SUBJECT CODE : 19ARS307J

SUBJECT NAME : BUILDING SERVICES –II (Electrical and Mechanical)

SEMESTER : III YEAR: V

REGULATION : 2019

COURSE : B.Arch

SPECIALISATION: General

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

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 FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS
 WHAT IS ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION?
• Active fire protection comes into play when a fire has already started and involves systems
and equipment to detect fires and fight them. Types of active fire protection include fire
extinguishers, fire blankets and alarm systems. All of these methods however, require
activation or operation, which is why they are considered active.

 WHAT IS PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION?

• Passive fire protection on the other hand involves steps that can be taken to protect against
fire before it breaks out. These include the design and structure of a building and how these
can slow the spread of fire. The aim of passive fire protection is to keep a fire contained as
much as possible, until help arrives to extinguish it. There are 4 elements of passive fire
precaution.

Essential electrical component related to firefighting system

A) Fire/Smoke Detection System.
B) Fire Alarm System
C) Smoke Control system.
D) Fire Lifts

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

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- SRM SEAD 2019-2020
 SMOKE DETECTOR
• An automatic system comprises of smoke and heat
detectors, in addition to break glass units and alarm
sounders connected to a control panel .
• Automatic systems have the ability to raise the alarm
regardless of the presence of occupants, which provides
an early warning of a fire incident.

 FIRE ALARM
• A manual alarm system which consists of break glass units
and alarm sounders connected to a control panel , can
only be operated and the alarm raised, if activated by a
person discovering a fire incident. The Basic Components
of a Fire Alarm System are Control panel, communications,
initiating devices.

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

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 FIRE DETECTION SYSTEM
• Different types of detectors are
provided as per the risk involved in the
area.
• Zones are made as per the risk or as per
the floor.
• 2way communication system to be
provided which will help to contact
from ground floor to specific floor or
vice-versa.
• Mike on every floor has to be provided.
• Manual call points, automatic
detector & public address system
shall be interlinked.
• Detectors shall be installed as per IS
2189/ 1988.

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

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 SMOKE DETECTOR – TYPES - Ionization & Photoelectric
• A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke, typically as an indicator of fire.
• Smoke detector consists of two parts:
- A sensor to sense the smoke.
- An electronic horn to horn the people
• Two basic types of smoke detectors are used today ionization and photoelectric.

 ADVANTAGES OF IONIZATION SMOKE DETECTORS

• Ionization smoke detectors are more responsive to flaming fires.
• Detects invisible products of combustion. It can detect fires that are in the incipient stage
• Provides earlier detection than other detectors such thermal detectors
 DISADVANTAGE OF IONIZATION SMOKE DETECTORS
• Has a potential for high false alarm rate, so may provide false detection if used where dusts,
or high humidity are present

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

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- SRM SEAD 2019-2020
 PHOTOELECTRIC SMOKE DETECTOR
• The photoelectric type detector utilizes light as a detection mechanism.
• A photoelectric, or optical, smoke detector contains a source of infrared, visible, or ultraviolet
light, a lens, and a photoelectric receiver (typically a photodiode).
• There are two types of photoelectric smoke detectors:
- Light sensing(scattering)
- Light obscuring(blocking)
• Advantages of light scatterring photoelectric smoke detectors both sensitive to visual
particles of smoke and detects smoldering low heat fires.

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

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- SRM SEAD 2019-2020
 FLAME DETECTOR
• Designed to detect & respond to the presence of a flame or fire.
• It can include sounding an alarm, deactivating a fuel line and activating a fire suppression
system.
• A flame detector can often respond faster and more accurately than a smoke or heat detector.

 ULTRAVIOLET DETECTORS
• UV often included to minimize false alarms which can be triggered by other UV sources.
• Emitted at the instant of ignition within 3–4 milliseconds.

 INFRARED
• False alarms can be caused by other hot surfaces and background thermal radiation in the area.
• The usual response time of an IR detector is 3–5 seconds.

 INFRARED THERMAL CAMERAS

• Infrared (IR) cameras can be used to detect heat and with particular algorithms can detect hot-
spots within a scene.
• These cameras can be used in complete darkness and operate both inside and outside.

 UV/IR
• These detectors are sensitive to both UV and IR wavelengths.
• Detect flame by comparing the threshold signal of both ranges.
• This helps minimize false alarms.
COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor
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  FIRE ALARM DETECTORS
FIRE ALARM DETECTORS

AUTOMATIC

ELECTRONIC ELECTRO MECHANICAL

FLAME HEAT SMOKE

INFRA INFRA
VISIBLE INVISIBLE
RED VIOLET

The Basic Components of a Fire Alarm System is Control panel, communications,

initiating devices.
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 FIRE ALARM SYSTEM

• Manually operated Electrical fire alarm system

• Automatic Fire Alarm System - Signals through dedicated wire pairs, leased telephone lines, fiber-
optic cable, or wireless communications link.

• Depending on the occupancy, M.O.E.F.A. system or automatic operated system shall be

provided in the building.

• Every building more than 15m in height shall provide both I.e. M.O.E.F.A & A.F.A.

• Residential & office buildings between 15m & 24m in

height may be exempted from installation of automatic
fire alarm system if local fire brigade is well equipped to
face the emergency up to 24m.

• One has to manually operate the glass in M.O.E.F.A.S.

• M.O.E.F.A.S. requires a special person or separate person

to operate.

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

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 FIRE LIFTS
 Fire lifts shall be provided with a minimum
capacity for 8 passengers and fully automated
with emergency switch on ground level.
 Buildings 15 m in height or above shall be
provided with fire lifts.
 In case of fire, only fireman shall operate the
fire lift. In normal course, it may be used by other
persons.
 Each fire lift shall be equipped with suitable
inter-communication equipment for
communicating with the control room on the
ground floor of the building.
 The number and location of fire lifts in a
building shall be decided after taking into
consideration various factors like building
population, floor area, compartmentation, etc.
COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor
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 ELECTRONIC SECURITY SYSTEMS

1. Surveillance cameras,
2. Fire alarm systems,
3. Intruder/Burglar alarms,
4. Electronic article surveillance,
5. Electronic lock,

are some of the Electronic security devices which have been invented and developed these
days.

SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS
Surveillance cameras are video cameras also called as Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) camera
used for the purpose of observing an area. They are often connected to a recording device or
IP network, and may be watched by a security guard or law enforcement officer.

Cameras and recording equipment used to be relatively expensive and required human
personnel to monitor camera footage, but analysis of footage has been made easier by
automated software that organizes digital video footage into a searchable database, and by
video analysis software (such as VIRAT and HumanID). The amount of footage is also
drastically reduced by motion sensors which only record when motion is detected.

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

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 SURVEILLANCE
• Surveillance is the monitoring of behaviour, activities, or information for the purpose of information
gathering, influencing, managing or directing.

• A closed-circuit television system(CCTV) used to maintain close observation of a person or group.

• Most home security cameras are motion-activated and will record when they detect motion, as
well as send you an alert. Wireless security cameras use Wi-Fi to transmit surveillance footage to a
cloud-based server over the internet. This allows you to view the footage on any internet-
connected device.

By adding Multiplexer, we only need one monitor to view four cameras and all four camera
images are recorded.
 CCTV
• Closed-circuit television, also known as video surveillance, is the use of video cameras to
transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors.

• A CCTV system consists of a camera, lens, monitor and recorder. The camera/cameras pick up
the images, which are then transmitted then to a recording device and then a monitor.
CCTV stands for
Closed-circuit
Television.

By adding
Multiplexer, we only
need one monitor
to view four
cameras and all four
camera images are
recorded.

It is the use of video

cameras to transmit
a signal to a specific
place, on a limited
set of monitors is
called as CCTV.
BURGLAR ALARM SYSTEM
A burglar alarm is a system designed to detect intrusion –unauthorized entry– into a building or
area. They are also called security alarms, security systems, alarm systems, intrusion detection
systems, perimeter detection systems, and similar terms.

Burglar alarms are used in residential, commercial, industrial, and military properties for
protection against burglary (theft) or property damage, as well as personal protection against
intruders. Car alarms likewise protect vehicles and their contents. Prisons also use security
systems for control of inmates.

Some alarm systems serve a single purpose of burglary protection; combination systems
provide both fire and intrusion protection. Intrusion alarm systems may also be combined
with closed-circuit television surveillance systems to automatically record the activities of
intruders, and may interface to access control systems for electrically locked doors. Systems
range from small, self-contained noisemakers, to complicated, multi-area systems with computer
monitoring and control.
COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor
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- SRM SEAD 2019-2020
BURGLAR ALARM DESIGN
The most basic alarm consists of one or more sensors to detect intruders, and an alerting device
to indicate the intrusion. However, a typical premises security alarm employs the following
components:

Premises control unit (PCU), or panel: The "brain" of the system, it reads sensor inputs, tracks
arm/disarm status, and signals intrusions. In modern systems, this is typically one or more
computer circuit boards inside a metal enclosure, along with a power supply.

Sensors: Devices which detect intrusions. Sensors may placed at the perimeter of the protected
area, within it, or both. Sensors can detect intruders by a variety of methods, such as monitoring
doors and windows for opening, or by monitoring unoccupied interiors for motions, sound,
vibration, or other disturbances.

Alerting devices: These indicate an alarm condition. Most commonly, these are bells, sirens,
and/or flashing lights. Alerting devices serve the dual purposes of warning occupants of intrusion,
and potentially scaring off burglars.

Keypads: Small devices, typically wall mounted, which function as the human machine interface to
the system. In addition to buttons, keypads typically feature indicator lights, a small mulch-
character display, or both.
Interconnections between components. This may consist of direct wiring to the control unit, or
wireless links with local power supplies.
Security devices: Devices to detect thieves such as spotlights, cameras & lasers.
COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor
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TYPES OF BURGLAR ALARM SYSTEM

1. Passive infrared detectors

2. Ultrasonic detectors
3. Microwave detectors
4. Glass break detection
5. Smoke, heat, and carbon monoxide detectors
6.Vibration (shaker) or inertia sensors
7. Passive magnetic field detection
8. E-field
9. Microwave barriers
10. Microphonic systems
11. Taut wire fence systems
12. Fibre optic cable
13. H-field

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

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- SRM SEAD 2019-2020
 ELECTRONIC ARTICLE SURVEILLANCE (EAS)
• Electronic article surveillance (EAS) is a technological method for preventing shoplifting
from retail stores or pilferage of books from libraries.

• Special tags are fixed to merchandise or books. These tags are removed or deactivated
by the clerks when the item is properly bought or checked out.

• At the exits of the store, a detection system sounds an alarm or otherwise alerts the
staff when it senses active tags.

• Some stores also have detection systems at the entrance to the bathrooms that sound
an alarm if someone tries to take unpaid merchandise with them into the bathroom.

TYPES OF EAS :
There are several major types of electronic article surveillance systems:

• Magnetic, also known as magneto-harmonic

• Acousto-magnetic, also known as magnetostrictive
• Radio frequency
• Microwave
• Video surveillance systems (to some extent)

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

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- SRM SEAD 2019-2020
 ELECTRONIC LOCK

• An electronic lock (or electric lock) is a locking device which operates by means of electric
current. Electric locks are sometimes stand-alone with an electronic control assembly
mounted directly to the lock.

• More often electric locks are connected to an access control system.

• The advantages of an electric lock connected to an access control system include: key
control, where keys can be added and removed without re-keying the lock cylinder; fine
access control, where time and place are factors; and transaction logging, where activity is
recorded.

AUTHENTICATION METHODS OF ELECTRONIC LOCK

Electronic locks offer a variety of means of authentication;
Numerical codes, passwords and passphrases
Security tokens - Users is to require them to scan or "swipe" a security token such as a smart
card.
Biometrics - Take advantage of technologies such as fingerprint scanning, retinal scanning and
iris scanning, and voiceprint identification to authenticate users.

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) - Some tags can be read from several meters away and
beyond the line of sight of the reader. This technology is
also used in modern electronic locks.
COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor
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- SRM SEAD 2019-2020
BMS

A building management system (BMS), otherwise known as a building automation system (BAS), is a
computer-based control system installed in buildings that controls and monitors the building's
mechanical and electrical equipment such as ventilation, lighting, power systems, fire systems,
and security systems. A BMS consists of software and hardware; the software program, usually
configured in a hierarchical manner, can be proprietary, using such protocols as C-Bus, Profibus, and so
on. Vendors are also producing a BMS that integrates the use of Internet protocols and open standards
such as DeviceNet, SOAP, XML, BACnet, LonWorks, Modbus or KNX.

A BMS can help in to - Manage illumination (lighting) – Monitor electricity consumption and control
lighting within your building. Cut energy costs – Manage electricity usage to different areas of your
building. Maintain a comfortable atmosphere – Monitor climate, air flow and temperature.

A BMS typically consists of one of more control panels installed within a plant room which are wired
to various sensors, valves and switches etc within the building. This allows the BMS to monitor and
control the building effectively
LAN, MAN, & WAN network supports transmitting voice, video and data.
Radio Frequency devices trasmission media is easy to install inside a city to create
a network quickly.
BMS Room
LIFTS & ESCALATORS
(Transportation system in buildings)
WHAT IS A LIFT ?

The lift is a vertical transport equipment that efficiently moves people

or goods between floors of a building or any other structure which are
generally powered by electric motors that either drive cables, hoist, or
pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston like a jack.

COMPONENTS:
Elevator car : That part of an elevator that includes the platform,
enclosure, car frame, and door.

Machine beam : A steel beam, positioned directly over the elevator in

the machine room and is used to support elevator equipment.

Machine room : This usually located at the top of the shaft and
accommodates the winding machine, etc.

Pit : That part of an elevator shaft that extends from the threshold level
of the lowest landing door down to the floor at the very bottom of the
shaft.

Shaft : A hoistway through which one or more elevator cars may travel.

Counterweight or balance-weight. A unit, consisting of steel weights,

which counter balance the weight of the car and a portion of the load, and
to which the suspension ropes are attached.
• The first step of elevator
installation is fixing of
template.

• The elevator car

component carries load is
called Cabin sling.

• Door motor elevator part

wiring should run
separately.

• The purpose of Pit switch

is to Stop lift.

• The weight sensor

component is used to
warn the control system,
if the design of load is
exceeded.

• The minimum depth of an

elevator pit is 600mm.

• Call Button is *not* a

safety device on an
elevator.
• Passenger Lift : •Passenger elevator is designed to move people between floors of a building.
Their capacity is related to available floor space. Upto 8-10 floors these operate at 1m/s and above 10
floors the speed starts at 2.5 m/s to 10 m/s.

• Goods Lift : A lift designed primarily for the transport of goods but which may carry a lift attendant
or other person necessary for the unloading and loading of goods.

• Service Lift (Dumb-Waiter) : A lift with a car which moves in guides in a vertical direction; has net
floor area of 1 m2, total inside height of 1.25 m; and capacity not exceeding 250 kg; and is exclusively
used for carrying materials and shall not carry any person.

• Hospital Lift : A lift normally installed in a hospital/dispensary/clinic and designed to accommodate

one number bed/stretcher along its depth, with sufficient space around to carry a minimum of three
attendants in addition to the lift operator.
 TYPES OF LIFTS
The safety component is used in electrical Hydraulic lift does not have safety device to
traction elevator is progressive gear. prevent from falling and accessible ground
system for visual safety and leakage.
For a 3-storey (Low –rise) building that is intended for a senior citizen with a limited budget and
space, the appropriate type of elevator is Hydraulic Lifts.
• In an electric
elevator, the
travelling cable
provides electrical
power to the car and
"travel" with hoist.

• The minimum door

opening for elevators
for a single door is
0.80m.

• Connections
between elevator
cars and openings is
called Hoist.

• In elevator default
system, the elevator
car always goes to
ground floor in case
of fire emergency or
power failure.
• The two types of
pulleys in a
hydraulic lift are
movable and fixed.

• Working period is
defined as the ratio
of the height of lift
to the velocity of
the lift.

• The another name

of Pneumatic
elevators is
Vacuum Elevators.
2. Traction Lifts (Machine lifts)

• Principle : see – saw the car is raised and lowered by traction steel ropes rather than pushed from
below.
• The ropes are attached to the elevator car, looped around a sheave &connected to an electric motor.
•when the motor turns one way, the sheave raises the elevator; when the motor turns the other way,
the sheave lowers the elevator.
• Typically, the sheave, the motor and the control system are all housed in a machine room above the
elevator shaft.
• The ropes that lift the car are also connected to a counterweight, which hangs on the other side of the
sheave.
• In gearless elevators, the motor rotates the sheaves directly.
In geared elevators, the motor turns a gear train that rotates the sheave.
• Nowadays, some traction elevators are using flat steel belts instead of conventional steel ropes. Flat
steel belts are extremely light due to its carbon fiber core and a high-friction coating, and does not
require any oil or lubricant.

• Gearless Traction elevators is used for

high rise building
• The function of Fire
Fighting Lift is For rapid
emergency access.

• The speed governor

mechanism that detects if
the elevator is going too
fast.

• The purpose of the

counterweight is to
balance the load of the
car across the sheave.

• Roped elevators work on

the principle of Traction.

• The sensor component is

the elevator input control
system.

• The elevator car cabin is

classified by the numbers
of entrances and Location.
The minimum size of an elevator car is
1.10 x 1.40m.
• In Collapsible gate, hoist way door is grilled with lattice bar.
 WHAT IS ESCALATOR ?
• A moving staircase – a conveyor transport
device for carrying people between floors of
a building consists of a motor-driven chain
of individual, linked steps that move up or
down on tracks.
• It is used to move pedestrian traffic in
places where elevators would be impractical
like shopping malls, airports, convention
centers.

• Speed of an escalator is usually is 40-

50m/min.

• The power source is used on nearly all

modern escalators is alternating current
motors.

• Speed Governor device is used to prevent

reversal of direction of escalator.

• The steps clearance through step run in

guide of escalator is 1mm.
• If the prime consideration is cost, the best escalator layout is parallel escalator.
• The Slope of an escalator is 0.3.

• The most economical layout for escalator is straight escalators.

• Maximum and Minimum speed of an escalator is 90-120 fpm.
The maximum vertical height in floors for an escalator is 1 floor.
Escalator should not be use in case of fire.
WALKALATOR
Walkalator is a slow moving conveyor mechanism that transports people across a horizontal or inclined
plane over a short to medium distance. Moving walkways can be used by standing or walking on them.
They are often installed in pairs, one for each direction.

TYPES OF MOVING WALKWAYS

According To Inclination Angle Horizontal and Inclined Walkways
a) Zero degrees inclination “Horizontal” Moving Walkways.
b) Up to 15 degrees inclination “Inclined” Moving Walkways.

Allow to transport
pedestrians or
carts in 12 degree
angle is called
Travelators.
The moving walkways are identical to escalators in the basic components of their
construction, but they differ in the following:

• Moving walkways may run horizontally or on an incline of up to 15 degrees.

• The flat moving surface of the moving walkways may consist of a continuous rubber belt or a series of
jointed treads.
• The maximum length of
a walkalator is 250
meters to allow users
to exit at the sides.
What is Solar Energy?
• Solar energy is the energy from the sun.
• A renewable source of energy that is sustainable , clean, no emission, reliable & inexhaustible.
• The solar energy are distinguished into active and passive.

Passive Solar Energy

• Uses the heat from the sun.
• Convert the sunlight directly into useful energy without involving in any mechanical devices.
• It involves in designing architecture which capture and store the heat radiated from the sun.
• Mainly practice on using window, building placement or other techniques to capture and
deflect the sun for uses.

Active Solar Energy

• Used sun’s irradiance.
• Converts the sunlight directly into useful energy such as electricity with the use of mechanical
devices.
• Use the same principle as passive solar heating except using fluid to absorb the heat.
• Use the solar energy to heat the fluid or liquid then transfer the heat to interior space or store
in storage for later used.

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

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 Photovoltaics

• Solar electricity system used to capture the sunlight or sun’s energy using photovoltaics cells.
• Convert sunlight to electricity energy.
• Mostly installed on the rooftop due to the space of the exposure is directly to the sun .
• Examples of the appliances:
- Solar Electricity
- Photovoltaic solar lighting

Solar photovoltaics classification system

• There are three main types of photovoltaics systems :

- Grid-Tie System / Grid Direct

- Off Grid System

- Hybrid System

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

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COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor
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 Solar panel

• Is responsible to collect the solar radiation (sunlight) to electricity.

• Is array of several solar cell such as photovoltaics .
• The main types of solar panels based on the types of crystal used:
- Monocrystalline silicon cell, (the entire volume of the cell is a single crystal of silicon)
- Polycrystalline silicon cell, (a material consisting of multiple small silicon crystals)
- Amorphous silicon cell,(it is deposited in thin films onto a variety of flexible substrates, such
as glass, metal and plastic.)

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

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 Solar Thermal
• Also known as solar heating system.
• Is used to convert the sunlight to heat energy to provide the heat to home.
• Does not act as the same function as photovoltaic that convert the sunlight to electricity,
but it transfer the energy to hot water.
• Majority used in space heating, drying & hot water heating.

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

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Active solar water heating
There are 2 types of solar water heating system :
1. Direct circulation
- Circulate the household water through the collector
2. Indirect circulation
- Circulate heat transfer fluid through the collector - Popular in climate prone to freezing
temperature Active Solar Water Heating

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 Passive Solar Water Heating
• Don’t have circulating & pump control
• Typically less expensive than active
• Can last longer
• There are two types of passive solar water heating:
1. Integral collector storage passive system
2. Thermosyphon system

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 Solar Thermal Collector
• Collects heats by absorbing sunlight
• Collector is a device for capturing the solar radiation
• The main component for solar thermal collector is the absorber plate

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Consideration before Installation :
• Amount of sun exposure through the year
• Shading
• Position of solar panel
• Types of solar panel
• Number of solar panel

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APPLICATIONS
Roof
• Most common way to install solar panel
• Mounted above and parallel to the roof surface and
installed facing north-south orientation.
• Replace the roofing material or the roof itself to
become part of the roof's structure.

Facade
• Exterior sides of buildings.
• Less access to the direct sunlight than rooftop
systems, but offer a larger available area.

Skylight
• Roof windows
• Provide natural illumination to achieve solar
control by filtering effect to avoid infrared and UV
irradiation into the interior.
• Enhance thermal comfort .

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Curtain Wall
• Outer covering of a building
• Non-structural cladding systems for the external
walls

Canopy
• A roof like covering that provides shade or shelter
• Have a higher performance because it is usually
free from overshadowing and are easy to
ventilate.

Awnings
• Keep the unwanted direct rays of the sun out of
your eyes while absorbing them to create
electricity
• The angle of awnings can be adjusted to best
capture and block the rays of the sun depending
on the season.

Balustrade
• Enhanced the facade design whilst ensuring safety
of the occupants
• Allowing good visibility whilst protecting privacy

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Function :
• Sun protection
• Architectural design
• Thermal Control
• Thermal insulation
• Weather protection
• Sound insulation

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