ) + ( , )
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( , ) = ( , ) ≥ + + +

= √ = √ [ ] = √ =
√

Similarly, ∫ ∫ ( , ) ≥ ∴ ( )≥ . Now
√ √

( ) ( ) ( )
+ + ≥ + + ≥ √
√
Solution 2 by Antonis Anastasiadis-Katerini-Greece

137. If ∈ ℕ ∗ then:

… + + … − ≤

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution 1 by Chris Kyriazis-Greece, Solution 2 by Abdelhak Maoukouf-
Casablanca-Morocco, Solution 3 by Kays Tomy-Nador-Tunisia, Solution 4 by
Michel Rebeiz-Lebanon, Solution 5 by Hasan Bostanlik-Sarkisla-Turkey
 www.ssmrmh.ro

Solution 1 by Chris Kyriazis-Greece

We have that ∫ ∫ … ∫ + … =

+ + …. ( + ) =

Doing the same ∫ ∫ … ∫ − … =

So it suffices to prove that + ≤ or + ≤ or

≤ − (*) which clearly holds for every ∈ ℕ∗

(*) − = + ⋅ +⋯+ ⋅ + > 1 when >1
Solution 2 by Abdelhak Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco
( ) ( )

= + + −

= + + − = +

= + = ( + )≤ × = ∀ ∈ ℕ∗

Solution 3 by Kays Tomy-Nador-Tunisia

Let { , ,…, } and { , ,…, } be two positive sequences of length
. Then ∏ ( + )=∏ +∏ + with <
it implies ∏ +∏ ≤∏ ( + ) (*)
Let us apply inequality (*) for the case when
= + and = − with ∈ ( , ) we get
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+ + − ≤ + + −

⇒ + + − ≤ =

⇒ … + … + … + …

≤ … …. =

Solution 4 by Michel Rebeiz – Lebanon

Let = ∫ …∫ ∏ + so + ≤ ?? > 0 and >0

and = ∫ …∫ ∏ − . For =

+ = + + − = ≤ . Suppose that + ≤

So + = × ∫ + + × ∫ −

= + ≤ + ≤ × ≤ × ≤

Solution 5 by Hasan Bostanlik-Sarkisla-Turkey

+ = ; ⋅ + = ; + =

⇒ − = ; ⋅ − = ,∫∫…∫∏ − =

+ ≤ + ≤ ; ∈ ℕ∗
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138. ∫ ∫ ∫ √ + + + ≤ .

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution 1 by Chris Kyriazis-Greece, Solution 2 by Abdelhak Maoukouf-
Casablanca-Morocco, Solution 3 by Anisoara Dudu-Romania, Solution 4 by
Hasan Bostanlik-Sarkisla-Turkey
Solution 1 by Chris Kyriazis-Greece
By Cauchy – Schwarz inequality we have that:

+ + + ≤ + + + + ⇔

⇔ + + + ≤ + + ⇒

+ + + ≤ ( + + )

But ∫ ∫ ∫ ( + + ) = cause

( + + ) = + +

+ = + + = + + =

Solution 2 by Abdelhak Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco

= + + +

= ( + ) + +
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≤ ( + ) + +

= ( + ) + ( + )

= ( + ) + ( + )

= ( + ) = + +
√ +

= + + + × ( + ) − ( + )

√
= +√ + −

√ +√ √
⇔ = +√ + ⇔ ≤ + <1

Solution 3 by Anisoara Dudu-Romania

+ + + == ( + )+ ( + )

⏞
≤ + ≤ = + +

+ + + ≤ + + =

Solution 4 by Hasan Bostanlik-Sarkisla-Turkey

≤( + )( + + ) { − }
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≤( + + ) − ≤( + + ) ; ≤ + +

( + + )= + + =

139. If , ≥ then:

≤ ( − )( − )( − )

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution 1 by Chris Kyriazis-Greece, Solution 2 by Abdelhak Maoukouf-
Casablanca-Morocco
Solution 1 by Chris Kyriazis-Greece
From the well – known inequality ≤ − , ∀ > 0 we have that:

≤ − ⇒ ≤ − = ; ≤ −

⇒ ≤( − )( − ) − ( − )( − )

⇒ ≤ ( − )( − )( + − − )

⇒ ≤ ( − )( − )( − )

Solution 2 by Abdelhak Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco

= <2 −
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= − = ( − ) ≤ ( − )( − )( − )

140. If < < then:

∫
< + + +
∫
Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania
Solution 1 by Chris Kyriazis-Greece, Solution 2 by Subhajit Chattopadhyay-
Bolpur-India
Solution 1 by Chris Kyriazis-Greece

Set ( ) = , > 0 and ( ) = ⋅ , >0

It’s ( )=− < 0, > 0 and ( )= ( + ) > 0, ∀ > 0.

So strictly decreasing when > 0 and strictly increasing

Using the Chebyshev’s integral inequality, we have that:

⋅ ⋅ > ⋅ ⋅( − )

⇒ − ⋅ > ⋅( − )

⇒ − + > ( − )

( + )
⇒ ( − )⋅ + > ( − )
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⇒ + + + >

Solution 2 by Subhajit Chattopadhyay-Bolpur-India

∫
< < ; < + + +
∫

Using Chebyshev’s inequality, ∵ & are monotone increasing,

− ( − )
. . < = =
∫ − ( + )( + + )

= ⋯
<
⋅

By using > strict inequality. ∵ ≠ .

= + . Now, >( ) ⇒ <( )

+ + + = >( ) [ , > ]

+ + + >
+ + +
Hence, < ( + )= = + + +

141. If , , ≥ , , ≥

( )= ( )
⋅
( )

then: ( )+ ( )+ ( )≥ + +
Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania
 www.ssmrmh.ro

Solution 1 by Subhajit Chattopadhyay-Bolpur-India, Solution 2 by Soumitra

Mandal-Chandar Nagore-India
Solution 1 by Subhajit Chattopadhyay-Bolpur-India

( )=

Using Hölder’s inequality, [ ( )] ; = −

= ≥ ⋅ =

( )
∴ ( )≥ ∵ > 0, ( ) > 0; , ≥ 2. Put = =
∴ ( )+ ( )+ ( )≥ + + .
Now for any , , ∈ ℝ
( − ) +( − ) +( − ) ≥
⇒ ( + + )− ( + + )≥
⇒ + + ≥ + + ∴ ≥ + +
Solution 2 by Soumitra Mandal-Chandar Nagore-India

( )= ( ) ⋅ ( )

( )
⏞
≥ ⋅ =
( )

Similarly, ( ) ≥ , ( ) ≥ ∴∑ ( )=∑ ≥∑
 www.ssmrmh.ro

142. If > 0 then:

>

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution by Chris Kyriazis-Greece
Using Hölder inequality for integrals, I have that.

⋅ ≥ ⇒

∫ ≥∫ ⇒∫ ≥ ∫ (1)

Just the same:

∫ ⋅ ∫ ≥∫ ⇒⇒ ⋯ ∫ ≥ ∫ (2)

(1) × (2) (everything is positive) we have that

⋅ ≥

143. If , , > 0, ∈ ,

( , )= ( + )( + )

then:
( , )+ ( , )+ ( , )≥ ( + + )
Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania
 www.ssmrmh.ro

Solution by Chris Kyriazis-Greece

We have that ( + )( + )=

√ + ⋅ √ +

≥ + =
( )
so ( , ) = ∫ ∫ =∫ ⋅∫ ==
( ) ( )
Doing exactly the same work, we have that ( , ) ≥ , ( , )≥
( ) ( ) ( )
So ( , )+ ( , )+ ( , )≥ + ⋅ + =

( ) +( ) +( ) ≥ + + = ( + + )

144. ∫ + ( + ) >

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution 1 by Abdelhak Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco, Solution 2 by Ravi
Prakash-New Delhi-India
Solution 1 by Abdelhak Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco

= ( + ) = + −

−
= + =
+ +
 www.ssmrmh.ro

= ( ) − ( + ) = − → =

− −
= + ( + )
+ +

= + − ( + )
+ +

= + − ( + )
+ −

∴ let ( ) = + ∀ ∈ ;
√

( )=− + = −
( + ) ( − ) ( − ) ( + )
(( + ) −( − ) ) (− )
= = ≤ ∀ ∈ ;
( − ) ( + ) ( − ) ( + ) √

≤ ≤ ⇒ ≤ ≤ ⇒ ( )≥ =
√ √

⇒ + − ≥ ⇒ ≥ ( + )
+ −

⇔ ≥ ⇔ ≥

Solution 2 by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India

Let ( ) + ≤ ≤ = ( )( )
 www.ssmrmh.ro

+ + +
=
+ +
+ − ( − )
= =
+ +

Now, ( ) ≥ ⇔ ≥

⇔ − ≥ + ⇔ − ≥
⇔ − ≥ ⇔ ≥ , which is true.

Note that ( ) = ⇔ = . ∴ ( ) > for ≤ < . Now,

− −
= + ( + )
+ +

> ∫ ( + ) = , where

= ( + ) = + −

−
= + = − ⇒ = ⇒ =
+

∴ > ⇒ >

145. If > 1 then:

( − )
≤

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

 www.ssmrmh.ro

Solution 1 by Chris Kyriazis-Greece, Solution 2 by Abdelhak Maoukouf-

Casablanca-Morocco, Solution 3 by Dimitris Kastriotis-Greece, Solution 4 by
Michel Rebeiz-Lebanon
Solution 1 by Chris Kyriazis-Greece
If we consider the functions
( )= , ∈[ , ] (Strictly decreasing on [ , ])

( )= , ∈[ , ] (Strictly increasing on [ , ])
Using Chebyshev integral inequality we have:

⋅ < ⋅ = − ( − )

⇒ < ( − )⇒ < ( − )

Solution 2 by Abdelhak Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco

We have ∫ ∫ ≤ ( − ) ∫

( − )
⇔ ≤ ( − )⇔ ≤ ⋅

( − )
⇒ ≤ ⋅

Solution 3 by Dimitris Kastriotis-Greece

Let ( ) = , ( )= . ↑[ , ]. ↓[ , ]
 www.ssmrmh.ro

⋅ ≤ ⋅
−

= ( − )⋅ = ( − )

Solution 4 by Michel Rebeiz-Lebanon

( − )
( )= −

( )= ⋅ − ⋅ [( − ) − ( − )]
( )

= [− + + − ]. ( ) = − + + −

( )=− − +
( )= (− − )<0→ ↓→ [ > 1; ( )< ( )]
( )<0→ ( )<0→ ↓→ [ > 1; ( ) < ( )]
( )<0→ ( )<0→ ( )<0→ ↓

( − )
> 1 → ( ) < ( ) ( ) < 0 → ( ) < 0 → <

146. If < < then:

+ ≥ +

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

 www.ssmrmh.ro

Solution by Abdelhak Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco

∀ > 1: ( ) = ∫ ∴ ( )= & ( )= ≥
( ) ( )
≤
∀ > 1. So by Jensen’s inequality: ( ) ( )
≤

+ +
⇒ ( )+ ( ) ≥ +

⇔ + ≥ +

147. If < < ;0 < < ; , integrable functions

, : [ , ] → [ , ] then:

( ) ( )
+ <( + )( − )
( ) ( )

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution by Soumitra Mandal-Chandar Nagore-India

≤ ( )≤ and ≤ ( )≤ ; ≤ ≤ for all ∈[ , ]

⇒ − − ≤ ⇒ + ≤ +

( ) ( )
⇒ + ≤ + ( − )
( ) ( )
 www.ssmrmh.ro

( ) ( )
⇒ + <( + )( − )
( ) ( )

148. If : [ , ] → ℝ, − continuous, − increasing then:

√

√ +√ ( ) ≤√ ( )

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution 1 by Chris Kyriazis-Greece, Solution 2 by Abdallah El Farissi-Bechar-
Algerie
Solution 1 by Chris Kyriazis-Greece

First we mention that: ≤√ ≤ (supposing that ≥ )

It suffices to prove that
√ √

√ ⋅ ( ) ≤√ ( ) − ( )

√
or √ ⋅ ∫ ( ) ≤ √ ∫√ ( )

Using the integral mean value theorem it suffices to prove that:

√ √ − ( )≤√ −√ ( )

where ∈ ,√ and ∈ √ ,

or √ √ √ −√ ( )≤√ √ √ −√ ( )
or ( ) ≤ ( ) which holds
due to monotonicity of the function (increasing).
 www.ssmrmh.ro

Solution 2 by Abdallah El Farissi-Bechar-Algerie

is increasing function then for all ∈ ,√ and ∈ √ , we have

√ √
( ) ≤ ( ) then −√ ∫ ( ) =√ √ −√ ∫ ( ) ≤

≤√ √ −√ ∫√ ( ) = √ − ∫√ ( ) it follow that
√ √

√ ( ) ≤√ ( ) =√ ( ) − ( )
√

√
then √ + √ ∫ ( ) ≤√ ∫ ( )

149. For acute triangle

If: ( ) = ∫

Prove: ( ) + ( ) + ( ) ≤ ( + )−
Proposed by Uche Eliezer Okeke-Anambra-Nigeria
Solution by Daniel Sitaru-Romania

− ⏞
≥ − → ≥ − → + + ≥ +

( )= ≤ = √ + −
√ +
+ +

∑ ( )≤ ∑√ + − ⏞
≤ ⋅ + − = ( + )−
 www.ssmrmh.ro

150. If , , ∈ ( , ],

( + )
( )=
+

then:
( )+ ( )+ ( ) ≥ + ( )
Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania
Solution by Subhajit Chattopadhyay-Bolpur-India

( + )
( )= ;
+

( + )
= =
( + )( + ) ( + )( + )( + )

=∫ ∫ +∫ ∫ −∫ ∫

( + )
= + −
+ + + + +

( + )
∴ ( )= ( + )+ = ( + )

Hence, ( )+ ( )+ ( )
= ( + )+ ( + )+ ( + )
Now, ∈ ( , ). By ≥ ( + )≥ ( ); ≥ for
∈( , )∴ ≥ ( )+ ( )+ ( )= + ( )
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151. If , , > 0 then:

+ + ≤
+ + +

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution by Chris Kiryazis-Greece

We have that ( + ) ≥ ≥ ⇒ ≤ + (1)

So, using (1) (integrating (1)), we have:

∫ ∫ ∫ + + ≤ ∫ ∫ ∫ + +

= ( + + )= = =

152. Let : [ , ] → ℝ be a convexe and integrable function. Prove that

( ) + ( ) ≥ ( )

Proposed by Nitin Gurbani-India

Solution by Daniel Sitaru-Romania
≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤

= + , = + , = + , = +

− convexe → ≤ →
 www.ssmrmh.ro

+ ≥ +
→ → → →
→

( ) + ( ) ≤ ( ) + ( )

( ) ≤ ( ) + ( )

153. ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ + +√ + ≤
Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania
Solution 1 by Abdelhak Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco, Solution 2 by Lazaros
Zachariadis-Thessaloniki-Greece, Solution 3 by Geanina Tudose-Romania
Solution 1 by Abdelhak Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco
+ +
≤ ≤( + + + )

→ = + +√ +

≤ ( + + + ) = + + + =

Solution 2 by Lazaros Zachariadis-Thessaloniki-Greece

+ +√ + ≤
( + + + )
= = + + +
 www.ssmrmh.ro

= ( + + + ) = + + + =

= + + +

= + + + = + + + = + +

= + + = + + = + + = ⇒ ≤

Solution 3 by Geanina Tudose-Romania

By ≤ we have ≤ ⇒∑ ≤ + + +

+ +√ +

≤ + + + = +( + + ) =

= + + + = + +( + )

= ( + + ) = + + = + + = + =

154. If < < then:

+
>
( + ) ( − ) +

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

 www.ssmrmh.ro

Solution by Soumitra Mandal-Chandar Nagore-India

Applying Cauchy – Schwarz,

∫ ≤ ∫ ( )
∫ = ∫ ( )

−
⇒ [ ( + )] ≤
( + )

+
∴ ⋅ ≤
+ ( − ) ( + )

155. Evaluate

√ + + √ + + ⋯+ √ + − ( + )
→

Proposed by Nguyen Viet Hung – Hanoi – Vietnam

Solution 1 by Serban George Florin-Romania , Solution 2 by Shivam Sharma-
New Delhi-India , Solution 3 by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India , Solution 4 by
Bedri Hadriji-Mitrovica-Kosovo
Solution 1 by Serban George Florin-Romania

√ + + √ + +⋯+ √ + − ( + )
= =
→

( + )
√ + +√ + +⋯+√ + −
= ,
→

( + )
+ +⋯+ =

√ + − + √ + − + ⋯+ √ + −
= ⋅
→
 www.ssmrmh.ro

√ + − + −
= = = =
→ → √ + + → √ + +

= = =
→ √ + + +

= ⋅( + + ⋯+ )= ⋅ + + ⋯+ ; = + + ⋯+
⋅ ⋅

Solution 2 by Shivam Sharma-New Delhi-India

∑ ( )
⇒ → . Applying L. Hospital’s rule, we get,

⇒ → ∑ ⇒ → ∑ (OR) =∑

(OR) =
Solution 3 by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India
For ≤ ≤ ,
√ + − + −
= = =
→ → √ + + → √ + +

√ + − √ + −
⇒ = ⇒ =
→ →

∑ √ + − ( + )
⇒ =
→

Solution 4 by Bedri Hadriji-Mitrovica-Kosovo

√ + −
= =
→ → √ + +

= = =
 www.ssmrmh.ro

156. Evaluate

Proposed by Nguyen Viet Hung – Hanoi – Vietnam

Solution 1 by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India, Solution 2 by Shivam Sharma-
New Delhi-India
Solution 1 by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India

For ≤ ≤ + ; ≤ ≤ ⇒ ( ) ≤ ≤

⇒ ( ) ≤ ≤ ⇒ ≤ ≤

Since → = as → ∞; ( ) → = as →∞

we get → ∫ =
Solution 2 by Shivam Sharma-New Delhi-India

→ ∫ . Let, ( ) = . And, ( ) = . So, ( ) ≤ ≤ ( )

≤ ≤ . Then, ∫ ≤∫ ≤∫

[ + − ]≤ ≤ [ + − ]

≤ ≤
→ → →

≤ ≤ . Then, by Squeeze theorem, we get, =

(Q.E.D)
 www.ssmrmh.ro

157. If

( )= − , >0
→

then:
( ) ( ) ( )
+ + > + +
+ + +
Proposed Daniel Sitaru – Romania
Solution 1 by Soumitra Mandal-Chandar Nagore-India
Solution 2 by Subhajit Chattopadhyay-Bolpur-India
Solution 1 by Soumitra Mandal-Chandar Nagore-India

Let ( ) = for all ∈ ,

∴ by Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem;

=( + + ) where ∈ ,

(
+ + )
− =
( + )( + )

Now, ≤ ≤ ⇒ ≤ ( + + )≤

≤ ≤
→

≤ ≤
→ →

So, by Sandwich Theorem, → =

( + + )
∴ − = ⋅
→ → →
+ +

= ( + + )
 www.ssmrmh.ro

( )
∴ = + +
+ + + +

≥ + + + + > + +
+ +
Solution 2 by Subhajit Chattopadhyay-Bolpur-India

( )= − , >0
→

Expanding by = + + + +⋯+ −
! !

+ + ( + + )
= + + +⋯
+ ( + )
+ + ( + + )
− − − −⋯
+ ( + )
(
+ + ) ( + + )
= + +
( + )( + )

∴ → − = → + = ( + + )

( ) ( ) ( )
Now, + + = + +

without loss of generality assume, ≥ ≥ , Apply Chebyshev

inequality, LHS ≥ ( + + + + + + ) + +

By AM ≥ HM + + ≥ ( )

158. Find:

∑ ⋅
=
→ ( + )( + )
Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania
 www.ssmrmh.ro

Solution 1 by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India, Solution 2 by Shivam Sharma-

New Delhi-India
Solution 1 by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India

Let = ; → ( ) = →

+
+ ( + )( + )
= = = − =
→ → ( + )( + ) → +

Let < < 1, there exists a positive integer such that

( ) − < ∀ > ⇒ 4− <( ) < 4 + ∀ >

Let = = ( )

Let = + + ⋯+ −( + + ⋯+ )( − ) and
= + + ⋯+ −( + + ⋯+ )( + ) Now, for >
( + + ⋯+ )( − ) + <
( )( ) ( )
< + + ⋯+ <( + ⋯+ )( + ) + ⇒ ( )( )

∑ ( + )( + )− ( + )+
< <
( + )( + ) ( + )( + )
∑
Taking limit as → ∞, we get ( − ) ≤ → ( )( )
≤ ( + )

⇒ − ≤ ≤ + . Its true for each > 0, ∴ =

Solution 2 by Shivam Sharma-New Delhi-India

 www.ssmrmh.ro

( )!
∑
( !)
⇒ → ( )( )
. As we know, the Stirling’s formula,

⎛ √ ⎞
∑ ⎜ ⎟
√
⎝ ⎠
!= √ . Using this, we get, ⇒ → ( )( )

∑ + + −
⇒ ⇒
→ ( + )( + ) → + +

⇒ → ⇒ (OR) =

159. : ℝ → [ , ], <
Find:

( − + ) ( )
=
→∞ ( + + ⋯+ )

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution by Saptak Bhattacharya-Kolkata-India
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
→ ∑ = → ∑
(( )( ) ( )( )

( )
Now, ≤ ( ) ≤ , And, → ( )( )
∑

+ + − − +
= ⋅
→ ( + )( + )

( + )
= ⋅ ( + ) + − ( + )
→ ( + )( + )
 www.ssmrmh.ro

( + )
= ( + ) −
→ ( + )( + )
( + )
= − =
→ ( + ) ( + ) →

= → = (Cauchy first theorem). Similarly,

( − + )
=
→ ( + )( + )

Thus by squezze theorem, the given limit is

160. Evaluate

+ + + ( + ⋯) − + + + ( + ⋯)

Proposed by Vidyamanohar Sharma Astakala-Hydebarad-India

Solution by proposer

= ( + )
+

= ( ) − ( )

⋅ ⋅
= + ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅
⋅ ⋅
…

− + + ∙ + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅…
 www.ssmrmh.ro

∴ Given sum =

161. Find:

( − + )
=
→ + + ⋯+

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India
( )
Let = = [( + ) − ] = −
⋯ ( )

Let = , = ; → = , → =
⋯ ⋯
⇒ → = and → =
⋯ ⋯
Now, → ∑ = → − → → =

162. Find:

+
=
→

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution by Soumitra Mandal-Chandar Nagore-India
! ( )
For ≥ , ≤ < , since, >
!
!
Similarly, for ≥ , ≤ <
! !
≤ → ∫ < → ∫ + =
! !
∫ → + =
 www.ssmrmh.ro

so, by sandwich theorem → ∫ =

163. If > 0, ≥ 1, → = , , > 0 then find:

=
→ +

Proposed by D.M. Bătinețu – Giurgiu, Neculai Stanciu – Romania

Solution 1 by Nirapada Pal-Jhargram-India, Solution 2 by Ravi Prakash-New
Delhi-India, Solution 3 by Abdallah El Farissi-Bechar-Algerie, Solution 4 by
Soumitra Mandal-Chandar Nagore-India
Solution 1 by Nirapada Pal-Jhargram-India
⋯
By Cauchy’s limit theorem → = ⇒ → =
( ) → ( )
Now, we have → = provided → ( )≠
( ) → ( )

→
Given → = . So → = ( )
=
→

So by Cauchy’s limit theorem we get

= =
→ + → + +

Solution 2 by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India

As > 0, we choose > 0 such that < < . Since → =
these exists ∈ ℕ such that | − | < ∀ >
⇒ < − < < + ∀ > (1)
Let =∑ . From (1) ∀ >

+ ( − )< + < + ( + )⇒ ( )
< < ( )
(2)
 www.ssmrmh.ro

From (1), (2) we get ( )

< < ( )
∀ >

− +
⇒( − ) < <( − ) ∀ >
+ ( + ) + + ( − )

⇒ +( − ) ( )
<∑ < +( − ) ( )
∀ >

Taking limit as → ∞, we get +( − ) ( )

≤ → ∑

≤ +( − ) (
. Taking limit as
)
→ , we get

→ ∑ =

Solution 3 by Abdallah El Farissi-Bechar-Algerie

∑
Theorem of Cesaro: If → in ℝ, then →
∑
Let = , we have → then →

Solution 4 by Soumitra Mandal-Chandar Nagore-India

→ = now, → ∑

=
⏞ −
→ + − + +

= =
→ + +
164. Find:

( + ) ( + + )
=
→ ( + )! ( + )! ( + )!
Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania
 www.ssmrmh.ro

Solution 1 by Abdelhak Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco, Solution 2 by Khanh

Hung Vu-Ho Chi Minh-Vietnam, Solution 3 by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India
Solution 4 by Șerban George Florin-Romania, Solution 5 by Shivam Sharma-
New Delhi-India
Solution 1 by Abdelhak Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco

+
= −
( + )! ( + )! ( + )!

= − = − = −
! ( + )! ! ( + )! ( + )!

( + ) +
=
( + )! ( + )!

( + )
= − = −
( + )! ( + )! ( !) ( + )!

= − = −
( !) ( + )! ( + )!

( + + ) + + ( + )
= = −
( + )! ( + )! ( + )! ( + )!

= − = −
( !) ( + )! ( + )!

⇒ = − − − =
( + )! ( + )! ( + )!
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Solution 2 by KHanh Hung Vu-Ho Chi Minh-Vietnam

+ −
= = = − = −
( + )! ( + )! ! ( + )! ( + )!

( + ) ( + ) −
= = = − = −
[( + )!] [( + )!] ( !) [( + )!] [( + )!]

+ + ( + ) −
= = = − = −
[( + )!] [( + )!] ( !) [( + )!] [( + )!]

= − − −
→ ( + )! [( + )!] [( + )!]
= [ − ][ − ][ − ]=
→

Solution 3 by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India

Let =∑ ( )!
=∑ ( )!
=∑ −( )!
= −( )!
!

( + ) ( + ) −
= =
( + )! ( + )!

= − = −
( !) ( + )! ( + )!

( + + ) ( + ) −
= =
( + )! ( + )!

= − = −
( !) ( + )! ( + )!
We have → = → = → =
∴ = =
→
 www.ssmrmh.ro

similarly, , → , as → ∞, so, ( )!
→ , as →∞

→ , as → ∞; → , as →∞
( )! ( )!

Hence, our limit is, = (Answer)

165. Find:

=
→

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution 1 by Nirapada Pal-Jhargram-India, Solution 2 by Ravi Prakash-New
Delhi-India, Solution 3 by Shivam Sharma-New Delhi-India, Solution 4 by
Madan Beniwal-India
Solution 1 by Nirapada Pal-Jhargram-India

= = −
→ →

( + ) ( + )
= −
→

= ( + ) − −
→

( + ) ( − ) ( − )
= −
→

As → ∑ =
 www.ssmrmh.ro

= ( − )( + ) = − + =
→ →

Solution 2 by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India

= ( − ){ + + }= − ( − )

⇒ = ( + ) − − ⇒

= ( + ) − −

= ( + ) ( − ) − ⋅ ( − ) − ( − )( )( − )

= − − =
→

Solution 3 by Shivam Sharma-New Delhi-India

⇒ ( + + )− ( + )
→

⇒ ( + + − ( + + )
→

+ + − − −
⇒
→

⇒ + + − − −
→
 www.ssmrmh.ro

⇒ + − −
→

+ − −
⇒
→

( + )
⇒ − −
→

( + )
⇒ − −
→ → →

( + )( − )( ) ( − )
⇒ − −
→ →

( − )( )( ( − ) + )
−
→

( + )( − )
⇒ − [ ( − ) ]−
→ →

( − )( − )
−
→

− + −
⇒ − [ ( + − )] −
→ →

− → ⇒ − − ⇒ (OR) = (Answer)

Solution 4 by Madan Beniwal-India

= [( + )+( + )+ ⋯+ +( − − )+ ]
 www.ssmrmh.ro

( − − )( − − + )
= ( − + )+ +

+ −
=( − − ) +

( − + )( + ) + − − − −
= + = +

− − − + − − +
= =

Then ∑ = ( − − + ). Now

= ( − − + )

( − ) ( − ) ( − )( )( − ) ( − )
= ⋅ − − +

Then → ⋅ − − + =

166. Find:

( + )( + ) ⋅ … ⋅ ( − )
=
→ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅…⋅( − )
Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania
Solution 1 by Yen Tung Chung-Taichung-Taiwan, Solution 2 by Abdelhak
Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco, Solution 3 by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India
 www.ssmrmh.ro

Solution 1 by Yen Tung Chung-Taichung-Taiwan

( + )( + ) ⋯ ( − )
=
→ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅…⋅ −
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ …⋅ ( − ) ( + )( + ) ⋯ ( − )
=
→ ( ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ …⋅ − ) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅…⋅( − )

( − )!
= = =
→ ( − )! → →

= + = ⋅ =
→

Solution 2 by Abdelhak Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco

( )⋅…⋅( ) ( )⋅…⋅( )
= = ( )!
⋅ ⋅ ⋅…⋅( )
⋅ ⋅ ⋅…⋅( )

( + )⋅…⋅( − )
=
( − )!
⋅ ⋅…⋅( − )

⋅ ⋅ ⋅ …⋅ ( − ) ⋅ ( + ) ⋅…⋅( − )
=
( − )!
( − )!
= =
( − )!

= =
→ →

= ⋅ = ⋅ =
→ →
 www.ssmrmh.ro

Solution 3 by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India

( + )( + ) ⋅ … ⋅ ( − )

→ ( )( )( ) … ( − )
( )( )( ) ⋅ … ⋅ ( − ) ( + ) ⋅ … ⋅ ( − )
=
→ ( )( )( ) ⋅ … ⋅ ( − )( − )

( − )!
= = × = ( )=
→ ( − )! →

167. Find:

∫ √
= → , [∗ ] - great integer function
∫ √

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution by Francis Fregeau-Quebec-Canada
Let be a natural number. < ≤( + ) ⇒ √ = +
Let be a perfect square, and ≤ ≤ . Divide the interval ( , ) into
the partition: ( , ] ∪ ( , ] ∪ … ∪ ( , ( + ) ] ∪ … ∪ (( − ) , )
( ) ( )
Now: ∫ √ =∫ ( + ) =( + )( + ) = + +
( )
∴∫ √ = ∑∫ √ ; ≤ ≤ − . Let − =
( )
+ + ( + )
√ = + + = + +

+ +
=
 www.ssmrmh.ro

( ) ( ) ( )
∴ ∫ √ =( + )⋅ = ⋅

But is also a perfect square since is a perfect square.

⇒ √ = + + ; ≤ ≤ −

⋅∫ √
∴∫ √ = ⇒ → =
∫ √

( − ) + ( − ) + ( − )
=
→
− + − + −

Applying De l’Hôpital’s rule four times yields:

⋅∫ √
→ = when is a perfect square.
∫ √

But for every real number , there exists a perfect square such that
⋅∫ √ ⋅∫ √
< ∴ → = → =
∫ √ ∫ √

168. Find:

=
→ + √ !
Proposed by Adil Abdullayev-Baku-Azerbaidian
Solution 1 by Soumitra Mandal-Chandar Nagore-India;
Solution 2 by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India
Solution 1 by Soumitra Mandal-Chandar Nagore-India
 www.ssmrmh.ro

√ ! ! ( + )!
= =
⏞ ⋅
→ → → ( + ) !

= ⋅ =
→ +
+

∑ −∑
= = √ ! √ !=
→ + √ ! → + − − → ( + )!

= ⎛ ⋅ ⎞= =
→ + ( + )! → +
⎝ + ⎠
Solution 2 by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India

( )!
→ = → = → = . Let > 0, there exists
!
!

∈ ℕ s.t. − < ∀ > ⇒0< < ∀ >

! !

Let =∑ . For
!

= + ⇒ < < +( − )
! ! ! !

−
⇒ < < +
+ ! + +

Taking limit as → ∞, we get ≤ → ∑ ≤

!

This is true for each >0

 www.ssmrmh.ro

∴ =
→ + !

169. Find:
+√ ⋅ +√ ⋅ …⋅ +√
=
→ +√ ⋅ +√ ⋅ …⋅ +√
Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania
Solution 1 by Carlos Suarez-Quito-Ecuador
Solution 2 by Boris Colakovic-Belgrade-Serbia
Solution 1 by Carlos Suarez-Quito-Ecuador

+√ ∏ +√
= =
→ +√ → ∏ +√

√ −
= +
→ √ +

= + − =
→ → +
√
Solution 2 by Boris Colakovic-Belgrade-Serbia
√ √ ⋅…⋅ √
Find = → √ √ ⋅…⋅ √

+√ + +√ + ⋯+ +√
= −
→

+√ + +√ +⋯+ +√
− =
⏞
→
 www.ssmrmh.ro

+√
= +√ − +√ = =
→ → → +√
+√
+√
= =
⏞
→

+√ −
⋅
+√ √ +√ −
= =− =
→
−
→ +√ +√

−
=− ⋅ =
→
+√ + +√

=− ( − ) =− ( − ) =
→ + + √ →
⋅

=− ( − ) √ = −∞ ⇒ = −∞ ⇒ − = =
→

170. If , , , , , > 0, + + =1

( )= ! ! ⋯ ! −
→

then: ( + + )≥
Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania
Solution 1 by Khanh Hung Vu-Ho Chi Minh-Vietnam, Solution 2 by Abdelhak
Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco
 www.ssmrmh.ro

Solution 1 by Khanh Hung Vu-Ho Chi Minh-Vietnam

⋯
If , , , , > 0, + + = 1. ( ) = →
! ! !
−

then ( + + )≥ . We have
( ) ( )( )
+ = + ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋯+
!

⋯
⇒ + <1+ + + ⋯+ ⇒ + + +⋯+ − > ⇒ ! ! ! − < (1)
! ! ! ! ! !

Lemma: + + +⋯+ <

! ! !

On the other hand, using the lemma, we have + + + ⋯+ < ⇒

! ! !

⋯ √
⇒ + + +⋯+ − <√ − ⇒ ! ! ! − > − (2)
! ! !

√ ⋯
(1) and (2) ⇒ − < ! ! !
− < (3)

On the other hand, we have

+) → − = → ⋅ = (4)

+) √ −
→

Put = √ − ⇒ = ( + ) and → = . We have

√
− −
− = = ⋅ =
→ → ( + ) → ( + )
= ⋅ = (5)
(3), (4) and (5) ⇒ ( )=
 www.ssmrmh.ro

( )
By Becnuli inequality, we have <
( ) ( )
Similarly, we have < and <
( ) ( ) ( )
⇒ < ⇒ < ⇒ < + + − 1 (6)

By Becnulli inequality, we have ≥ + + + (7)

(6) and (7) ⇒ QED
Solution 2 by Abdelhak Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco

∑
( )= ! − = − ; =
→ → !

= ; on pose, = − ; → =

−
( )= − = ⋅ −
→
−

( ) ( )
− −
= ⋅ ⋅ ( + )⋅
( + )
( + ) −
( )
( )
− −
= ( ) ⋅ ⋅ ( + )⋅
→ ( + )
−

= × × ⋅ =
( ) ( ) −
= = = ; =
→

( )= . if: ≥ ≥
∗ ( , , )= ( + + )−( + + )
∗ ( )= ( , , )
 www.ssmrmh.ro

−( + + )
( )= − =
+ + ( + + )
( + + ) −( + + ) ( − )+ ( − )
= =
( + + ) ( + + )
∀ > > ; ( )≥ ⇒ ( )≥ ( )⇔ ( , , )≥ ( , , )
−( + + )
∗ ( ) = ( , , ); ( )= − =
+ + ( + + )
( − )− ( + ) ( − )( + )
= = ; ∀ > ; ( )>0
( + + ) ( + + )
⇒ ( )≥ ( )⇔ ( , , )≥ ( , , )⇒ ( , , )≥ ( , , )
( , , )= ( + + ) − ( + + ) = − =
⇒ ( , , )≥ ⇔ ( + + )≥( + + )
⇔ ( + + )≥ ⇔ ( + + )≥
if ≥ ≥

171. Find:

+ + + + ⋯+ ( − )
=
→ −

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution 1 by Subhajit Chattopadhyay-Bolpur-India, Solution 2 by Abdelhak
Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco, Solution 3 by Seyran Ibrahimov-Maasilli-
Azerbaidian
Solution 1 by Subhajit Chattopadhyay-Bolpur-India
 www.ssmrmh.ro

+ + + + ⋯+ ( − )
=
→ −

( − ) + ( − )
= = ( − )
→ × ( − ) →

−
= =∞
→

Solution 2 by Abdelhak Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco

+ + ⋯+ ( − ) ∑ ( + )
= =
→ − → −

( − )( − )
⋅ +( + )
= = ( − )+
→ − →

( + )
= − = − =
→ →

= ( + )− = +∞
→

Solution 3 by Seyran Ibrahimov-Maasilli-Azerbaidian

+ + +⋯+( − )
=
→ −

+ + − ( − )
+ + + ⋯+ ( − )= = ⋅ =

= + ( − )= + − = −

( − ) −
= = =
→ − →
−
→

=
 www.ssmrmh.ro

172. Find:

=
→ + √ !
Proposed by Adil Abdullayev-Baku-Azerbaidian
Solution 1 by Kays Tomy-Nador-Tunisia, Solution 2 by Rozeta Atanasova-
Skopje, Solution 3 by Soumitra Mandal-Chandar Nagore-India
Solution 1 by Kays Tomy-Nador-Tunisia

∑ → → . Let us recall Stirling’s formula ( !) ~ ( )−

√ !
( !)
then we have = ~ ( )−
√ ! √ !

~ ( ( )− ( )+ )→ . Let us Apply Cesaro lemma

∑
√ !
Now we get. ∑ = ⋅ → . Finally we get
√ !
↓

→
+ √ !
Solution 2 by Rozeta Atanasova-Skopje

= = ⋅
→ + √ ! → + → !

= =
→ ! ⋯
→
 www.ssmrmh.ro

= = =
∫

Solution 3 by Soumitra Mandal-Chandar Nagore-India

√ ! ! ( + )!
= = ⋅
→ → → ( + ) !

= ⋅ =
→ +
+

∑ −∑
= √ ! √ !
→ + √ ! → + −( + )

+
= =
→ ( + )!

173. Find:

=
→

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution by Abdelhak Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco

= =
→ →

= = ⋅ − ⋅
+
 www.ssmrmh.ro

= − = − + = −
+

174. Find:

= + !( + )
→

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution 1 by Abdelhak Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco,
Solution 2 by Abdallah Almalih-Damascus-Syria
Solution 1 by Abdelhak Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco
! + = ! ( + )( + ) − ( + ) + = [( + )! − ( + )!] − [( + )! − !]

! + = [( + )! − ( + )!] − [( + )! − !] =

= [( + )! − !] − [( + )! − ! ] = ( + )! − ( + )!

+ ( + )! − ( + )! = ( + )( + )! = ( + )! − ( + )!

+ ( + )! − ( + )! = ( + )! − ( + )! = ( + )! − !

= + !( + ) = ( + )! − ≈ ( + )! =
→ → →

= √ ! ( + )( + ) ≈ √ !≈ √ ≈ →∞
→ → → →

Solution 2 by Abdallah Almalih-Damascus-Syria

 www.ssmrmh.ro

Find → ∑ + ∑ !( + )

First let’s compute the sum ∑ !( + )

!( + ) = ! [( + )( + ) − ( + ) + ]
= ( + )! − ( + )! + !
= [( + )! − ( + )!] − [( + )! − !]

!( + )= [( + )! − ( + )!] − [( + )! − !]

=( + )! − ! − ( + )! − ! = ( + )! − − ( + )! +
=( + )! − ( + )! = ( + )! [ + − ]= ( + )!

Let =∑ + ∑ !( + ).

Then =∑ + ( ( + )!)

( + )
= ( + )! = ( + )( + )!

= [( + )! − ( + )!] = ( + )! − ! = ( + )! −

We want to compute →

We know that → = → . So → = →

( + )! − + −
( + )!
= = =∞
→ ( + )! − →
−
( + )!
175. Find:
 www.ssmrmh.ro

⋅
= + +

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution 1 by Subhajit Chattopadhyay-Bolpur-India
Solution 2 by Anisoara Dudu-Romania
Solution 1 by Subhajit Chattopadhyay-Bolpur-India
⋅
=∏ + + . Note, + + =

∴ =∏ = × (1)

[∵ = ]=
−
Solution 2 by Anisoara Dudu-Romania

= (not) = → ∏ + +( ) ; + + =

− − − −
= = ⋅ ⋅ …⋅
→ → − − −

− −
= = = = =
→ − − − − −

176. = , = +

Find the closed form and →∞

Proposed by Maria Elena Panaitopol-Romania

 www.ssmrmh.ro

Solution 1 by Avishek Mitra-Kolkata-India, Solution 2 by Ravi Prakash-New

Delhi-India, Solution 3 by Kunihiko Chikaya-Tokyo-Japan, Solution 4 by
Abdelhak Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco

Solution 1 by Avishek Mitra-Kolkata-India

= ∴ = + = ∴ =
√

∴ = + = ∴ = ;=

∴ = + = ∴ = =
√

∴ Closed form = + ∴ → + =

Solution 2 by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India

Let = , then = = . Also, − = ∀

( )

⇒< > is an A.P. with = ⇒ = + ( − )( ) =

⇒( ) − = ⇒ = + =
→

Solution 3 by Kunihiko Chikaya-Tokyo-Japan

= = + . Find →

The sequence is an arithmetic progression with common

difference 1 ∴ = + ⋅( − )=
 www.ssmrmh.ro

⇔ = + ∴ = + ( ≥ ); =
→

Solution 4 by Abdelhak Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco

∀ ∈ ℕ∗ = +
− −

⇒ = +
− −

⇔ =( − )+ ⇔ = +
− −

= = =
→ → →

177. Find:

= ⋅
→

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution 1 by Carlos Suarez-Quito-Ecuador, Solution 2 by Abdelhak Maoukouf-
Casablanca-Morocco, Solution 3 by Rozeta Atanasova-Skopje, Solution 4 by
Shivam Sharma-New Delhi-India
Solution 1 by Carlos Suarez-Quito-Ecuador

∑ = ; → =
 www.ssmrmh.ro

Solution 2 by Abdelhak Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco

−
= = =
− −

= = ⋅ =
→ → −
−

= = = =
→ →

= = =
−

Solution 3 by Rozeta Atanasova-Skopje

I. = → ∑ = ∫ =

II. = → ⋅ ∑ = → ⋅

= − =
→∞
−

Solution 4 by Shivam Sharma-New Delhi-India

 www.ssmrmh.ro

⇒ ⇒
→ →

Applying Reimann sum or limit as a sum, we get, = ⇒ ∫

As we know, ∫ = ( )
+ ⇒ ⇒ (OR) =

(Answer)
178. ∈ [ , ∞ ), ≥ , → = ∈ℝ
Find:
( )( )⋅…⋅( )
→∞

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution 1 by Anas Adlany-El Zemamra-Morocco, Solution 2 by Abdelhak
Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco, Solution 3 by Abdallah Almalih-Damascus-
Syria
Solution 1 by Anas Adlany-El Zemamra-Morocco

Let = ∏ ( + ( )), then

( )= [ + ( )] → ( [ + ( )]) = ( + ( ))

Hence; →
Solution 2 by Abdelhak Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco
= ⇔ =
→ →

( + )= ( + )= ( + )
→ → →
 www.ssmrmh.ro

∏
=
⏞ = + ⇒ = =
→ →

Solution 3 by Abdallah Almalih-Damascus-Syria

∏ ( + )−
∈ [ , ∞[, ≥ , → = ∈ ℝ find →
=

Sol. Let =∏ ( + ( )) so =[ + ( )] −
We know → = →

so → = → = → [ + ( )]

=
⏞ + ( )

( )
so → =
⏞ =

179. Find:

=
→
+

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution 1 by Shivam Sharma-New Delhi-India, Solution 2 by Ravi Prakash-
New Delhi-India, Solution 3 by Abdelhak Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco,
Solution 4 by Nirapada Pal-Jhargram-India, Solution 5 by Soumitra Mandal-
Chandar Nagore-India
Solution 1 by Shivam Sharma-New Delhi-India

Let, = ∫ . Let, = ; =
 www.ssmrmh.ro

⇒ ⇒ ( )

Let, =∫ ( ) . Let, = , =

⇒∫ . Let, = ⇒ =( ) ; =

⇒
−

+
⇒ ( − ) ⇒ ,

+
√ +
⇒ ⇒
( + ) !

√ ( − )‼ √ ( − )‼ ( )!
⇒ ⇒ ⇒
! ! ( !)
( )! ( )!
(OR) = ( !)
, ∀ > 0 (OR) = ( !)

( )! ( )!
(OR) = ( !)
. Now, √ = ( !)

As, we know, the Stirling’s formula, we get, ! = √ , so,

√
= ( ) ⇒
→ →
√

Now, applying Ratio Test, we get,

 www.ssmrmh.ro

And many terms are cancelling, we get, our limit = (Answer)

Solution 2 by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India

Let =∫ . Put = , =

= =

− − ( )! ( )!
= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅…⋅ ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅ =
− ( !) ! !

(
+ )! ! !
( ) = = ⋅
→ → ( + )! ( + )! ( )!

( + )( + ) + +
= = =
→ ( + )( + ) →
+ +

Solution 3 by Abdelhak Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco

= = +
+ + +

= − + + = +
+ +
− −
→ = ⋅ ⇒ = × ⇔

( )!
⇔ =
( !)
( )!
= =[ ] = → =
( !)
+
 www.ssmrmh.ro

( + )!
( )! ( + )!
= = =
→ → ( !) → ( )!
( !)
(
+ )( + )
= =
→ ( + )
Solution 4 by Nirapada Pal-Jhargram-India

Let ∫ =

So we have to find →

But → = → (when the limits exists)

Now, =∫ = , after putting =

So = → = → = → = =
,

Solution 5 by Soumitra Mandal-Chandar Nagore-India

= → . Let = ⇒ = . When = , = ;

when → ∞, = . = → ∫ = → ∫ =

=
→
 www.ssmrmh.ro

, ( )
= ⋅ = ⋅ =
→ →
+

( − )!
= ⋅
→ ( − )!
( − )! √

{( − )!} {( − )!}
= ⋅ = ⋅
→ ( − )! → ( − )( − ) … ⋅ ⋅

( − )!
= ⋅ =
→ ( − )( − ) ⋅ … ⋅ ⋅

( − )( − ) ⋅ … ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
= ⋅
→ ( − )( − ) ⋅ … ⋅ ⋅

− − −
− − ⋅…⋅ − − −
= ⋅
→ − −
− − … − −

= → = (Ans :)

180. Find:

( )‼
=
→ ( )!
Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania
Solution by Abdelhak Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco
 www.ssmrmh.ro

( )‼ ( !)
= =
→ ( )! → ( )!

( √
= = √ →∞
→ →
√

181. Find:

= ( − )
→

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution 1 by Soumitra Mandal-Chandar Nagore-India, Solution 2 by Ravi
Prakash-New Delhi-India, Solution 3 by Abdelhak Maoukouf-Casablanca-
Morocco, Solution 4 by Geanina Tudose-Romania
Solution 1 by Soumitra Mandal-Chandar Nagore-India
Let = ⇒ = , when = , = ; = , =

= ( − ) =
→ →
 www.ssmrmh.ro

( ) ( + )
= ( , + )= ⋅ =
→ → ( + )

( + ) ( + ) ( + )
= ⋅
→ ( + ) ( ) ( + )
( )
= → ( )( )
= (Ans:)

Solution 2 by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India

( )
Let =∫ ( − ) . Put = , so that

( )
= ( − )

= ( − ) = + , +

+ , +
( ) = =
→ → →
+ , +

+ + √ +
= ⋅
→ √ +
+ +

+ + +
= = =
→ ( + )( + ) →
+

Solution 3 by Abdelhak Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco

 www.ssmrmh.ro

= ( − ) = ( − )

= × = × ( − )

= × − ×

= − ×

→ = = =

( )! ( )!
→ = = ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅
( !) ( !)

( + )!
⋅
( )! ( + )!
= = ⋅ =
→ → ( !) → ( )!
⋅
( !)
( + )( + )
= =
→ ( + )
Solution 4 by Geanina Tudose-Romania

Consider ∫ ( − ) . Let = , = ⇒ =
 www.ssmrmh.ro

= = ⇒ =

= ⋅ ( − ) = ⋅

= = ( ) ⋅

+
= ⋅

= , ⋅ +

= ⋅

= ⋅ =
( + )⋅

= ∫ = ∫ ; = ⇒ =

⎛ ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟= ⎛ + ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎝ ⎠
( )‼ ( )‼
But =∫ =∫ = ( )‼
⋅ . Hence = = ⋅ ( )‼
⋅
 www.ssmrmh.ro

( )‼ ( )‼
= → ⋅ ( )‼
⋅ . Using Cauchy D’Alembert → ( )‼
=

( + )‼ ( )‼ +
= = ⋅ = =
→ → ( + )‼ ( − )‼ → +
( )‼
Thus = → ⋅ ( )‼
⋅ =

182. Find:
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ …⋅ ( − )
=
→ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ …⋅ ( − )
Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania
Solution 1 by Abdelhak Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco, Solution 2 by Shivam
Sharma-New Delhi-India
Solution 1 by Abdelhak Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco

=∏ we have < < 1; So we put =

−
= ⇔( ( + )− ) −( − ) =
−

⇒ ( ( + )− ) −( − ) =

⇔( ( + )− ) + =

+
⇔ + =

→
⟹ + = ⇔ = → =
Solution 2 by Shivam Sharma-New Delhi-India
 www.ssmrmh.ro

⋅ ⋅ ⋅…⋅( − ) ∏ ( − )
= ⇒
→ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ …⋅ ( − ) → ∏ ( − )

⎡ + ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ +
⇒ ⎢ ⎥⇒
→ →
⎢ + ⎥ +
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Now, applying Ratio test, we get, =
(Answer)
183. Find:

= −
→ →

Proposed by Hung Nguyen Viet-Hanoi-Vietnam

Solution 1 by Daniel Sitaru-Romania, Solution 2 by Mehmet Sahin-Ankara-
Turkey
Solution 1 by Daniel Sitaru-Romania

−
= − =
→ → → →

= = ⋅ =
→ → → → ∏

= ⋅ =
→ → ∏
 www.ssmrmh.ro

= ⋅ =
→ → ∏

= ⋅ ⋅ =
→ →

Solution 2 by Mehmet Sahin-Ankara-Turkey

−
− = − = =

→ , , ,…, write. In this case

− − − … −

⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
= ⋅ ⋅ … =

⋅ ⋅ …
=
⋅ ⋅ …

=
⋅ ⋅ … ⋅

⋅ ⋅ ⋅ … ⋅
=
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ … ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅

⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ … ⋅
=
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ … ⋅ ⋅

= ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
 www.ssmrmh.ro

= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅

( ⋅ ) ⋅ = ⋅ ∴
→

→ ⋅ = → ⋅( → )= .

as desired ∴

184. Solve over the set of real numbers the following system of equations
written on base – 42 numeral system:
+ + + ⋯+ = ⋅( − )
+ + + ⋯+ = ⋅( − )
+ + + ⋯+ = ⋅( − )
… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ….
+ + + ⋯+ = ⋅( − )
Proposed by Koczinger Éva and Kovács Béla – Romania
Solution by Koczinger Éva and Kovács Béla – Romania
= ⋅ + + = = =( ⋅ + ) =( )
Taking into account: =( ) , adding the equations;

− ⋅ + = ⇔ ⋅ − ⋅ + = ⇔

⇔ ( − ) = ⇔ = =⋯= =
 www.ssmrmh.ro

So, the solution to the equation system is: , , ,…, .

Or, rewriting the equations into decimal numeral system:

+ + +⋯+ = ⋅( − )
+ + +⋯+ = ⋅( − )
+ + +⋯+ = ⋅( − )
… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..
+ + + ⋯+ = ⋅( − )
Adding then, we get:

− ⋅ + = ⇔ ⋅ − ⋅ + = ⇔

( − ) = ⇔ = =⋯= =

So, the solution to the equation system is: , , ,…, .

185. Solve for real numbers:

⎧ + =
⎪
⎨
⎪ + = +
⎩
Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania
Solution 1 by Seyran Ibrahimov-Maasilli-Azerbaidian, Solution 2 by Shahlar
Maharramov-Jebrail-Azerbaidian, Solution 3 by Uche Eliezer Okeke-Anambra-
Nigeria, Solution 4 by Boris Colakovic-Belgrade-Serbia, Solution 5 by Kunihiko
Chikaya-Tokyo-Japan
 www.ssmrmh.ro

Solution 1 by Seyran Ibrahimov-Maasilli-Azerbaidian

Solve for real numbers: + =

+ = + ⇒ = = ; + =

+ + ( + )
+ = + + = =

( + )=( + ) ; ( + )( + ) = ( + )
+ + + = + +
= ⇒
⇒ = = ⇒ = = = ± answer ( ; ) and
( ; − )
⇒ = = ⇒ = = = ± answer ( ; )
and (− ; − )
Solution 2 by Shahlar Maharramov-Jebrail-Azerbaidian
= , = , put these in second equation ⇒
⇒ + =( + ) ⇒
⇒ ( − )+ ( − )=

⇒ = ⇒ = ⇒ = ⇒ = ⇒ =

= , , , after these it repeated

1) = , = = , =
2) = , = = , =

3) = , = , =−
4) = , =− , =
 www.ssmrmh.ro

Solution 3 by Uche Eliezer Okeke-Anambra-Nigeria

+ = (1)

+ = + (2)

Set = (3), = (4)

Transformation of (2) gives

( ) ( )
⇔( ) +( ) = +

⇔ + =( + )
⇔ ( − )+ =( ( − )+ )
= ⇒ = = ( )=
⇔ − = ⇔
=± ⇒ =± =± ( )=±
= ⇔ = − = ⇔ =± ⇔ =± =± ( )=±
⇒
= ⇔ = − = ⇔ = = ( )=
Solution ( , ) = (± , )( , ± )
Solution 4 by Boris Colakovic-Belgrade-Serbia
+ = ( )
Substitutions = ; = ⇒⇒
+ =( + ) ( )
From (2) ⇒ ( − )+ =( − ) ⇔ − = − + ⇔

⇔ ( − )= ⇔ = ∨ = ± .
For = ⇒ = ± For =± ⇒ = . Solutions are (± , ); ( , ± )
Solution 5 by Kunihiko Chikaya-Tokyo-Japan

⎧ + = (∗)

⎨
+ = +
⎩
 www.ssmrmh.ro

= ≥ ; = ≥ ; Cauchy – Schwarz

√ √ √ √
√ + √ ≤ + √ + √

√
√
∴ + ≤ ⋅ ( + ). Equality: = & (∗) ⇔ = & (∗) ⇔
√ √

( , ) = (± , ), ( , ± )
Ans
( , ) = ( , ), ( , )
186. Find , , ∈ ( , ), + + = such that:
| |+ | |= +
| |+ | |= +
| |+ | |= +
Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania
Solution 1 by Boris Colakovic-Belgrade-Serbia, Solution 2 by Seyran
Ibrahimov-Maasilli-Azerbaidian, Solution 3 by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India
Solution 1 by Boris Colakovic-Belgrade-Serbia
| |+ | |= + …( )
| |+ | |= + … ( )
| |+ | |= + …( )
From (1) ⇒ | |+ | |= >0⇒ > 0, >0
From (2) ⇒ | |+ | |= >0⇒ > 0, >0
From (3) ⇒ | |+ | |= >0⇒ > 0, >0

⇒ , , ∈ ,

= … ( )
= … ( )
= … ( )
( )−( ) ⇒ ( − )= ( − )…( )
 www.ssmrmh.ro

( )−( ) ⇒ ( − )= ( − )…( )
( )−( ) ⇒ ( − )= ( − )…( )
( )+( ) ⇒( − )( + )=
= ( − )⇒( − )( + + )=

⇒ = ⇒ =
From (9) ⇒ ( − )= ( − )⇒ ( − ) = ⇒

= ⇒ = ≠ because ∈ ,

= = =

Solution 2 by Seyran Ibrahimov-Maasilli-Azerbaidian

If = , = , = then , , ≠
| |+ | |=
| |+ | | =
| |+ | |=
1) , , > 0 → > 0, > 0, > 0 must
2) , , < 0 ⇒
⏟ , , ≠

) = =
=
⇒ > >
= ) >
=
> → > 0
answer = = , = = = ; = = =

Solution 3 by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India

| |+ | |= + (1)
| |+ | |= + (2)
| |+ | |= + (3)
Assume is obtuse, then | |=− , (2) becomes =
 www.ssmrmh.ro

Not possible. If = , then (2) become = . Not possible.

Thus, , , must be all acute angles. From (1)

= ⇒ = ( + )+ ( − )
⇒ + ≤ ⇒( − )( + )≤

⇒ < ≤ ⇒ ≤ < . Similarly, from (2), (3)

≤ , < . As + + = and ≤ , , < ,

we get = = =

187. Solve for real numbers:

+ =
+ =
+ =
Proposed by Seyran Ibrahimov-Maasilli-Azerbaidian
Solution 1 by Boris Colakovic-Belgrade-Serbia, Solution 2 by Rustem Zeynalov-
Baku-Azerbaidian
Solution 1 by Boris Colakovic-Belgrade-Serbia
+ = + =
+ = . Substitutions = ; = , = ; + =
+ = + =

+ + ⏞
≥ =

+ + ⏞
≥ =

+ + ⏞
≥ =
Equality holds for = ; = ; =
= ⇒ = , = ⇒ = , = ⇒ =
 www.ssmrmh.ro

Solution 2 by Rustem Zeynalov-Baku-Azerbaidian

+ =
+ = . Symetric = = ; + = ; =
+ =
+ = ; − + = ; − − + =
( − )( + + ) − ( − ) = ; ( − )( + − )=
− = , + − = ; = ; = − ; =
= − ∅; = ; = ; = = =

188. Solve for real numbers:

[ ]⋅( −[ ]) = ( −[ ]) ⋅ [ ]
[∗] − great integer function
Proposed by Rovsen Pirgulyev-Sumgait-Azerbaidian
Solution by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India
[ ]( −[ ]) = ( −[ ])[ ] (1)
For < < , < < 1, [ ]= and [ ]≥

Now (1) becomes =( )[ ]≠

∴ (1) has no solution for < < .

For = , (1) becomes ( − ) = ( − )( ) which is clearly holds.

For < < ,[ ]≥ and [ ] = . Now (1) becomes

[ ] = . i.e. =[ ] ≠
∴ (1) has no solution for < < . Next, let − < < 0,
[ ] = − ,[ ] ≤ − . Write (1) as
(− )( −[ ]) = ( + )[ ]⇒− =( )[ ] (2)
 www.ssmrmh.ro

Let [ ] = , then ≤ − and ≤ of (2) ≥ −

and of (2) < − . Thus, (1) has not solution for − < < 0.

For = − , (1) is satisfied.

Similarly, (1) has no solution for − < <−

As and are periodic with period , we get solution set to be

( + ) where is an integer.

189. Prove that:

⋅ − ⋅ + ⋅ =

Proposed by George Apostolopoulos – Messolonghi – Greece

Solution by Kevin Soto Palacios – Huarmey – Peru
Evaluar la siguiente expresión

= ⋅ − ⋅ + ⋅

Tener en cuenta las siguientes identidades

+ −
= − , + = ,

− +
− =

°+ °= ° °= °⇔ °+ °− °=
Lo pedido es equivalente
= °⋅ °− °⋅ °+ °⋅ °
= ( − °) °− ( − °) °+ ( − °) °
= ( + °) °− ( − °) °+ ( + °) °
= ( °+ °− °) + ° °+ ° °+ ° °
 www.ssmrmh.ro

= ( °+ °− °) + ( °+ °) + ( °+ °) +
+( °− °)
= ( °+ °− °) + °

= °= ⇔ =

190. ∑ ( )
> 2∑ ( )
.

Proposed by Uche Eliezer Okeke-Anambra-Nigeria

Solution by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India

1 1 1 1
= = −
(4 − 2) − 1 2 4 −3 4 −1

1 1 1 1 1 1
= 1− + − +⋯ = (1 − + − +⋯) =
2 3 5 7 2 2 1+

1 1 1 1 1 1
=2 = − = −
(4 − 1) − 1 4 −2 4 2 2 −1 2

1 1 1 1 1 1
= 1− + − +⋯ = (1 − + − + ⋯) =
2 2 3 4 2 2 1+

1 1 1 1 (1 − )
∴ − = − = >0
2 1+ 1+ 2 (1 + )(1 + )

⇒ >
191. Find:

= ( ( ( ))) , < < <

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

 www.ssmrmh.ro

Solution 1 by Abdelhak Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco, Solution 2 by Anas

Adlany-El Zemamra-Morocco, Solution 3 by Rozeta Atanasova-Skopje
Solution 1 by Abdelhak Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco

= ( ( ( ( ))))

= − ( ( ( ))) ∵ ∈ ;

= − ( ) = = =

Solution 2 by Anas Adlany-El Zemamra-Morocco

We prove that ( ( ( ( )))) = .

First, let = ( ) then

( ( ( ))) = − = − = =
( )

Hence =∫ ( ( ( ( )))) =∫ =

Solution 3 by Rozeta Atanasova-Skopje

( )= − ⇒

= ( ( ( ))) = − =

= ( ) = =
 www.ssmrmh.ro

192. If , , ≥

( )= + +
√ − √

then:
( ) ( ) ( )≥
Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania
Solution by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India

Let =∫ + + =∫ + + +
( ) ( ) [ ( )]

Also + ≥ and ( − ) = −( − ) ≤
( ) [ ( )]

∴ + ≥ and ≥ . Thus,
( ) [ ( )]

≥ = ⇒ ( )≥ =

( ) ( )
Now, ( ) ( ) ( ) ≥ ≥ =

193. If ∈ ℝ, : [ , + ] → ℝ, ∈ ([ , + ]), ≤ ( )≤ , then:

+ ( + )≤ ( ) ≤ + ( + )

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution by Soumitra Mandal-Chandar Nagore-India
 www.ssmrmh.ro

Let ( ) = ( ) − for all ∈[ , + ], ( )= ( )− ≥

hence is convex. By Hermite Hadamard inequality

( + )≤ ( ) ⇒ ( + )− ( + ) ≤ ( ) −

⇒ + ( + )≤ ∫ ( ) . Let ( ) = − ( ) for all

∈[ , + ]. ( )= − ( )≥ for all ∈[ , + ] hence is

convex. By Hermite Hadamard inequality

( ) ≥ ( + )⇒ − ( ) ≥ ( + ) − ( + )

+ +
⇒ + ( + )≥ ( ) ∴ + ( + )≥ ( ) ≥ + ( + )

194. If , > 0 then:

√

( + ) ≤ ( + ) + ( + )

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution 1 by Abdelhak Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco, Solution 2 by Anunoy
Chakraborty-India, Solution 3 by Geanina Tudose-Romania, Solution 4 by
Soumitra Mandal-Chandar Nagore-India
Solution 1 by Abdelhak Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco
∀ > 0: ( ) = ( + ) & ( ) his primitive function.

So, ( )= ( )= + ( + ) > 0.
( ) ( )
So, is a convex function ⇒ ≤
 www.ssmrmh.ro

= ( ) ≤ ( ) ∴ ( ) ≥

= ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ( )

+
= ( ) + ( ) + − ( )− ( )

≤ ( ) + ( )

→ ( + )≤ ( + ) + ( + )

Solution 2 by Anunoy Chakraborty-India

Let ( ) = ∫ ( + ) ; ( )= ( + )

( )= + ( + ) > 0; ( ) > 0 ; ∀ > 0

By Jensen’s inequality, ( ) + ( ) ≥
( )

∴ ( + ) + ( + ) ≥ ( + )

√
∫ ( + ) ≥ ∫ ( + ) [By AM-GM Inequality]
 www.ssmrmh.ro

∴ ( + ) + ( + ) ≥ ( + )

Solution 3 by Geanina Tudose-Romania

Let : [ , +∞) → ℝ, ( ) = ( + ) continuous and let be an
antiderivative. Since ( ) ≥ , (∀) ∈ [ , +∞) ⇒ is strictly increasing

( )= ( + )+ = ( + )+ >0⇒
+ +
a convexe function
√

( + ) ≤ ( + ) + ( + )

( )+ ( )
⇔ √ − ( )≤ ( )− ( )+ ( )− ( ) ⇔ √ ≤

+ + ( )+ ( )
√ ≤ ⇒ √ ≤ ≤

Solution 4 by Soumitra Mandal-Chandar Nagore-India

Let ( ) = ∫ ( + ) for all ≥

( )= ( + )+ > 0 for all ≥ . Hence is convex

∴ for , ≥ , ( )+ ( ) ≥

( + ) + ( + ) ≥ ( + ) ≥

≥ ( + )
 www.ssmrmh.ro

195. Find:

√ + ⋅√ + −
∫
=
→ √ + ⋅√ + −
∫

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solutions 1,2 by Abdelhak Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco, Solution 3 by
Serban George Florin-Romania, Solution 4 by Lazaros Zachariadis-
Thessaloniki-Greece
Solution 1 by Abdelhak Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco
√ ⋅√ √ ⋅√ √ √
( )= = =
( ) ( )
√
√ √ √ ∑ √ ∑ √
= = =

√ +
= +
∑ √ + ∑ √ +
√ ⋅√ √
( )= = + ∵ By the same way
∑ √ ∑ √

√
∫
∫ () ∑ √ ∑ √
= → ()
= →
√
∫
∑ √ ∑ √

∑ √ ∑ √ ∑ ∑
= → = = =
√
∑ ∑
∑ ( )
∑ √
 www.ssmrmh.ro

Solution 2 by Abdelhak Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco

√ + ⋅√ + − √ + ⋅√ + −
∫
= =
→ √ + ⋅√ + − → √ + ⋅√ + −
∫

√ + ⋅√ + − √ + ⋅√ + −
= =
→ √ + ⋅√ + − → √ + ⋅√ + −
( + ) ( + )
+ −
=
→ ( + ) ( + )
+ −

( + ) ( + )
+ −
( + ) ( + ) ( + ) ( + )
+ +
= ⋅
→ ( + ) ( + ) ( + ) ( + )
+ − +
( + ) ( + )
+
→
( + ) ( + )
+ ( )~ + +
= = = =
→ ( + ) ( + ) → →
+ + +

Solution 3 by Serban George Florin-Romania

. , √ + ⋅√ + −
= ⋅ =
→ √ + √ + −

√ + ⋅√ + −
=
→ √ + ⋅√ + −
 www.ssmrmh.ro

. .
( + ) ⋅ ⋅√ + + ( + ) ⋅ √ +
=
→
( + ) ⋅ ⋅√ + + ( + ) ⋅ ⋅√ +

+
= = ⋅ =
+

Solution 4 by Lazaros Zachariadis-Thessaloniki-Greece

√ + ⋅√ + −
∫ √ + ⋅√ + −
=
→ √ + ⋅√ + − → √ + ⋅√ + −
∫

≈ √ ⋅√ − ⋅ −
= =
→ → √ ⋅√ − →
⋅ −

−
= = =
→ →
−

196. Find:

!+ !+ !+ !…√ !
=
→

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India
We first show that ! < ∀ ≥ . For = , != != and

= = ∴ !< . Assume ! < , for some ∈ ℕ. Now,

 www.ssmrmh.ro

+ < ⇒ !( + ) < ⋅ = ⇒ ( + )! <

∴ !< ∀ ≥
( )
Now, for ≥ , !< ⇒√ !< = = ⇒

⇒ ( − )! + √ ! < + =( ) ⇒

⇒ ( − )! + √ ! < √ ⋅ <2 ⇒

⇒ ( − )! + ( − )! + √ ! < 3 ⇒

⇒ ( − )! + ( − )! + √ ! < √ <( )

Continuing in this way we get

!+ !+ ! + ⋯+ √ ! < √ = √

!+ !+ !+⋯+√ !
√
⇒ < < =
√

! ! ! ⋯ √ !
As → = , we get = → =
√

…√

197. = →

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

 www.ssmrmh.ro

Solution by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India

For ≥ , let = …√ ⇒ = …√ ⇒

⇒( ) = ⋅ …√ ⇒ = ⋅ ⋅ …√

⇒ = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ …√

… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..
= ⋅ ⋅ …( − )

−
⇒ = … ⋅ ⋅ ≤

⇒ ≤ ⇒ < ≤ ∀ ≥ . As → = , we get

=
→

198. Find:

= ( )− ( + ) , ( )= , ∈ ℕ∗
→ ( + )

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India

( )= =
( + ) ( + )
 www.ssmrmh.ro

Put + = , = ∴ ( )= ∫ . For ≥
( )

( − )
( )− ( − ) = − = ⋅ =
− −

=− =− [ ] = −
(− + ) ( − ) ( + )

∴ = [ ( ) − ( − )] =
→
For ≥ , ≤ ≤ ⇒ ≤ + ≤ + ⇒ ≤( + ) ≤( + )

⇒ ≤ ( + ) ≤ ( + ) ⇒ ≤ ≤ ⇒
( + ) ( + )

⇒ ( )
≤∫ ( )
≤ . As → ( )
= = →

∴ = ⇒ ( )= ⇒ ( )− ( − ) =
→ ( + ) → →

199. Find:

√ !+
=
→ ( )!
Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania
Solution 1 by Abdelhak Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco, Solution 2 by Ravi
Prakash-New Delhi-India, Solution 3 by Geanina Tudose-Romania, Solution 4
by Su Tanaya-India
 www.ssmrmh.ro

Solution 1 by Abdelhak Maoukouf-Casablanca-Morocco,

+ ( + )
√ !+
= = =
→ ( )! → →

( + ) ( + ) ( + )
= = =
→ → →

= = =
→

Solution 2 by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India

For ≥ , !≤ ⇒ ( !) ≤ ⇒ + ( !) ≤( ) ⇒

( !)
( )
⇒ < ( )!
≤ ( )!
= (say) (1)
( ) ( )!
Now, = (
⋅( )
= ⋅( + ) → ∞ as →∞
!)

Let > 1, then ∃ ∈ ℕ s.t.

> ∀ ≥ ⇒ ⋅ ⋅ …⋅ > ∀ >

⇒ < < ∀ >

As, → as → ∞, we get → as → ∞. From (1), we get

( !)

(
→ as →∞
!)

Solution 3 by Geanina Tudose-Romania

√ !
= → ( )!
we have √ ! ≤ since ! ≤ .
 www.ssmrmh.ro

( ) ( )
Hence ≤ ( )!
= ( )!
=

( + ) ( )! ( + )
= ⋅ = ⋅ =
( + )! ( ) ( + )( + ) ( )
+
= ⋅ = ⋅ + →
+ +
→ =
Since → <1⇒ ⇒ =
≤ ≤
Solution 4 by Su Tanaya-India

√ !+ √ !
< = + < +
( )! ( )! ( )!
( + )…( ) ( !)

√ !
< = ∵ → = , → ( )!
=
( !) ! !

By Sandwich theorem

200. Find

=
→ +( + )( + )

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania

Solution 1 by Soumitra Mandal-Chandar Nagore-India, Solution 2 by Serban
George Florin-Romania
Solution 1 by Soumitra Mandal-Chandar Nagore-India

=
→ +( + )( + )
 www.ssmrmh.ro

= + − +
→

= + − = −
→

Solution 2 by Serban George Florin-Romania

−
− =
+

= =
+( + )( + ) + +
+ ⋅
+ +
− + +
= = −
+ +
+ ⋅

∑ =∑ −
( )( )

= − + − + ⋯+ −
+ +
− = −

= =
→ +( + )( + )

+
= = − = −
→
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Its nice to be important but more important its to be nice.

At this paper works a TEAM.
This is RMM TEAM.
To be continued!
Daniel Sitaru