Bài giảng: TRƯỜNG ĐIỆN TỪ (CT361)

(ELECTROMAGNETICS)

Chapter 3: Vector Analysis

(Giải tích Vector)

Giảng viên: GVC.TS. Lương Vinh Quốc Danh

Bộ môn Điện tử Viễn thông, Khoa Công Nghệ
E-mail: lvqdanh@ctu.edu.vn

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Content

• Basic Laws of Vector Algebra

• Orthogonal Coordinate Systems
• Transformations between Coordinate Systems
• Gradient of a Scalar Field
• Divergence of a Vector Field
• Curl of a Vector Field
• Laplacian Operator

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 Basic Laws of Vector Algebra

(3.3)

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Basic Laws of Vector Algebra (cont.)

Equality of two vectors:

Vector Addition and Subtraction:

C=B+A=A+B
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
= ( x Ax + y Ay + z Az ) + ( x B x + y B y + z B z ) = x ( Ax + B x ) + y ( Ay + B x ) + z ( Az + B z )

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 Position and Distance Vectors

Position Vector:
From origin to point P

Distance Vector:
Between two points

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Vector Multiplication
Dot Product -> Scalar

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 Vector Multiplication (cont.)
Cross Product -> Vector

(3.28)

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Vector Multiplication (cont.)

Scalar Triple Product

(3.29)

Vector Triple Product

(3.33)

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 Coordinate Systems

• Cartesian
• Cylindrical
• Spherical

Differential Length, Area, and Volume

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 Example 3-5

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 Transformation between Coordinate Systems
• To solve a problem, we select the coordinate system that best
fits its geometry

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 Example 3-8

Solution
Using the relations: Leads to:

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Global Positioning System

GPS comprises a constellation

of 24 satellites. Each is in a 12
hour orbit at a height of
20,000 km above the ground.

Each GPS satellite sends radio signals down to Earth all the time. The GPS
receivers on the ground pick up these signals. A computer in each receiver
compares the arrival times of signals from different satellites. It can then
calculate the position from this information.
Source: http://www.suntrek.org/solar-spacecraft/satellites-rockets/what-satellites-do/gps-satellites.shtml

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 Gradient of a Scalar Field
Example: Temperature Distribution T(x,y,z)

- The direction of ∇T is along the

maximum increase of T.
- The magnitude of ∇T is equal
to the maximum rate of change
of T.

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Directional Derivative

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 Divergence of a Vector Field
Total flux crossing a closed surface S:

Net outward flux per unit volume:

(3.95)

Scalar -> Vector

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Divergence of a Vector Field (cont.)

Physical meaning of Divergence
Imagine the two vectors below give the velocity of fluid flow.

An explosion outwards. The Flow inward. The origin is a sink.

origin is a source of fluid.

The divergence measures the outflow per

unit volume of a vector field at a point.
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 Divergence Theorem

Useful tool for converting integration over a volume

to one over the surface enclosing that volume, and
vice versa.

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Curl of a Vector Field

r r
Circulation = ∫ B.dl ,
b c

Circulation = ∫ xˆB0 . xˆdx + ∫ xˆ B0 . yˆ dy

a b
d a

+ ∫ xˆB0 . xˆ dx + ∫ xˆ B0 . yˆ dy
c d

= 0, (3.100)

Circulation of a uniform field is zero.

Uniform field

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 Curl of a Vector Field (cont.)

r µ I
B = φˆ 0 ,
2πr
r r 2π µ 0 I
Circulation = ∫ B.dl = ∫ φˆ .φˆdφ ,
0
2πr
= µ0 I , (3.102)

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Curl of a Vector Field (cont.)

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 Curl of a Vector Field (cont.)
Physical meaning of Curl
- The curl measures the rotation of a vector field.
Imagine placing a ball in a flow, holding its position fixed, allowing
it to spin freely.
If the ball spins, it indicates rotation.
We indicate the direction of the rotation by the axis of rotation
using the right-hand rule (Fingers with rotation, thumb indicates
direction).

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Stokes’s Theorem

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 Laplacian Operator

Laplacian of a Scalar Field

Laplacian of a Vector Field

(3.112)

Useful Relation

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Quick Review

• Coordinate Systems
• Unit vector
• Differential length, surface, volume
• Transformation between coordinate systems
• Gradient
• Divergence
• Divergence theorem
• Curl
• Stokes theorem
• Laplacian

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