❖ Surveying:-

Surveying is defined as “taking a general view of, by observation and

measurement determining the boundaries, size, position, quantity, condition,
value etc. of land, estates, building, farms mines etc. and finally presenting the
survey data in a suitable form”. This covers the work of the valuation surveyor,
the quantity surveyor, the building surveyor, the mining surveyor and so forth,
as well as the land surveyor. Another school of thought define surveying “as the
act of making measurement of the relative position of natural and manmade
features on earth’s surface and the presentation of this information either
graphically or numerically.

❖ Linear Measurements:-

The determination of the distance between two points on the surface of the earth
is one of the basic operation of surveying. Measurement of horizontal distances
or measuring linear measurement is required in chain surveying,
traverse surveying and other types of surveying.
❖ Error Due to Incorrect Chain :- If the length of the chain used in measuring
length of the line is not equal to true length or the Designated length, the measured length
of the line will not be correct and suitable correction will have to be applied. If the chain is
too long, the measured distance will be less. The error will, Therefore, be negative and the
correction is positive. Similarly, If the chain is too short, the measured distance will be
more, the error will be positive and the correction will be negative.
❖ Chaining on Uneven or Sloping Ground:- For all plotting works, Horizontal
distances between the points are required. It is therefore, necessary either to directly
measure the horizontal distance between the points or to measure the sloping distance and
reduce it to horizontal . Thus, there are two methods for getting the horizontal distance
between two points : (1) Direct method (2) Indirect method.
❖ Direct Method:-
❖ Indirect Method:-
❖ Problem:-
❖ Tape Corrections:- We have seen the different sources of errors in Linear
measurements. In most of the errors, Proper corrections can be applied. In ordinary
chaining, however, corrections are not necessary but in important and precise work,
corrections must be applied. Since in most of the cases a tape is used for precise work, the
corrections are sometimes called as tape corrections. Through they can also be applied to
the measurements taken with a chain or with a steel band.

A corrections is positive when the erroneous or uncorrected length is to be increased and

negative when it is to be decreased to be get the true length.
❖ Problem:-
Planimeter :- A planimeter is an instrument which measures the area of
plan of any shape very accurately.
There are two types of planimeter :-
1) Amsler polar planimeter
2) Roller planimeter.
The polar planimeter is most commonly used and is, therefore, discussed here .

Fig:- Planimeter
Problem:-