UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE EDUC ACIÓN

ENRIQUE GUZMÁN Y VALLE

ESPACIOS VECTORIALES
Integrantes:
Arias Poma, Wilfredo
Castro Livia, Pedro
Huamán Rondón, Juan
Martínez Hinostroza, Ricardo
Pizarro Velarde, Gerson

Curso: Algebra Lineal

2021
(ℝ2 , +, ℝ,∙) 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒, 𝑓 ∈ ℝ

𝑆𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑢 = 𝑎, 𝑏 , 𝑣 = 𝑐, 𝑑 , 𝑤 = 𝑒, 𝑓 ∈ ℝ2

𝟏) 𝑳𝒂 𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒊ó𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒐 𝒍𝒆𝒚 𝒅𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒄𝒊ó𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂 𝒆𝒏ℝ2

∀ 𝑢 ∈ ℝ2 ∧ ∀ 𝑣 ∈ ℝ2 → (𝑢 + 𝑣) ∈ ℝ2

𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ2 + 𝑐, 𝑑 ∈ ℝ2 → (𝑎 + 𝑐, 𝑏 + 𝑑) ∈ ℝ2

𝑳𝒂 𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒊ó𝒏 𝒆𝒔 𝒖𝒏𝒂 𝒍𝒆𝒚 𝒅𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒄𝒊ó𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂 𝑒𝑛 ℝ2

𝟐) 𝑨𝒔𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒅 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂 𝒍𝒂 𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒊ó𝒏

𝑢+ 𝑣+𝑤 = 𝑢+𝑣 +𝑤

𝑎, 𝑏 + 𝑐, 𝑑 + 𝑒, 𝑓 = [ 𝑎, 𝑏 + 𝑐, 𝑑 ] + 𝑒, 𝑓

𝑎, 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑒, 𝑑 + 𝑓 = (𝑎 + 𝑐, 𝑏 + 𝑑) + 𝑒, 𝑓

(𝑎 + 𝑐 + 𝑒, 𝑏 + 𝑑 + 𝑓) = (𝑎 + 𝑐 + 𝑒, 𝑏 + 𝑑 + 𝑓)

ℝ𝟐 , + 𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒔𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒂
𝟑) 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒐 𝒏𝒆𝒖𝒕𝒓𝒐 𝒅𝒆 𝒍𝒂 𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒊ó𝒏
𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝑒 = (𝑒1 , 𝑒2 ) ∈ ℝ2
∃ 𝑒 = (𝑒1 , 𝑒2 ) ∈ ℝ2 , ∀ 𝑢 ∈ ℝ2 / 𝑢 + 𝑒 = 𝑒 + 𝑢 = 𝑢

𝑎) 𝑢 + 𝑒 = 𝑢 𝑏) 𝑒 + 𝑢 = 𝑢

𝑎, 𝑏 + 𝑒1 , 𝑒2 = (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑒1 , 𝑒2 + 𝑎, 𝑏 = (𝑎, 𝑏)

𝑎 + 𝑒1 , 𝑏 + 𝑒2 = (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑒1 + 𝑎, 𝑒2 + 𝑏 = (𝑎, 𝑏)

𝑎 + 𝑒1 = 𝑎 → 𝑒1 = 0 𝑒1 + 𝑎 = 𝑎 → 𝑒1 = 0

𝑒2 + 𝑏 = 𝑏 → 𝑒2 = 0
𝑏 + 𝑒2 = 𝑏 → 𝑒2 = 0

𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑒 = 0,0 = 0 ∈ ℝ2 𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑒 = 0,0 = 0 ∈ ℝ2

𝑬𝒍 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒐 𝒏𝒆𝒖𝒕𝒓𝒐 𝒅𝒆 ℝ𝟐 , + 𝒆𝒔: 𝒆 = 𝟎 = (𝟎, 𝟎) ∈ ℝ𝟐

𝟒) 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒐 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒐 𝒖 𝒐𝒑𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒐 𝒅𝒆 𝒍𝒂 𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒊ó𝒏
𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝑢′ = (𝑎′ , 𝑏′ ) ∈ ℝ2

∀ 𝑢 ∈ ℝ2 , ∃ 𝑢′ = 𝑎′ , 𝑏′ ∈ ℝ2 /𝑢 + 𝑢′ = 𝑢′ + 𝑢 = 𝑒 = 0

𝑎) 𝑢 + 𝑢′ = 0 𝑏) 𝑢′ + 𝑢 = 0

𝑎, 𝑏 + 𝑎′, 𝑏′ = (0,0) 𝑎′, 𝑏′ + 𝑎, 𝑏 = (0,0)

𝑎 + 𝑎′ , 𝑏 + 𝑏′ = (0,0) 𝑎′ + 𝑎, 𝑏′ + 𝑏 = (0,0)

𝑎 + 𝑎′ = 0 → 𝑎′ = −𝑎 𝑎′ + 𝑎 = 0 → 𝑎′ = −𝑎

𝑏 + 𝑏′ = 0 → 𝑏′ = −𝑏 𝑏′ + 𝑏 = 0 → 𝑏′ = −𝑏

𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑢′ = −𝑎, −𝑏 = −𝑢 ∈ ℝ2 𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑢′ = −𝑎, −𝑏 = −𝑢 ∈ ℝ2

𝑬𝒍 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒐 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒐 𝒖 𝒐𝒑𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒐 𝒅𝒆 ℝ𝟐 , + 𝒆𝒔 𝑢′ = −𝑢 = −𝑎, −𝑏 ∈ ℝ2

𝟓) 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒎𝒖𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒅 𝒅𝒆 𝒍𝒂 𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒊ó𝒏

𝑢+𝑣 =𝑣+𝑢

𝑎, 𝑏 + 𝑐, 𝑑 = 𝑐, 𝑑 + (𝑎, 𝑏)

𝑎 + 𝑐, 𝑏 + 𝑑 = (𝑐 + 𝑎 , 𝑑 + 𝑏)

𝑎 + 𝑐, 𝑏 + 𝑑 = (𝑎 + 𝑐, 𝑏 + 𝑑)

ℝ𝟐 , + 𝒆𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒎𝒖𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒐

𝟔) 𝑳𝒂 𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒄𝒊ó𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒐 𝒖𝒏𝒂 𝒍𝒆𝒚 𝒅𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒄𝒊ó𝒏 𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂 𝒆𝒏 ℝ2

∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∧ ∀ 𝑢 ∈ ℝ2 → (𝑥 ∙ 𝑢) ∈ ℝ2

𝑥 ∙ 𝑎, 𝑏 = (𝑥 ∙ 𝑎, 𝑥 ∙ 𝑏) ∈ ℝ2

𝑳𝒂 𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒄𝒊ó𝒏 𝒆𝒔 𝒖𝒏𝒂 𝒍𝒆𝒚 𝒅𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒄𝒊ó𝒏 𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂 𝒆𝒏 ℝ2

𝟕) 𝑨𝒔𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒅 𝒅𝒆 𝒍𝒂 𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒄𝒊ó𝒏
𝑆𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ

𝑥 ∙ 𝑦 ∙ 𝑢 = (𝑥 ∙ 𝑦) ∙ 𝑢

𝑥 ∙ 𝑦 ∙ 𝑎, 𝑏 = (𝑥 ∙ 𝑦) ∙ (𝑎, 𝑏)

𝑥 ∙ (𝑦𝑎, 𝑦𝑏) = (𝑥𝑦𝑎, 𝑥𝑦𝑏)

(𝑥𝑦𝑎, 𝑥𝑦𝑏) = (𝑥𝑦𝑎, 𝑥𝑦𝑏)

𝑺𝒆 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒂 𝒍𝒂 𝒂𝒔𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒅 𝒅𝒆 𝒍𝒂 𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒄𝒊ó𝒏

𝟖) 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒃𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒅 𝒅𝒆 𝒍𝒂 𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒄𝒊ó𝒏 𝒅𝒆 𝒖𝒏 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐 𝒂 𝒍𝒂 𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒊ó𝒏 𝒅𝒆 𝒆𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒔.
𝑆𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ
𝑥+𝑦 ∙𝑢 =𝑥∙𝑢+𝑦∙𝑢

𝑥 + 𝑦 ∙ 𝑎, 𝑏 = 𝑥 𝑎, 𝑏 + 𝑦(𝑎, 𝑏)

(𝑥 + 𝑦) ∙ 𝑎, (𝑥 + 𝑦) ∙ 𝑏 = 𝑥 ∙ 𝑎, 𝑏 + 𝑦 ∙ (𝑎, 𝑏)

(𝑥 + 𝑦) ∙ 𝑎, (𝑥 + 𝑦) ∙ 𝑏 = 𝑥𝑎, 𝑥𝑏 + 𝑦 (𝑦𝑎, 𝑦𝑏)

(𝑥 + 𝑦) ∙ 𝑎, (𝑥 + 𝑦) ∙ 𝑏 = 𝑥𝑎, 𝑥𝑏 + (𝑦𝑎, 𝑦𝑏)

(𝑥 + 𝑦) ∙ 𝑎, (𝑥 + 𝑦) ∙ 𝑏 = 𝑥𝑎 + 𝑦𝑎, 𝑥𝑏 + 𝑦𝑏

𝑥𝑎 + 𝑦𝑎, 𝑥𝑏 + 𝑦𝑏 = 𝑥𝑎 + 𝑦𝑎, 𝑥𝑏 + 𝑦𝑏

𝑺𝒆 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒂 𝒍𝒂 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒃𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒅 𝒅𝒆 𝒍𝒂 𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒄𝒊ó𝒏 𝒅𝒆 𝒖𝒏 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐 𝒂 𝒍𝒂 𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒊ó𝒏 𝒅𝒆 𝒆𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒔

𝟗) 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒃𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒅 𝒅𝒆 𝒍𝒂 𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒄𝒊ó𝒏 𝒅𝒆 𝒖𝒏 𝒆𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐 𝒂 𝒍𝒂 𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒊ó𝒏 𝒅𝒆 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒔.
𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

𝑥∙ 𝑢+𝑣 =𝑥∙𝑢+𝑥∙𝑣

𝑥 ∙ 𝑎, 𝑏 + 𝑐, 𝑑 = 𝑥 ∙ (𝑎, 𝑏) + 𝑥 ∙ (𝑐, 𝑑)

𝑥 ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑐, 𝑏 + 𝑑) = (𝑥𝑎, 𝑥𝑏) + (𝑥𝑐, 𝑥𝑑)

(𝑥 ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑐), 𝑥 ∙ (𝑏 + 𝑑)) = (𝑥𝑎 + 𝑥𝑐, 𝑥𝑏 + 𝑥𝑑)

(𝑥𝑎 + 𝑥𝑐, 𝑥𝑏 + 𝑥𝑑) = (𝑥𝑎 + 𝑥𝑐, 𝑥𝑏 + 𝑥𝑑)

𝑺𝒆 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒂 𝒍𝒂 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒃𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒅 𝒅𝒆 𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒄𝒊ó𝒏 𝒅𝒆 𝒖𝒏 𝒆𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐 𝒂 𝒍𝒂 𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒊ó𝒏 𝒅𝒆 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒔

𝟏𝟎) 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒐 𝒏𝒆𝒖𝒕𝒓𝒐 𝒅𝒆 𝒍𝒂 𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒄𝒊ó𝒏.

∃1∈ℝ/1∙𝑢 =𝑢

1 ∙ 𝑎, 𝑏 = (𝑎, 𝑏)

1 ∙ 𝑎, 1 ∙ 𝑏 = (𝑎, 𝑏)

𝑎, 𝑏 = (𝑎, 𝑏)
ℝ𝟐 , +, ℝ,∙ 𝒆𝒔 𝒖𝒏 𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒐 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍