Theory of Machin

‫وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي‬
‫الجامعة التقنية الوسطى‬

‫المعهد التقني االنبار‬
‫قسم تقنيات ميكانيك القدرة‬
‫المرحلة الثانية‬
‫‪ 07‬كانون األول‪20 ،‬‬ ‫م‪.‬م‪ .‬ايناس صالح الدين قاسم‬ ‫‪1‬‬

Theory of Machines may be defined as that
branch of Engineering-science, which deals with
the study of relative motion between the various
parts of a machine, and forces which act on
them. The knowledge of this subject is very
essential for an engineer in designing the
various parts of a machine.
A machine is a device which receives energy in

some available form and utilises it to do some
particular type of work.
20 ،‫ كانون األول‬07 ‫ ايناس صالح الدين قاسم‬.‫م‬.‫م‬ 2
1. Statics 2. Dynamics
3. Kinematics. 4. Kinetics

1. Statics. It is that branch of Theory of
Machines which deals with the forces and their
effects while the machine parts are at rest. The
mass of the parts is assumed to be negligible.
2. Dynamics. It is that branch of Theory of

Machines which deals with the forces and their
effects, while acting upon the machine parts in
motion.

3. Kinematics. It is that branch of Theory of
Machines which deals with the relative motion
between the various parts of the machines.
4. Kinetics. It is that branch of Theory of

Machines which deals with the inertia forces
which arise from the combined effect of the
mass and motion of the machine parts.

There are some forces which prevent the car motion like :-
•The air resistance (Ra).
•The gradient resistance (Rg).
•The rolling resistance (Rr) .
Fig (1) diagram showing all forces acting on the car .

As shown in Fig .The air appeasing the car motion ,
the value of this resistance is depend mainly on the car
shape and speed .
The relationship between the air resistance and the car speed
it can be calculated from the following equation
Ra = K ∗ A∗V²
Where ;
K= the coefficient of air resistance(<1) (( shape factor ))
V= the car speed (km/hr)
A=the car frontal area (m2)
b
A = 0.8 ∗b∗h h
Where
d - the car width ( m )
h – the car height ( m)

Example:-
A vehicle of (2.5m²) frontal area and (K) as (0.02) moves

with a speed of (60 km/hr). Calculate the air resistance.
Solution:-
A = 2.5 m²
K = 0.02
V = 60 km/hr
Ra = K ∗A ∗V²
Ra = 0.02 ∗2.5 ∗(60) ²
∴ Ra = 180 N

Example
Calculate the car width which has an air resistance of

(5180N) when it moves by a speed of (85 km/hr). Take
(K) as (0.3) and the car height of (1.95m).
Solution:-
Ra = 5180 N
K =0.3
h =1.95 m
Ra = K ∗A ∗V²
𝑹𝒂 𝟓𝟏𝟖𝟎
∴ A= = = 2.3 m²
𝐊 𝐕² 𝟎.𝟑∗(𝟖𝟓)²
A = 0.8 ∗ h ∗ b
2.3 = 0.8 ∗1.95 ∗ b
𝟐.𝟑
∴ b= = 1.4 m
𝟎.𝟖∗𝟏.𝟗𝟓
2-THE GRADIENT RESIATANCE (Rg):-
The resistance (force )which

prevent the from moving up
when the car climb on gradient
road car
Rg = W sin Ɵ
Rg = W. (H/L)
W =m* g

Where:-
w = weight of the car.
m = the car mass (kg or ton ) ( 1 ton = 1000kg)
And for the gradient resistance in relative to car speed can be
presenting as figure beside
sin Ɵ = (H / L) as shown in figure beside
Ɵ it might given as angle = 45, 40 , 20 ….

Or as ratio = 1:20 ,, 1:12…
Or as percentage 18%,, 20% ….

3-The rolling resistance (Rr):-
It is caused by the friction

between the wheel and the
road , its depends on ;
1- The type of wheels.
2- The type of road.
3- The car weight .
‫أن مقاومة تدحرج العجالت المملوءة بالهواء‬ Rr = f ∗ W

:‫تعتمد على ما يلي‬ f= coefficient of rolling
1.The number of wheel. resistance.( < 𝟏)
2.Tyre diameter.
3.The type of tire rubber
4.Tyre pressure.

The Total resistance (RT)
Its the summation of all pervious resistances (Ra , Rg,, Rr).
RT=Ra +Rg +Rr
Where
Ra: only depend on the
speed of car.
Rg = zero on horizontal
roads or ways .
Rr: only depends on the
nature of the road

Example-1
Calculate the rolling resistance for car of (2 ton)

mass moving on a road having a coefficient of rolling
resistance of (0.03) .
Solution :-
m = 2ton = 2∗ 1000 = 2000 kg

f = 0.03
Rr = F ∗W
Rr =0.03 ∗ 2000 ∗ 9.81
Rr = 588.6 N

Example - 2
Calculate the total resistance for a car of (1.5 ton) mass moving
upward of (8% ) gradient y a speed of (48 km/hr). The frontal area was
(2.95 m²) .The coefficient of air resistance and rolling resistance was
(0.02) and (0.03) respectively .
m =1.5 ton =1500 kg

Solution :-
W = 1500 ∗ 9.81
𝒉
= 8% = 0.08
𝑳
V =48 km/hr
K = 0.02
f = 0.03
A = 2.95 m²

1)Ra = K ∗A ∗V²
Ra =0.02 ∗2.95 ∗(48)²
Ra = 135.936
𝒉
2) Rg = W ∗
𝑳
Rg =1500 ∗ 9.81
∗0.08
Rg = 1177.2
3) Rr = f ∗W
Rr = 0.03 ∗1500 ∗
9.81=441.45
Rt = Ra + Rg + Rr
Rt =135.93+1177.2+441.45
=1754.58 17
20 ،‫ كانون األول‬07 ‫ ايناس صالح الدين قاسم‬.‫م‬.‫م‬

Example-3
Calculate the total resistance for a car moving on a level
road by a speed of (85 km/hr). The car frontal area was
(3.2)m². The rolling resistance was (110 N/ton). The car
weight was (3ton) and the coefficient of air resistance
was (0.015) .
Solution :-
Rr =110 N/ton * 3ton = 330 N
Ra = K * A * V²
Ra = 0.015 * 3.2 * (85)² = 346.8
Rg = zero
Rt = Ra+ Rr + Rg
Rt =346.8+300+0 = 646.8
‫امتحان باألمثلة مع الشرح‬
‫في يوم االحد المقبل‬
1
 It is the driving force which
available at the wheels which is
produced by the engine and
transmitted to the wheel.
 To insure motion of any vehicle, the
tractive effort must be more than
the total resistance.
 if we draw the relation between
the effort and speed, the shape
will be like as in figure beside.
 so we can see there is difference
between the tractive effort and
resistance effort and that what we
call the surplus effort .
SE= TE-RT
 Max. value as shown when there is huge
difference between TE and RT
 Min. value when TE=TR at point B
 The advantage from calculate the SE is to
define What acceleration we need to make the
car moving.
 That mean increase SE »» increase acceleration
»» increase the speed When we change the
speed by gear box for example.
SE: the difference between the TE and TR
The great amount of SE lead to high acceleration for the car
moving
TE < Rt ‫فأن السيارة سوف تتباطأ وتقف‬

TE = Rt ‫فأن السيارة تسير بسرعة ثابتة‬
TE >Rt ‫فأن السيارة سوف تتعجل‬
THE AMOUNT OF ACCELERATION AT ANY SPEED
a = (SE/W). g = (SE/m)
where :
a=acceleration (m/s2) g=9.81 (m/s2)
W= car weight (N)
:. F= m.a
Then the gradient overall ƞ=(SE/W).100
Example 1:-
 A long its mass (1000 kg ) the car going up a hill which gradient (1:25) and
rolling resistance (250 N) the speed increase from (45 km/h ) to (
75km/h) at (12 sec) find the tractive effort .
 Now if the car moving at gradient (1:15) and the engine stopped , what is
the speed after the going down (200 m )
 Assume the rolling resistance the same for the two cases.
Solution:-
THE MOVING UP CASE

V2-V1= at
V22-V12= 2ax
V1=(45*1000)/(60*60)= 12.5
m/s
V2= (75*1000)/(60*60)= 20 m/s
V2=V1+at
a = (V2-V1)/t = (20-12.5)/12= 0.625 m/s ( the acceleration required to
moving up)
The acceleration force (F)
:. F= m.a
1000* 0.625=625 N
Rg= W(h/L)
= (1000*9.81)*(1/25)= 392.4 N
(According to force direction to up )
TE=RT+F
TE=(Rg+Ra+Rr)+F
( since Ra so small then its neglected)
Then TE= (392.4+0+250)+625= 1267.4 N
THE GOING DOWN CASE
The accelerated force F1
F1 =Rg-Rr
( according to the force direction to down )
= ((1000*9.81*1)/15)-250= 404 N
:. F1 = m.a that’s mean
a=F1/m
=404/1000= 0.404 m/s
And this is going down acceleration
V22-V12=2ax
V22 = V12+ 2ax
= (20)2+2*0.404*200 = 561.6 m2/s
V2== 23.7 m/s speed of going down
Example 2:-
Along its mass (700 kg) the car is moving at (36 km/h) at horizontal way , when the
gear on bush , what is the distance which car moving it beyond the stopping ?if the
rolling resistance (155 N)
Solution:-
RT= Rr= 155 N
F=m.a
a=F/m that’s mean
a = 155/700 = 0.221 m/s2
V22-V12=2aX
X=( V22-V12)/2a
X=(36*(1000/3600))2/(2*0.221)=226.21
Ex:ample 3:-
A car of mass (2.5 ton) it is moving on horizontal way at tractive effort (1.3
kN) , if the rolling resistance (180 N/ton) , find the car acceleration ?
Solution :-
Ra= 0 (not emotion) SE=TE-RT
Rg= 0 (horizontal road) SE= 1300-(450+0+0)= 850 N
M= 2.5 ton ==== 2500 kg :. a = SE/m = 850/2500= 0.34 m/s2
TE= 1.3 kN ==== 1300 n
Rr=150 N/ton * 2.5 ton = 450 N

Example 4:-
A car of mass (4.5 ton ) it is going up a hill its gradient (1:20) at constant speed
(40 km/h) if the rolling resistance (70 N/ton) . calculate the tractive effort ? if
the engine stopped find the distance when the car stops beyond it ?
Solution:-
To find TE
Rg=W*(h/L) = (4.5*1000*9.81)*(1/2) = 2205 N
Rr=70*4.5= 315N
:. TE = Rr+RG= 2205+315 = 2520 n
Now if the engine stopped , the required force to stopping the car
F=RT = 2520 N
:. F= m.a
:. a = F/m = (2520)/(4.5*1000) = 0.56 m/s2
V12-V22=2aX
((40*1000)/60*60))2-0=0*0.56*X
Then X = 110.23 m
‫االسبوع المقبل امتحان بالمادة‬
‫‪THE‬‬
‫‪CLUTCH‬‬
‫نظرية ميكانيك السيارات‬
‫م‪.‬م ‪.‬ايناس صالح الدين قاسم‬

‫‪THE‬‬
‫‪CLUTCH‬‬

1. To permit
engagement of gears
when the car is moving
The ,without damaging
clutch function the gears teeth.
2. Transmit the power from
the engine to the
wheels smoothly
‫ايناس صالح الدين قاسم‬. ‫م‬.‫م‬ 3
The clutch operation requirements:-
1. gradually connection and relation .

2. small size , easily maintained and repaired .
3. good ventilation.
4. the friction materials should have
good friction properties.

‫‪Friction‬‬
‫‪clutch:-‬‬

• It is the common type of It's of the following type
clutch , its action depend
on the frictional force 1. cone clutch
developed between two
members when they pressed 2. semi centrifugal clutch
together. 3. centrifugal clutch
4. disc (plate) clutch
a) ‫واحد قرص ذو فاصل‬a-single plate clutch
b) ‫األقراص متعدد فاصل‬b-multi plate clutch

It consists of
A single – 1. fly wheel

plate friction 2. cover
clutch:-
3. pressur-plate
4. friction – plate
5. springs

It’s a heavy iron disc. It’s the
member of the clutch which
the base to the provides
clutch assembly (bolter)
1- fly wheel
also it’s the base for pressing
the friction plate to
transmit motion

2- cover:-
• It’s a steel pressing, houses, the
pressure Plate assembly bolted
to
• the fly wheel and rotates with
it. It has a ventilation holes for
cooling.

3- Pressure-plate:-
It‫׳‬s an iron disc provides a smooth

rubbing surface for one side of the
friction plate . It presses the
friction plate on the fly wheel
during engagement.
10
‫ايناس صالح الدين قاسم‬. ‫م‬.‫م‬
• Its located between the fly
wheel and pressure plate,
consist of thin steel
disc mounted on a splinted
hub .It has friction facing
4- Friction – riveted to each side of the
plate :- disc .The splinted hub allows
the friction plate to slide
between the fly wheel and
pressure plate during
engagement
11
5- Springs:-
A ring of coil spring or diaphragm spring is mounted between

the pressure plate and the cover which press the pressure
plate against the friction plate to transmit the motion when
the clutch is engaged.
12 ‫ايناس صالح الدين قاسم‬. ‫م‬.‫م‬

The diaphragm spring is used instead of coil
spring because of
1. smaller size .
2. little noise .
3. low wear .
4. self adjustment .
5. good balance of clutch .
6. the spring force does not change with engine speed
13
1-Asbestos linings:-
good heat resistance and strong .
2-Nylon linings :-
Material used light weight, good heat resistance
for friction 3-metallic linings :-
clutch:- high coefficient of friction, high working
temperatures, long life.
.
Their disadvantages is the heavy weight.
4- Ceramic:-
High coefficient of friction ,high working
temperature, long life

• In order to achieve smoothness of clutch engagement the
friction plate usually consist of a thin steel disc, cut into a
number of segment each segment at one end and riveted to
the friction linings from one side .The other end is riveted to
the friction linings from the opposite side these segment
acts as damping force to get the smoothness at
engagement.
• The friction plate is provided with a number of coil spring
located around the hub, these spring act as a dampers for
vibrations of crankshaft in order to protect the gears teeth
from damage.

The important
factors affecting the the spring force .1
power transmitted number at friction face .2
by the clutch is
mean radius at friction plate .3

‫م‪.‬م ‪.‬ايناس صالح الدين قاسم‬ ‫‪17‬‬
‫‪H.W‬‬

‫‪THANK YOU‬‬

‫م‪.‬م‪ .‬ايناس صالح الدين قاسم‬

The gears are a machine elements that
transmit motion by engaging teeth. Gear
drive is used for transmitting medium and high
loads when the distance between the shaft is
relatively small. In automotive applications
the gears are made of carbon or alloy steel
by machine cutting and heat treatment is
needed.
3
1. It can transmit exact velocity ratio.
2. Long service life.
3. It has a high efficiency.
4. Low maintenance requirements.
5. It can transmit a high power
1. The manufacturing of gears required a
special tools and equipment.
2. Any error in teeth machinery cause

vibrations and noise during operation.
3. Any deflection in one teeth, may damage

the whole system.
1.Metallic materials (cast iron , steel,)
2.Non ferrous metals
3.Nonmetalic materials(Nylon , wood ,rubber)
6
simple ,most common type of the gears.
Used for connecting parallel shafts. The
teeth are straight and parallel to the shaft
axis's.
The teeth are inclined at an angle to
the shaft axis's. The engagement of
the teeth is gradual and the gears
run quietly.
The teeth may be straight or

inclined, use for high speed ,quiet
application.
Used for transmitting motion
between non parallel or non
intersecting shafts at high speed
reduction in a single stage.
9
The gears teeth mesh externally
with each other.
The gears teeth mesh internal
with each other.
The gears of a shaft mesh externally and internally

with gears in a straight way.
11
GEAR BOX:
IF the engine speed is directly transmitted to the
wheels then at lower engine speed the engine
doesn’t develop sufficient torque to move the car
from rest. The max. torque developed at high engine
speed is not sufficient to accelerate the car even if
the wheel speed be very high.
Therefore the car must be provided with a system

which transmitted motion from the engine to the
wheels and decreases the rotational speed at the
same time ,That Is the function of the GEAR BOX.
12
To get the best performance from the vehicle , the gear
ratios are always selected between the range for engine
speed that produces maximum torque and that for
maximum power , this is important to fulfill the vehicle
traction requirements and to keep the fuel
consumption as its lowest level
15
A simple gear train uses two gears, which can be of different
sizes.
If one of these gears is attached to a motor or a crank then it is
called the driver and the other called driven.
16
Let N1 - speed of the driver. , N2 - speed of the
driven.
d1 - Diameter of the driver , d2 - Diameter of the
driven
t1- No. of the driver teeth.
, t2- No. of the driven teeth.
H- is the center distance.
N1 t2 d2
------- = ------ = ------
N2 t1 d1
t2
G = ------ (gear ratio)
t1
d1 + d 2
H = ------------------
2
17
IF two or more pairs of gears are joined in series and the
driven gear of one gear train is connected by a shaft to the
driver gear of the next gear train then this system is called a
compound gear train which used in manual automotive car
applications .
18
then
product of the driven teeth
Gear ratio ( G ) =---- ------------------------------------
product of the driver teeth
and
t B .t D
G 
t A .t C
19
When a simple gear train has three meshed gears, the middle
gear - between the driver gear and the driven gear - is called
an idler gear.
An idler gear does not affect the gear ratio (velocity ratio)
between the driver gear and the driven gear
20
driven driven
Gear ratio = -------- * ---------
driver driver
t2 t3 t3
G = ---- * ---- = -----
t1 t2 t1
21
EXAMPLE(3 ):-
The figure shows the gear ratio of a four speed ratio gear box of a
vehicle .The number of teeth of each gear is shown in the figure
CALCULATE the 1st,2nd, 3rd & 4th gear ratios.
t1 =25, t2 =35, t 3 =20, t4 =24, t5 =18, t6 =36 , t7=15 ,t8=40

Setting the final drive axle gear ratio
The drive axle gear ratio is selected so as the max. car speed is related
mainly on the engine speed that develops max.brake power .The drive
axle ratio (Ga) can be calculated from the following equation
Where
Ga = the drive axle ratio.
Np = speed for max. power.
r = wheel radius
Vmax= max. vehicle speed(km/hr)
23
Setting the gear box ratio
The gear box ratio for a gear box of (n) gears is obtained as following
Ggm  C n_m
Where
G g m – gear box ratio at (m) gear.

m - Gear number
n- NO. of gears in the box.
C- Constant, calculated from
Np
C= --------
Nt
24
Where
Np - r.p.m for max. power.
Nt - r.p.m for max. torque.
At top gear
n=m and Gg=1 , the gear is used for getting higher
acceleration.
At Bottom gear
m=1 and Gg will be at its max.value provides highest
speed reduction used for high torque
at
low vehicle speed such as moving
from
rest and climbing gradient roads.
25
G  Gg .Ga
Where G = overall gear ratio
Gg= gear box ratio.
Ga= drive axle gear ratio.
Also N V 0.1.Nr
G NW  Then V
NW 0.1.r G
Where
N- engine speed(rpm)
Nw-wheel speed(rpm)
V- vehicle speed(M/S)
26
EXAMPLE(1)
The driver was of 64cm diameter and 40theeth rotates at
speed of 1000rpm .the driven gear was rotates at 350rpm
Calculate 1.the number of driven teeth 2.the driven diameter
3.the center distance .
EXAMPLE(2 )
Two gears of 36&90 teeth are in mesh together .The driver
rotates at 1800rpm What will be the speed of the driven gear .
27
Example(4)
Calculate the drive axle gear ratio for a car with a
maximum road speed of 175Km/hr and a wheel
diameter of 75cm .The engine develops its maximum
power at 4150rpm.
EXAMPLE(5 )
A car of (4) gear ratio box produced its max. power and torque
at 5200 & 3600 rpm. DETERMINE the gear box ratios.
EXAMPLE(6 )
at 5200 & 3600 rpm. If the maximum car speed was 190
km/hr and the wheel radius is 40cm DETERMINE the gear
ratios.
EXAMPLE(7)
A car of (3) gear speed ,(0.3)m wheel radius and a drive axle
gear ratio of (5.3).the gear ratio constant was (2.7) CALCULATE
the gear ratios
EXAMPLE(8 )
at 5200 & 3600 rpm. If the maximum car speed was 190 km/hr
and the wheel radius is 40cm DETERMINE the overall gear
ratios.
EXAMPLE ( 9)
A car of 25cm wheel radius has a max. vehicle speed of
140km/hr. The engine develops its max.torque and power at
2900&5200 rpm. DETERMINE the over all gear ratios of the car
which provided by the gear box of (5) gear ratio.
30
‫‪Belt Drive‬‬
‫م‪.‬م‪ .‬ايناس صالح الدين‬
• Definition of the Belt Drive.
• The amount of power transmitted.
• The conditions in which the belt is used.
• Belt Types.
• H.W.
Belt Drive
The belts or ropes are flexible machine elements used to

transmit power or the rotary motion from one shaft to
another at relatively long-distance for the pulleys which
rotate at the same speed or at different speeds. The principle
of belt operation is depending on the frictional forces
between the pulley and the belt .
The amount of power transmitted
depends upon the following factors :
1. The velocity of the belt.

2. The tension under which the belt is placed on the
pulleys.
3. The arc of contact between the belt and the smaller
pulley.
The conditions in which the belt is used
1. The shafts should be properly in line to ensure uniform

tension across the belt section.
2. The pulleys should not be too close together, in order
that the arc of contact on the smaller pulley may be as
large as possible.
3. The pulleys should not be so far apart as to cause the
belt to weigh heavily on the shafts, thus increasing the
friction load on the bearings.
Belt Types
They have rectangular cross-section area. It's used when a

moderate amount of power is required to transmit from
one pulley to another when the two pulleys are not more
than( 10m) apart.
They have trapezoidal cross-section. They are the most
widely used type of the belt in industrial and automotive
applications. Mostly used when a great amount of power is
to be transmitted from one pulley to another when the tow
pulleys are very near to each other.
Mostly used when a great amount of power is required to
transmit from one pulley to another when the tow pulleys
are more than( 10m) apart .
• Q1 Define the Belts ?
• Q2 What is the factors on which
the energy transmitted by the belts
depends?
• Q3 What is the conditions in which
the belts is used?
• Q4 What is Belt Types?
The end
Thank you
‫المرحة الثانية ‪ /‬قسم تقنيات ميكانيك القدرة‬
Advantages of belt drive:-
1- low cost .
2- high efficiency.
3- simple construction
4- quite operation
5- good ability of shock absorption.
Disadvantages of belt drive:-
1- occupies large space.

2- short useful life.
3- it is cannot maintain a constant
speed rate because of slip.
TL= large tension side (N)
Ts= small tension side (N)
TL/TS=eµƟ flat belt

TL/TS=e(µƟ/sin β) V-belt
µ= coefficient of friction
Ɵ= angle of contact (radian)
Where β= angle of belt shape
‫المرحة الثانية ‪ /‬قسم تقنيات ميكانيك القدرة‬
EXAMPLE :-1
Find the power transmitted by a
V- belt where :
v- angle =2 β =300
diameter of pulley = 60 cm
pulley speed (N)= 200 rpm
coefficient of friction = 0.25
angle of contact = 1600
the large tension = 250 N
solution
Ɵ=1600*(π/180)
2 β =300
Ɵ=1600*(π/180) =2.793 rad
TL = 250 N
D = 60 cm P=(TL-TS).r.ω
r =30 cm
(N)= 200 rpm
µƟ/sin β=(0.25*2.793)/sin 15 = 2.6978
TS=TL/ e(µƟ/sinβ) =250/14.84749= 16.837 N

µ = 0.25
Power= (TL-TS). r. ω
=(250-16.837)*(30/100)*((2π*200)/60)=1465 W
EAMPLE – 2
Find the power transmitted by a V-belt
where;
the V- angle = 500
Ɵ=168.540
diameter of pulley 2 = 32 cm
velocity of pulley 2 =300 rpm
coefficient of friction = 0.3
the large tension = 100 N
Solution Power = ?
µ = 0.3
µƟ/sinβ=(0.3*2.9415)/sin(250)=0.88245/0.4226=2.088
β=50/2=250
Ɵ=168.540 e(µƟ/sinβ) =e2.088=8.069202
Ɵ=168.540 *(π/180) = 2.9415 rad TL = 100 N
TL/TS=e(µƟ/sinβ)
D = 32 cm
r = 16 100/TS= 8.069202
N =300 rpm TS=100/8.069202= 12.392799 N
P=(TL-TS).r.ω
‫‪BELT DRIVE‬‬

‫المرحلة الثانية ‪/‬سيارات‬

TYPES OF BELT DRIVE SYSTEMS:
‫أنواع منظومات االحزمه‬
1. Open belt drive: ‫النظام المفتوح‬
The two pulleys are moves in the same
direction.The lower side of the belt is
called the tight tension and the upper side is
the
slack side (lower tension).
‫ ايناس صالح الدين قاسم‬.‫م‬.‫م‬ 2

2. CROSSED BELT DRIVE: ‫نظام السير المتقاطع‬
The two pulleys are moves in apposite directions. This system provides a
higher contact angle than the open system. It can not be used for V-belts .

3-Compound belt drive system : -
In this system the power is transmitted from one shaft to another through a number
of pulleys .

4.b- Open belt system with idler pulley:-
The idler pulley is used for increasing the contact between the belt and
the pulley and increases the tension in the belt.
4-b Multi pulley belt drive system :-

It is used for transmitting motion from
one pulley to a number of pulleys .
pulleys .

5. QUARTER TURN BELT DRIVE system.
The quarter turn belt drive also known as right angle belt drive, as shown in Fig. (a) bellow,
is used with shafts arranged at right angles and rotating in one definite direction. In order
to prevent the belt from leaving the pulley, the width of the face of the pulley should be
greater or equal to 1.4 b, where b is the width of belt. In case the pulleys cannot be
arranged, as shown in Fig. 11.5 (a), or when the reversible motion is desired, then a quarter
turn belt drive with guide pulley, as shown in Figure . (b) bellow, may be used.

BELT LENGTH CALCULATION:‫حساب طول الحزام‬
1. OPEN BELT SYSTEM
 ( D1  D2 )
L  2 x  ( D1  D2 ) 
2 4x
( D1  D2 )
  
x
2. CROSS BELT SYSTEM:
 ( D1  D2 )
L  2 X  ( D1  D2 ) 
2 4X
( D1  D2 )
     
X

Where
D1 -Driver diameter , D2 -Driven diameter.
L -Belt length. , θ -Contact angle(rad)
X-Distance between the two pulleys.
EXAMPLE- 5
. CALCULATE the belt length and the contact angle required to transmit
motion between two pulleys 20 and 45 cm diameter if the distance between
them is 35cm (1)open system.
(2)cross system

The shafts are a circular cross section elements ,its duty is to transmit
motion between two locations by rotation.
1.)Transmission shafts: ‫اعمدة نقل القدرة‬

1- line shaft.
2- Head shaft. ‫العمودالرئيسي‬
3- Counter shaft. ‫العمودالوسيط‬
4- Flexible shaft .‫العمود المرن‬
5- Spindle. ‫محور الدوران‬
6- Axle. ‫محور‬
2.)Machine shafts: ‫االعمدة الميكانيكية‬

1- Crank shaft.
2- Cam shaft.
2
1- Carbon steel.
2- Steel alloys rods.
3- Plain carbon steel.
4- Hot rolled carbon steel. d
5- Nodular iron.
LET d- Shaft diameter (m) ‫قطر الشفت‬

T- Torque (N.m) ‫العزم‬
τ- Shear stress(N/m2) ‫عزم القص‬
3
‫القدره المكبحيه )‪Bp = the brake power(KW‬‬
‫‪N = r.p.m‬‬ ‫عدد الدورات في الدقيقه‬
‫)‪T = the Torque ( N.m‬‬ ‫عزم اللي‬
‫‪4‬‬
A solid shaft has to transmit (40)KW at (500)rpm Calculate the shaft
diameter knowing that the maximum shear stress should not be exceed
50MN/m2 .
Its required to design a solid shaft for using to transmit a circular motion
from an engine rotating at (800)rpm at a brake power of (75)KW. The
maximum allowable shear stress was 80MN/m2
16 T
do = ------------------- Where k is the diameter ratio ((k<1))
π τ ( 1 - k4 )
di di = the inner diameter. ‫القطر الداخلي للعمود‬

k =--------------- do = the outer diameter ‫القطر الخارجي‬
do ‫للعمود‬
6
Example(3): a hollow shaft has to transmit (15)KW at a rotational speed
of (280)rpm. The maximum allowable shear stress was (40)MN/m2 .Use
the value of diameter ratio as (0.4) .
allowable stress.
Example(4):
A hollow shaft with a inner diameter of (33)cm and a diameter ratio of
(0.6) was used to transmit a power of (88)KW at( 450) rpm
.Calculate the maximum
Bearings are used to support
rotating shafts and are
classified according to the
direction of the main load:
Axial bearings are designed to
withstand axial thrust
Radial bearings are designed to
withstand radial loads
Bearings types
• A bearing is constituted by an inner and an
outer ring.
• Between them a serie of rolling element is
found
• Sometimes a fourth element (cage) is
present to keep the rolling elements in their
position
• Rolling elements can be spheres (ball
bearing) or cylinders (cylindrical roller
bearings)
Deep groove ball bearing
Angular contact
ball bearing
- Increasedcapacity to
withstand axial loads
-Coupled with another
bearing of the same kind
can withstand high
bending torques
Self aligning
ball bearing
- Verygood capacity to
tolerate misalignment
-Can’t withstand axial

loads
Cylindrical roller
bearings
-High radial load

-Can’t withstand axial
loads
Needle roller
bearings
Taper roller
bearings
-High radial load

-High axial load in
one direction
Thrust bearings
Cylindrical
Thrust roller
ball thrust
bearing bearing
Needle Taper
roller roller
thrust thrust
bearing bearing
‫المرحلة الثانية ‪ /‬سيارات‬
‫‪1‬‬
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‫المرحلة الثانية سيارات‬
‫م‪.‬م‪ .‬ايناس صالح الدين‬
THE SUSPENSION SYSTEM
The suspension system deals with the suspension of

the wheels and axles with the chassis frame through
the road springs.
The system functions:

1-To protect passengers from road shocks.
2-To reduce the stresses due to shocks.
3-To keep the wheels in close contact with the road.
4-To keep the car body on an level road when
travelling on a rough road.
2
System parts:
1-Springs.(leaf,coil,and torsion bar)
2-Spring shackles (U type or Y type)
3-Axles(Dead, Live)
4-Wheels
5-Shock absorber.
6-Stablizers.
Live axle:
This type contain differential and the rotary motion
is transmitting to the wheels. In these axles there is a
big housing for enclosing differential (also known
Drive axle)
Dead axle
Its simple beam support the vehicle weight ,No
differential and serves as wheel axis.
4
Types of suspension system
1-Dependenet suspension system:
In this system the wheels are connected by a
solid axle and thus they always remain
parallel to each other. the motion of one
wheel affects the other .Commonly used in the
rear axle of passengers cars and in front wheel
and rear axle of trucks and busses and four
wheel drive cars.
Advantages:
1-simpler.
2-economical.
3-betere tire contact with
the road .
4-Desirabile in rough road .
Disadvantages
1-Any damage on one side of the system will effect
the other side.
2-Wheel hap is resulting always at a high speed on a
rough road.
3-The trunk volume will be smaller because more
space is required
above the axle.
2-Independenet suspension system:
In this system there is no axle beam running below
the frame ,the suspension for each wheel is
independent unit and is free from to effect from the
other.
Advantages
1-Better road holding.
2-The effect of rough road aren't transmitted from one
wheel to the other.
3-Space requirements are less than the dependent
suspension.
4-More comfort of occupants that is due to softer
springs used with the system.
7
Disadvantages
1-This system require more complicated suspension.
2-The steering design is more complicated and
expensive.
3-Additional stabilizer bar is always required to limit

the car body in turning.
4-A sub frame chassis is required.
8
Types of springs :-
1- Leaf spring
a-Semi - elliptical , multi - leaf spring .
b-Single tapered leaf spring .
c- Multi - taper leaf spring .
2- Coil spring
3- Torsion bar.
9
1 -Leaf spring :-
Made from a long flat strips of Spring steel .
Several strips are placed one on the other and held
together by means of a centre bolt and clamps.
Each strip is called a " leaf " . It‫׳‬s used for the
rear suspension of passenger cars ( dependent
suspension ). There is one leaf which extends the
full length of spring and usually contains eyes
at both ends for making connections with the
frame . The other leaves in the spring are
assembled with the main leaf by means of
centre bolt and clamps .Each succeeding leaf is
shorter than the preceding one .
10
11
The leaf spring are of elliptical shape, the
most common types is the (semi - elliptical
multi - leaf spring) .
Semi - elliptical multi - leaf spring:-
Advantages:-
1-Low cost .
2-Simple connection to axle .
3-High rate of loading .
12
Disadvantages:-
1- Heavy weight .
2-Large space requirements.
3-Collect moisture and dirt which result
corrosion and wear.
4 -The friction between leaves during spring
deflection reduces its damping effect .
Single tapered leaf spring :-
It was developed to overcome the disadvantages
of multi leaf Spring . It consists of a single leaf
that has a constant width and a tapered
thickness.
The maximum thickness is at the center of the leaf
and the minimum thickness is at its ends .It’s more
compact , light weight no friction between leaves ,
no collection of dirt and moisture between leaves .
Multi – taper leaf :-

It‫׳‬s used for a heavy trucks .It consists of two or
three tapered leaf spring.
2-Coil spring :-
It‫׳‬s used for both dependent & independent
systems .They have the advantages of small space
requirements , light weight , in Addition to the
possibility of placing the shock - absorber inside
the coil spring . The disadvantages is that the coil
spring can transmit vertical forces only which
requires additional stabilizer bar and tie rood ,
which makes the suspension design more
complicated in comparing with leaf spring .
15
Advantages
1-small space requirements .
2-light weight .
3-The possibility of placing the shock absorber inside
the coil wound
.
Disadvantages
The coil spring can transmit only the vertical forces
which requires an additional stabilizer bar and tie
roads that is complicated the suspension design in
comparing with the leaf spring.
3- Torsion bar spring :-
It‫׳‬s used for independent front Suspension of
passenger car & light trucks . Its advantages is
its small space requirement & simple construction
. The disadvantages is its ability to transmit
vertical forces only and the possibility of its
failure in case of surface scratches .
17
18
Shock - absorbers:-
It’s controlling the spring action , slowing its
movement through compression and rebound
& thus prevent bouncing . The telescopic
hydraulic damper is consists of cylinder ,

containing a piston and a rod & relief valves &
leak passages provides controlled flow of oil .
The damping is achieved here by causing
fluid to be displaced by piston movement
through small holes or valves . The purpose of
damping is to reduce vibrations by absorbing
the energy stored in the spring.
19
A- the rode.
B- the piston.
C- the cylinder.
D - oil reservoir.
E- floating piston.
F- air chamber.
Fig. The telescopic hydraulic
damper
b = leaf width ( m ) , t = leaf thickness.( m )
21
22
Example:-
A multi leaf spring has a (12) leaves, two of them are
main leaves . The total length of the spring is (105 cm).
The length between the fixing screws is(8.5 cm). the
spring was affected by a central force of (5.4 kN). The
maximum allowable stress is (280 MN / m2 ). Find the
thickness and width of the leaves if the ratio of the
total thickness to the width is (3) and find the
deflection of the spring if the young modulus of
elasticity is (210 GN/m2).
24
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enas

Theory of Machin

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‫وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي‬

‫الجامعة التقنية الوسطى‬

‫‪ 07‬كانون األول‪20 ،‬‬ ‫م‪.‬م‪ .‬ايناس صالح الدين قاسم‬ ‫‪1‬‬

A machine is a device which receives energy in

20 ،‫ كانون األول‬07 ‫ ايناس صالح الدين قاسم‬.‫م‬.‫م‬ 3

2. Dynamics. It is that branch of Theory of

20 ،‫ كانون األول‬07 ‫ ايناس صالح الدين قاسم‬.‫م‬.‫م‬ 4

4. Kinetics. It is that branch of Theory of

20 ،‫ كانون األول‬07 ‫ ايناس صالح الدين قاسم‬.‫م‬.‫م‬ 5

Fig (1) diagram showing all forces acting on the car .

20 ،‫ كانون األول‬07 ‫ ايناس صالح الدين قاسم‬.‫م‬.‫م‬ 8

A vehicle of (2.5m²) frontal area and (K) as (0.02) moves

20 ،‫ كانون األول‬07 ‫ ايناس صالح الدين قاسم‬.‫م‬.‫م‬ 9

Calculate the car width which has an air resistance of

The resistance (force )which

20 ،‫ كانون األول‬07 ‫ ايناس صالح الدين قاسم‬.‫م‬.‫م‬ 11

sin Ɵ = (H / L) as shown in figure beside

Ɵ it might given as angle = 45, 40 , 20 ….

20 ،‫ كانون األول‬07 ‫ ايناس صالح الدين قاسم‬.‫م‬.‫م‬ 12

It is caused by the friction

‫أن مقاومة تدحرج العجالت المملوءة بالهواء‬ Rr = f ∗ W

20 ،‫ كانون األول‬07 ‫ ايناس صالح الدين قاسم‬.‫م‬.‫م‬ 13

RT=Ra +Rg +Rr

20 ،‫ كانون األول‬07 ‫ ايناس صالح الدين قاسم‬.‫م‬.‫م‬ 14

Calculate the rolling resistance for car of (2 ton)

m = 2ton = 2∗ 1000 = 2000 kg

20 ،‫ كانون األول‬07 ‫ ايناس صالح الدين قاسم‬.‫م‬.‫م‬ 15

m =1.5 ton =1500 kg

20 ،‫ كانون األول‬07 ‫ ايناس صالح الدين قاسم‬.‫م‬.‫م‬ 16

20 ،‫ كانون األول‬07 ‫ ايناس صالح الدين قاسم‬.‫م‬.‫م‬

TE < Rt ‫فأن السيارة سوف تتباطأ وتقف‬

THE MOVING UP CASE

Rr=150 N/ton * 2.5 ton = 450 N

‫م‪.‬م ‪.‬ايناس صالح الدين قاسم‬

‫م‪.‬م ‪.‬ايناس صالح الدين قاسم‬

1. gradually connection and relation .​​

‫ايناس صالح الدين قاسم‬. ‫م‬.‫م‬ 4

‫م‪.‬م ‪.‬ايناس صالح الدين قاسم‬

‫ايناس صالح الدين قاسم‬. ‫م‬.‫م‬ 6

A single – 1. fly wheel

‫ايناس صالح الدين قاسم‬. ‫م‬.‫م‬ 7

‫ايناس صالح الدين قاسم‬. ‫م‬.‫م‬ 8

‫ايناس صالح الدين قاسم‬. ‫م‬.‫م‬ 9

It‫׳‬s an iron disc provides a smooth

A ring of coil spring or diaphragm spring is mounted between

12 ‫ايناس صالح الدين قاسم‬. ‫م‬.‫م‬

‫ايناس صالح الدين قاسم‬. ‫م‬.‫م‬ 14

‫ايناس صالح الدين قاسم‬. ‫م‬.‫م‬ 15

‫ايناس صالح الدين قاسم‬. ‫م‬.‫م‬ 16

‫م‪.‬م ‪.‬ايناس صالح الدين قاسم‬

‫م‪.‬م ‪.‬ايناس صالح الدين قاسم‬

‫م‪.‬م‪ .‬ايناس صالح الدين قاسم‬

2. Any error in teeth machinery cause

3. Any deflection in one teeth, may damage

The teeth may be straight or

The gears of a shaft mesh externally and internally

Therefore the car must be provided with a system

t1 =25, t2 =35, t 3 =20, t4 =24, t5 =18, t6 =36 , t7=15 ,t8=40

G g m – gear box ratio at (m) gear.

The belts or ropes are flexible machine elements used to

1. The velocity of the belt.

1. The shafts should be properly in line to ensure uniform

1. gradually connection and relation .