Infection Control

By
Assist. Prof. Fatma Abbas Salem
 Learning Objectives

• At the end of this session the students will be

able to identify
1-Indentify The infectious process .
2-List chain of infection.
2-Discuss Infection control and prevention
 Infection control – the set of methods used to
control and prevent the spread of disease

 Infections - are caused by pathogens (germs)

 Communicable disease – disease spread from

one person to another

 Infectious disease – disease caused by a

pathogen (germ or bacteria)

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 Contaminated – means dirty, soiled, unclean

 Disinfection – cleaning so that germs

(pathogens) are destroyed

 Mode of transmission – the way germs are

passed from one person to another

 Mucous membranes – membranes that line

body cavities that open to the outside of the
body

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 Colonization is used to describe
microorganisms present without host
interference or interaction. Organisms reported
in microbiology test result often reflect
colonization rather than infection

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 The chain of infection: the necessary elements for
infection to occur are the following:
1. A Causative organism
2. A reservoir of available organisms
3. A mode of entry to host
4. Route of transmission
5. Mode of exit
6. A susceptible host

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 A Causative organism, the types of
microorganisms that cause infections are
bacteria, rickettsia, viruses, protozoa, and
fungi

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 A reservoir of available organisms, reservoir
is the term used for any person, plant, animal,
substance, or location that provides
nourishment for microorganisms and enables
further dispersal of the organism.

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 A mode of entry to host
 a portal of entry is needed for the organism to
gain access to the host

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 Route of transmission, a route of transmission is
necessary to connect to the infectious source with its
new host. organisms may be transmitted through
sexual contact, skin to skin contact, percutaneuos
injection, or droplet infection

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 Mode of exit, the organism must have a mode of exit
from a reservoir. Infected host must shed organisms
to another or to the environment before transmission
occur. organisms exit through the respiratory tract, the
gastrointestinal tract, the genitourinary tract or the
blood

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 A susceptible host, for infection to occur, the
host must be susceptible. Previous infection or
vaccine administration may render the host
immune to further infection with an agent. a
person who is immunosuppressed has much
greater susceptibility to infection than a
healthy person

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 I. At Cellular LeveL
1. death and lysis of cell
2. dying cell
3. severe impairment of cell function
4. moderate impairment of cell function
5. mild impairment of cell function

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At Host Response
1- death of host
2- septicemia or fulminates disease
3- severe disease require hospitalization
4- moderate illness requiring medical care
5- mild, ambulatory illness

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1- attachment, entry and
multiplication without cell injury
2- attachment with surface
multiplication
3- exposure without attachment to
cell

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1- infection without disease
2- colonization without tissue injury
3- exposure without multiplication of bacteria

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 Preventing infection in the hospital
Isolation precautions , are guidelines created to
prevent transmission of microorganisms in
hospitals .the CDC recommends two tiers of
isolation precautions:

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 standard precautions, is designed for the care of all
patients in the hospital and is the primary strategy for
preventing HAIS. The elements of standard precaution
include:-

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 Hand hygiene
 Glove use
 needle stick prevention.
 Mechanical devices
 Avoidance of splash and spray
 vaccination health care workers

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 Use practical, common sense

 Wash your hands before putting on gloves

and immediately after removing gloves

 Do not touch clean objects with contaminated

gloves

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 Wear gloves if you may come in contact with
blood, body fluids, secretions and excretions,
broken or open skin, human tissue of mucous
membranes

 Bag all disposable contaminated supplies

 Clean all surfaces that may be contaminated

with infectious waste, such as beds,
wheelchairs and shower chairs

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 Good hand washing is the most effective
method to prevent the spread of infection

 May use an alcohol-based hand cleaner in

place of washing with soap and water

 Avoid touching eyes, nose or mouth

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 Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue
every time you cough or sneeze

 Throw used tissue in a wastebasket

 If you don’t have a tissue, sneeze or cough

into your sleeve

 Always clean your hands after coughing or

sneezing

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 Remove any jewelry or watch
 Wet hands with warm, running water
 Add soap
 Rub hands vigorously for 20 seconds,
washing all surfaces (about the time it takes
to sing “Happy Birthday” twice)
 Rinse, keeping fingers pointing down
 Dry with paper or clean cloth towel
 Turn off faucet with towel and open door with
towel

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 Make sure all visible dirt is removed from
your hands
 Apply a dime sized amount of waterless hand
sanitizer to the palm of one hand or use a
waterless hand sanitizer wipe
 Rub hands together covering all surfaces of
hands and fingers
 Rub until waterless hand sanitizer is absorbed
 Remember, waterless sanitizers are not
effective if dirt is visible on your hands

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 View these videos on hand hygiene:

http://www.cdc.gov/CDCTV/HandsTogether/

Play entire video:

http://www.publichealthgreybruce.on.ca/Com
municable/Handwashing/

Application of learning – student return

demonstration

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 When you may come in contact with blood or
any body fluids, open wounds, or mucous
membranes

 Performing or helping with mouth care

 Performing or helping with perineal care

 Performing care on a consumer who has

broken skin

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 When you have open sores or cuts on your
hands

 When shaving a consumer

 When disposing of soiled bed linens, gowns,

dressings and pads

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 When touching surfaces that may be
contaminated

 Right before contact with mucous membranes

or broken skin

 Immediately if they become wet, worn, soiled

or torn

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 Wear gloves when handling soiled linens

 Fold or roll linen so that the dirtiest area is

inside

 Hold and carry dirty linen away from your

body

 Do not shake dirty linen or clothes

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 Use appropriate receptacles for disposal

 Do not touch the inside of any disposal

container

 Do not use “re-usable” equipment again until

it has been properly cleaned

 Never use disposable equipment more times

than recommended by the manufacturer

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 1. Remove any sharp jewelry

 2. Remove glove from box. Gloves come in

small, medium and large. Most are rubber
latex and are pre-powdered. Those who are
allergic to latex should use vinyl gloves.

 3. Hold glove with your thumb and forefinger

and insert hand into gloves

 4. Work fingers into proper places

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 http://www.uams.edu/csc/programs/orientat
ion/gloves/glovesOn.mov

 Application of learning – student return

demonstration

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 1. Pinch the palm of one glove and pull away
from the palm.

 2. Push the fingers of the pinching hand up

inside the other glove, stretching the material
of the glove towards the cuff of the other
glove until it emerges by the wrist.

 3. Pull the fold down until the glove is almost

off (you will be pulling the glove inside-out).

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 4. DO NOT take the glove completely off.

 5. Hook the ungloved thumb between the

wrist and the skin of the other gloved hand
and pull down, pulling both gloves off. (Both
gloves will now be inside out.)

 6. Dispose of the gloves properly.

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 Click for video instruction for removing
contaminated gloves:

http://www.hse.gov.uk/mvr/myths/video/vid
eo9.htm

Application of learning – student return

demonstration

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 Put on clean gloves

 Wipe up immediately by cleaning from the

outside (cleanest) to the inside (dirtiest)

 Use the appropriate cleaning agent

 Never pick up glass, even with gloved hands

 Dispose of gloves and cleaning equipment

and supplies

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 Transmission –based precaution, is designed for
care of patients with known or suspected infectious
diseases spread by airborne, droplet or contact routes:

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 are required for patients with presumed or proven
pulmonary TB, chickenpox, or other air borne
pathogen. When hospitalized patient should be in
room with negative pressure, the door should
remain closed, and health care worker should
wear protective mask at all times while in the
patient room.
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 are used for organisms that can be transmitted
by close, face to face contact, such as
influenza or meningococcal meningitis. the
nurse should wear a face mask , but because
the risk of transmission is limited to close
contact the door may remain open

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 are used for organisms that are spread by skin
to skin contact, such as antibiotics – resistant
organisms. Contact precautions are designed to
emphasize cautious technique and the use of
barriers for organisms that have serious
epidemiological consequences or those easily
transmitted by contact between health care
worker and patient

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 Clostridium difficile , this spore-forming
bacterium has significant HAI. Infection is
usually preceded by antibiotics that disrupt
normal intestinal flora and allow the
antibiotics –resistant C. difficile spores to
proliferate within the intestine

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